Cyprus History: Difference between revisions

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 == History ==
+The Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel, north of Egypt, and southeast of Greece.
-Cyprus has been inhabited since very ancient times. The Cyprus' Greek cultural heritage, which became the dominant influence on the island, can be traced to the first Greek colonization in the thirteenth century B.C. The Phoenicians began to colonize the island about 800 B.C. Control of the island passed from empire to empire. Assyrian occupation (about 700 B.C.) was followed by Egyptian (550 B.C.), then Persian (525 B.C.). Alexander the Great, took Cyprus from Persia in 323 B.C., placing Cyprus in the Greek Alexandrine world. After the death of Alexander the island passed to Egypt under the Hellenic Ptolemy dynasty. Rome gained control in 58 B.C. Nevertheless, the island maintained a Hellenic Greek ethnic identity. The apostles Paul and Barnabas introduced Christianity. After the division of the Roman Empire into two parts, Cyprus came under the Greek dominated Eastern Roman Empire, known as Byzantium.
+Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878.
-In 1191 A.D. the island was seized by Richard I, King of England, who gave it to Guy Lusignan, crusader and titular king of Jerusalem. The Frankish Lusignan dynasty lasted from 1191 to 1498. In 1498, Venice took control of Cyprus and fortified the island as a last bastion against the Ottomans in the east Mediterranean. Under the rule of these crusaders Roman Catholic clergy controlled the church. The Ottoman Turks, finally captured the island in 1571 and held control until the 1800s. During this time the island gained a substantial minority of Turks, mostly in northern Cyprus. The Turks expelled the Catholic hierarchy and the Greek Orthodox faith was restored; in time, the Archbishop of Nikosia as leader of the Greek Orthodox, became the island’s representative to the Ottoman government.
+Cyprus was placed under British administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by Britain in 1914. While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s. Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. In 1963, the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic.
-Despite a history of repeated occupations by different conquering powers, the people of Cyprus retained Greek cultural identity and language. The Greek population of Cyprus yearned to be part of Greece. Although Greek Cypriots assisted in the War of Greek Independence in 1821 to 1827, the island did not become part of the independent Greek kingdom in 1832. The Ottoman Empire held Cyprus until 1878 when they were defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. Fearing greater expansion by Russia, Turkey induced the British to administer Cyprus. Under the enabling convention, the British received complete control of Cyprus for a rental of about $500,000 yearly, and Turkey retained nominal title. When the British administrators assumed office in 1879 they were presented with a petition from the Archbishop and the Greek community calling for union with the Kingdom of Greece which greatly dismayed the Turkish inhabitants of the island. The petition was denied.
+On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at the incorporation of Cyprus into Greece. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus in the following month, after a ceasefire collapsed, there was displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established by unilateral declaration in 1983; the move was widely condemned by the international community, with Turkey alone recognizing the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute.
-When Turkey joined the Central Powers in World War I, Great Britain abrogated the 1878 treaty in November 1914 and annexed Cyprus. The British government then offered Cyprus to Greece if Greece would agree to enter the war on the Allied side. Greece was given one week to decide, and when the decision was delayed the British withdrew the offer. By the terms of the peace arrangement imposed on the Turks after the war, Turkey formally recognized British possession of Cyprus and in 1925 the island was made a crown colony. In 1959, it became an independent republic.<ref name="profile">The Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “Family History Record Profile: Cyprus,” Word document, private files of the FamilySearch Content Strategy Team, 1994-1998.</ref>
+The international community considers the northern part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union.
+Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean and has been a member of the Commonwealth since 1961 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone.
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 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus]
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 - Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus<br>
 - A full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control and Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants<br>
+- 1878 Cyprus was under Ottoman Control<br>
 – 1778  47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians By 1872, the population of the island comprised of 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians<br>
 - 1878 In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War and the Congress of Berlin, Cyprus was leased to the British Empire which de facto took over its administration<br>