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'''Jewish Naming Customs.''' Before the 1800s, the use of a family name by Jews was left to the discretion of the individual. Jews in Germany followed the custom of using only a given name and the name of the father, such as Isaac, son of Abraham. Most Jews did not adopt hereditary family names until required to do so by law. In 1790 Baden was the first German state to require fixed surnames. Preußen issued an edict on 11 March 1812 that required that permanent family names be adopted within six months. Compulsory surname laws were enacted in the German states of Bayern and Mecklenburg in 1813 and 1814. By the 1820s, most small German states had extended civil rights to Jews and required them to adopt surnames. | '''Jewish Naming Customs.''' Before the 1800s, the use of a family name by Jews was left to the discretion of the individual. Jews in Germany followed the custom of using only a given name and the name of the father, such as Isaac, son of Abraham. Most Jews did not adopt hereditary family names until required to do so by law. In 1790 Baden was the first German state to require fixed surnames. Preußen issued an edict on 11 March 1812 that required that permanent family names be adopted within six months. Compulsory surname laws were enacted in the German states of Bayern and Mecklenburg in 1813 and 1814. By the 1820s, most small German states had extended civil rights to Jews and required them to adopt surnames. | ||
*[http:// | *Here is a site about [http://genealogy.familyeducation.com/browse/origin/german German surnames ]and their meanings (in English) . | ||
*Here is a German-language site for [http://www.talmud.de/cms/Juedische_Vornamen.70.0.html Jewish Given Names] and their meanings. | |||
'''Surname "Changes" of German Immigrants in the United States''' | '''Surname "Changes" of German Immigrants in the United States''' | ||
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During the early 20th Century, especially the World War I era, surname changes are recorded more frequently, as immigrants or, more often, their children, tried to adopt more neutral surnames. | During the early 20th Century, especially the World War I era, surname changes are recorded more frequently, as immigrants or, more often, their children, tried to adopt more neutral surnames. | ||
An informative book is | An informative book is | ||
Minert, Roger P., [http://www.grtpublications.com/spelling.htm Spelling Variations in German Names: Solving Family History Problems Through Applications of German and English Phonetics], GRT Publications, 2000. | Minert, Roger P., [http://www.grtpublications.com/spelling.htm Spelling Variations in German Names: Solving Family History Problems Through Applications of German and English Phonetics], GRT Publications, 2000. | ||
=== Given Names === | === Given Names === | ||