Slovakia History: Difference between revisions

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Slovakia

History

History[edit | edit source]

The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries. In the 7th century, they played a significant role in the creation of Samo's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra, which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia. In the 10th century, after the dissolution of Great Moravia, the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary, which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000. In 1241 and 1242, much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe. The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans which became an important ethnic group in the area, especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia.

After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia 1918 – 1939. A separate and first Slovak Republic 1939 - 1945 existed during World War II as a totalitarian, a fascist one-party client state of Nazi Germany. At the end of World War II, Czechoslovakia was re-established as an independent country.

A coup in 1948 ushered in a totalitarian one-party state under the Communist regime during whose rule the country existed as a satellite of the Soviet Union. Attempts for liberalization of communism in Czechoslovakia culminated in the Prague Spring, which was crushed by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended the Communist rule in Czechoslovakia peacefully. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia, sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce.

Slovakia is a high-income advanced income with a very high Human Development Index, a very high standard of living and performs favorably in measurements of civil liberties, press freedom, internet freedom, democratic governance and peacefulness. The country maintains a combination of market economy with a comprehensive social security system. Citizens of Slovakia are provided with universal health care, free education and has one of the longest paid parental leave.
[1]

[Historical Slovak counties with their Hungarian equivalent:

stolica/župa
Abovská (Abovsko-turnianska) / Abov (Abov-Turňa)
Bratislavská / Bratislava
Gemerská (Gemersko-malohontská) / Gemer (Gemer-Malohont)
Hontianska / Hont
Komárňanská / Komárno
Liptovská / Liptov
Mošonská / Mošon
Nitrianska / Nitra
Novohradská / Novohrad
Oravská / Orava
Ostrihomská / Ostrihom
Rábska / Ráb
Spišská / Spiš
Šarišská / Šariš
Tekovská / Tekov
Trenčianska / Trenčín
Turčianska / Turiec
Užhorodská / Užhorod (Uh)
Zemplínska / Zemplín
Zvolenská / Zvolen

megye
Abaúj-Torna
Pozsony
Gömör és Kiskont
Hont
Komárom
Liptó
Moson
Nyitra
Nógrád
Árva
Esztergom
Győr
Szepes
Sáros
Bars
Trencsén
Turóc
Ung
Zemplén
Zólyom

Timeline[edit | edit source]

10th Century - Following the disintegration of the Great Moravian Empire, the Hungarians annexed the territory comprising modern Slovakia, they abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the centre of the Carpathian valley, adopted Christianity and began to build a new state – the Hungarian kingdom
11th century - 1918 The territory inhabited by the Slavic-speaking population of Danubian Basin was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary, until the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed, the territory of modern Slovakia was an integral part of the Hungarian state
1848 - 1849 The Slovaks supported the Austrian Emperor, hoping for independence from the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy, but they failed to achieve their aim. Thereafter relations between the nationalities deteriorated, culminating in the secession of Slovakia from Hungary after World War I
1918 - Slovakia and the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia and Carpathian Ruthenia formed a common state, Czechoslovakia, with the borders confirmed by the Treaty of Saint Germain and Treaty of Trianon
1939 - Slovakia seceded from Czecho-Slovakia and allied itself, as demanded by Germany, with Hitler's coalition
1944 - 1945 A bloody German occupation and a guerilla war followed. Germans and their local collaborators completely destroyed 93 villages and massacred thousands of civilians, often hundreds at a time. The territory of Slovakia was liberated by Soviet and Romanian forces
1993 - The Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic went their separate ways, an event sometimes called the Velvet Divorce. Slovakia has remained a close partner with the Czech Republic. Both countries co-operate with Hungary and Poland in the Visegrád Group that is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European states, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia

Wiki articles desctibing online collections are found at:

References[edit | edit source]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ==History==
-The first inhabitants of Slovakia were Celtic and, later, Germanic tribes. From probably the sixth century A.D. on, Slavic peoples settled into the region in several waves of migration. By the seventh century the Slavs had fallen prey to the Avars, a nomadic Turko-Tartar tribe. In 624 Samo, a Frankish merchant, succeeded in uniting the Slavic people of the region and led them into battle against the savage Avars. Samo defeated the Avars and established the first Slavic state near the central Danube. Samo’s kingdom disintegrated after his death in 658. The Avars regained control of the area until they were driven out by Charlemagne’s Frankish armies in 799. In the 830s a Slavic state called the Great Moravian Empire arose on the northern bank of the Danube. It extended over the territory of present-day Slovakia and Moravia. The independence of Great Moravia was threatened not only by German military power, but also by the missionary activity of the German priests. At the request of the Great Moravian prince, Rastislav, the Byzantine Empire in 863 sent missionaries Constantine (later known as Cyril) and Methodius who introduced a Slavic liturgy. After the death of Methodius in 885 Slovak priests were expelled and replaced by German priests effectively ensuring the dominance of Roman-Catholicism in the region. In 894 the German King Arnulf called in the Magyars (Hungarians) to help in his struggles against Moravia. In the early 900s Great Moravia fell into obscurity and by the year 1001 Slovakia was under the control of the Magyars. From 1001 A.D. to 1918 Slovakia was dominated by the Magyars. Following the Turkish defeat of Hungary in 1526, Slovakia came under Habsburg rule but the Magyar land owners still held their position of power over the Slovak peasants. Under the dual monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, established in 1867, the Slovaks remained under Hungarian dominance.
+The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries. In the 7th century, they played a significant role in the creation of Samo's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra, which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia. In the 10th century, after the dissolution of Great Moravia, the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary, which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000. In 1241 and 1242, much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe. The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans which became an important ethnic group in the area, especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia.
-[[Image:Creation of czechoslovakia.jpg|thumb|left|300px]]
+After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia 1918 – 1939. A separate  and first Slovak Republic 1939 - 1945 existed during World War II as a totalitarian, a fascist one-party client state of Nazi Germany. At the end of World War II, Czechoslovakia was re-established as an independent country.
-After the First World War, in October 1918, Czechoslovakia was established as an independent sovereign state. The new republic consisted of the Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia, the former Austrian controlled part of Silesia, and Hungarian Slovakia. For twenty years democracy flourished in Czechoslovakia and the country became one of the most prosperous and industrialized in Eastern Europe. During the 1920s and 1930s the Czechoslovak government attempted to industrialize Slovakia. These efforts were largely unsuccessful, however, due in part to the worldwide economic slump of the 1930s. In many respects developments during this period favored the Czech majority over the Slovak minority. For example, most positions in state administration, education and the economy were filled by Czechs. Slovaks, who were greatly outnumbered by the Czechs, differed in many important ways from their Czech neighbors. The Slovak economy was more agrarian and less developed than its Czech counterpart; most Slovaks were practicing Catholics while the Czech leadership believed in limiting the power of the church, and the Slovak people had generally less education and experience with self-government than the Czechs. These disparities, compounded by centralized governmental control from Prague, left many Slovaks disappointed with the structure of the new state.
+A coup in 1948 ushered in a totalitarian one-party state under the Communist regime during whose rule the country existed as a satellite of the Soviet Union. Attempts for liberalization of communism in Czechoslovakia culminated in the Prague Spring, which was crushed by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended the Communist rule in Czechoslovakia peacefully. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia, sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce.
-In 1938, the Nazis invaded Czechoslovakia and established a pro-Nazi, nominally independent state in Slovakia. The ultra Slovak nationalist president, Father Jozef Tiso, allowed Hitler to occupy Slovakia and cooperated with him through the war. Following the Second World War, the state of Czechoslovakia was reestablished. In elections in May 1946, the Communists emerged as the strongest political party and from 1948 until 1989 the country was ruled by a Communist government. In 1989, the wave of political reform that swept through central and eastern Europe quickly led to significant changes in the political structure of Czechoslovakia. By November of 1989, the Communist leadership stepped down and, in December 1989, a new government was established. Free elections were held in 1990 but there was apprehension about how the Czechs and the Slovaks would work together. Other elections in June 1992 revealed a growing rift between the two national parliaments and efforts to find a compromise at the federal level fell apart. In July 1992, the Slovak parliament voted in favor of complete sovereignty for the country. In November 1992, the federal parliament voted to dissolve Czechoslovakia as of 31 December 1992, and on 1 January 1993 the Slovak and Czech Republics became two separate, independent states.<ref name="profile">The Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “Family History Record Profile: Slovakia,” Word document, private files of the FamilySearch Content Strategy Team, 1991-1999.</ref>
+Slovakia is a high-income advanced income with a very high Human Development Index, a very high standard of living and performs favorably in measurements of civil liberties, press freedom, internet freedom, democratic governance and peacefulness. The country maintains a combination of market economy with a comprehensive social security system. Citizens of Slovakia are provided with universal health care, free education and has one of the longest paid parental leave.
+<br>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia]
-Historical Slovak counties with their Hungarian equivalent:
+[Historical Slovak counties with their Hungarian equivalent:
 {| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
@@ Line 29: / Line 31: @@
 <br>
 ==Timeline==
+th Century - Following the disintegration of the Great Moravian Empire, the Hungarians annexed the territory comprising modern Slovakia, they abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the centre of the Carpathian valley, adopted Christianity and began to build a new state – the Hungarian kingdom<br>
+th century - 1918 The territory inhabited by the Slavic-speaking population of Danubian Basin was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary, until  the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed, the territory of modern Slovakia was an integral part of the Hungarian state<br>
+- 1849 The Slovaks supported the Austrian Emperor, hoping for independence from the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy, but they failed to achieve their aim. Thereafter relations between the nationalities deteriorated, culminating in the secession of Slovakia from Hungary after World War I
+<br>
+- Slovakia and the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia and Carpathian Ruthenia formed a common state, Czechoslovakia, with the borders confirmed by the Treaty of Saint Germain and Treaty of Trianon<br>
+- Slovakia seceded from Czecho-Slovakia and allied itself, as demanded by Germany, with Hitler's coalition<br>
+- 1945 A bloody German occupation and a guerilla war followed. Germans and their local collaborators completely destroyed 93 villages and massacred thousands of civilians, often hundreds at a time. The territory of Slovakia was liberated by Soviet and Romanian forces<br>
+- The Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic went their separate ways, an event sometimes called the Velvet Divorce. Slovakia has remained a close partner with the Czech Republic. Both countries co-operate with Hungary and Poland in the Visegrád Group that is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European states, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia<br>
-==Additional Resources==
 '''Wiki articles desctibing online collections are found at:'''