Poland History: Difference between revisions

Poland History (view source)

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 Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea, Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast and Lithuania to the north, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and Czech Republic, to the south, and Germany to the west.
-The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to AD 966, when Mieszko I,[14] ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi)) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system[15][16] which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
+The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to AD 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest, 390,000 sq miles and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
-More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens, including 90% of the country's Jews, perished in the war.[17][18] In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence.[19] In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
+More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens, including 90% of the country's Jews, perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
-Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union,[20] simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index.[21] Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe.[22] Poland is a developed country,[23] which maintains a high-income economy[24] along with very high standards of living, life quality,[25] safety, education, and economic freedom.[26][27] Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security, and a universal health care system for all citizens.[28][29] Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural.[30] Poland is a member state of the European Union, the Schengen Area, the United Nations, NATO, the OECD, the Three Seas Initiative, and the Visegrád Group.
+Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index.[21] Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education, and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security, and a universal health care system for all citizens.
+<br>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland]
 == Timeline ==
+- 1795 The Polish state emerged in the 10th century when several tribes united. Christianity was accepted in 966 A.D., and Poland became a kingdom<br>
-'''500''' Slavic tribes settled in the area that is now Poland.
+- The Polish-Lithuanian Union is established<br>
+- Poland reached its greatest territorial expansion. At that time it included Lithuania, Prussia, Volhynia, Podolia, and the Ukraine<br>
-'''966''' Mieszko I founds the Polish nation.
+- The Kingdom of Poland adopted the Gregorian calendar<br>
+- Russia, Austria, and Prussia each seized one-third of Polish territory<br>
-'''966-1795''' The Polish Kingdom existed. The Polish state emerged in the 10th century when several tribes united. Christianity was accepted in 966 A.D., and Poland became a kingdom.
+- Russia obtained one-half of the remaining territory of Poland, and Prussia took Posen<br>
+- Polish resistance was overwhelmed, and the remaining Polish territory was divided among Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The Kingdom of Poland ceased to exist for 123 years<br>
-'''1100s''' Boleslaw the Wry-Mouthed divides Poland among his sons.
+– 1813 Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw from territories previously seized from Prussia and Austria<br>
+- The Congress of Vienna reassigned Polish territory to Russia, Austria, and Prussia<br>
-'''1253''' St. Stanislaus the Martyr is the first Pole to be canonized.
+- Austria took over the Republic of Kraków, and it was incorporated into the province of Galicia<br>
+- January uprising resulted from Russia’s efforts to Russify the Kingdom of Poland<br>
-'''1320''' Poland reunifies.
+- During World War Iints atotal of 2 million Polish troops fought with the armies of the three occupying powers, and 450,000 died and at the end of World War I Poland reappeared as an independent state after 123 years of foreign rule<br>
+– 1945 The invasion by the Nazis in 1939 marked the onset of World War II. After the war Poland ceded her eastern territories to the Soviet Union and her western borders were moved west to the Oder and Neisse Rivers, thus establishing her present borders. A provisional government was set up under Soviet auspices in 1945<br>
-'''1333''' Casimir the Great's reign begins.
+- The Communist party gained full control of the Polish government in state-controlled elections<br>
+- Poland became a people’s republic on the Soviet model<br>
-'''1386''' The Polish-Lithuanian Union is established.
+- The fall of the Communist regime<br>
+- Poland’s first free election<br>
-'''1543''' Polish-born Nicolaus Copernicus says the earth revolves around the sun.
-'''1569''' Poland reached its greatest territorial expansion. At that time it included Lithuania, Borussia (Latin for Prussia), Volhynia, Podolia, and the Ukraine. Poland's capital moves from Krakow to Warsaw.
-'''1582''' The Kingdom of Poland adopted the Gregorian calendar.
-'''1655-1660''' Swedish invasions ravage Poland.
-'''1772''' First Partition. Russia, Austria, and Prussia each seized one-third of Polish territory (see maps).
-'''1793''' Second Partition. Russia obtained one-half of the remaining territory of Poland, and Prussia took Posen.
-'''1794''' Tadeusz Kosciuszko starts a failed rebellion for Polish independence.
-'''1795''' Third Partition. Polish resistance was overwhelmed, and the remaining Polish territory was divided among Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The Kingdom of Poland ceased to exist. Third Partition erases Poland from the map for 123 years.
-'''1806–1813''' Napoleonic Era. Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw (1806) and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1809) from territories previously seized from Prussia and Austria.
-'''1810''' Pianist and composer Frederic Chopin is born in Zelazowa Wola.
-'''1813''' Napoleon’s armies were defeated at Waterloo, bringing an end to the French Empire.
-'''1815''' The Congress of Vienna reassigned Polish territory to Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Kraków was established as a free city republic. The Kingdom of Poland was established within the Russian Empire with the czar as king. This kingdom was often referred to as “Congress Poland” because of its origin at the Congress of Vienna.
-'''1846''' Austria took over the Republic of Kraków, and it was incorporated into the province of Galicia.
-'''1864''' January uprising resulted from Russia’s efforts to Russify the Kingdom of Poland.
-'''1911''' Polish scientist Marie Curie wins the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
-'''1917''' During World War I, 22,000 Polish-Americans join Haller's Army in France.
-'''1918–1939''' The Republic of Poland. At the end of World War I Poland reappeared as an independent state after 123 years of foreign rule. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 established Danzig/Gdansk as a free city, nominally independent of both Germany and Poland.
-'''1939–1945''' German Occupation. The invasion by the Nazis in 1939 marked the onset of World War II. After the war Poland ceded her eastern territories to the Soviet Union and her western borders were moved west to the Oder and Neisse Rivers, thus establishing her present borders. A provisional government was set up under Soviet auspices in 1945.
-'''1943''' Polish Jews stage the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
-'''1947''' The Communist party gained full control of the Polish government in state-controlled elections.
-'''1952''' Poland became a people’s republic on the Soviet model.
-'''1974''' Polish-American Bobby Vinton's "My Melody of Love" tops pop music charts.
-'''1978''' Karol Wojtyla, the archbishop of Krakow, becomes Pope John Paul II.
-'''1989''' The fall of the Communist regime.
-'''1990''' "Solidarity" leader Lech Wałęsa was elected president in Poland’s first free election.
 == Local Histories  ==