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==Background==
The most-used calendar in the modern world today is the Gregorian Calendar, named after Pope Gregory. It is based on a standard year of 365 days with modifications to keep it consistent with the earth’s movement around the sun. Though not perfect, the Gregorian Calendar will take 3300 years before being one day off.
The most-used calendar in the modern world today is the Gregorian Calendar, named after Pope Gregory. It is based on a standard year of 365 days with modifications to keep it consistent with the earth’s movement around the sun. Though not perfect, the Gregorian Calendar will take 3300 years before being one day off.


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The British Empire changed to the Gregorian Calendar in 1752. Because of these changes, there is some uncertainty for the dates between 1 January and 25 March in the years from 1582 until 1752 in the old British Empire. To avoid any confusion, write the date with both years' numbers. For example - 14 February 1699/1700. At the time it would have been considered 1699 according to the Julian Calendar, then in effect. But now it would be considered 1700 according to the Gregorian Calendar. Using the double-year dating and understanding its purpose can be helpful in recording historical events.  
The British Empire changed to the Gregorian Calendar in 1752. Because of these changes, there is some uncertainty for the dates between 1 January and 25 March in the years from 1582 until 1752 in the old British Empire. To avoid any confusion, write the date with both years' numbers. For example - 14 February 1699/1700. At the time it would have been considered 1699 according to the Julian Calendar, then in effect. But now it would be considered 1700 according to the Gregorian Calendar. Using the double-year dating and understanding its purpose can be helpful in recording historical events.  


'''Julian to Gregorian calendar changes by country or region'''
==Julian to Gregorian calendar changes by country or region==


Ancestor Search has published a helpful [http://www.searchforancestors.com/utility/gregorian.html chart] showing when countries and regions changed from Julian to Gregorian.  
The following list attempts to give the year of conversion from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar for many countries and their constituent states, where necessary. Some countries converted early and in their entirety, whereas other countries, such as Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Germany had provinces/cantons that converted at different times. This is because these countries have both Catholic and Protestant areas. Catholics adopted the Gregorian calendar very early, whereas most Protestant areas did not. An attempt has been made to list the conversion years of all constituent states, but this has not been possible in each case, as some states are absent from all the lists of works consulted.


Fourmilab.ch has created a [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ converter] that converts dates from a variety of calendars, including Julian and Gregorian.  
This list has been compiled from various sources (see the list of works consulted at the bottom of the page).  The reader will notice that there are sometimes more than one date for conversion for one particular jurisdiction. This is due to several factors. First, sometimes the sources do not agree and most do not give sources. In such cases, it might be impossible to determine the correct date of conversion.  Second, a jurisdiction may have made a conversion when the Julian date ended at the end of a year and the Gregorian date took effect in the new year. Some sources list the previous year as the year of conversion, whereas others list the new year as the year of conversion. Third, parts of some jurisdictions may have converted, whereas other parts may have converted later. This is particularly true in Switzerland. Finally, a jurisdiction may have converted to the Gregorian, then back the Julian, then back to the Gregorian (e.g. Groningen).  In such cases, the researcher is advised to consult all the sources listed below.


Another tool that can help with Julian and Gregorian dates, especially for Germany, is GenTools6, available as a free download from [http://www.gentools6.de www.gentools6.de]. 
Year of adoption of the Gregorian Calendar. This means that the year given is the beginning year that the country/province/canton began using the Gregorian calendar and when you should start using the Gregorian feast day converter. Before that year, use the Julian converter.  For example, Albania used the Julian calendar until 1912, when it switched to the Gregorian. It should be noted that this chart lists only the year, not the date, of conversion. For the exact date (which will be important!), the researcher is again advised to consult the sources listed below.


The following is partial list of countries and regions and when they adopted the Gregorian calendar.  The chart from Ancestor Search, mentioned above, has a more complete and detailed list.


{| class="wikitable sortable FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| class="wikitable sortable FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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! Adoption of<br>Gregorian Calendar
! Adoption of<br>Gregorian Calendar
|-
|-
| [[Denmark and Norway]]  
|[[Albania Genealogy|Albania]]
|
|1912
|-
|[[Alsace-Lorraine, France or Germany Genealogy|Alsace (Elsaß)]]
|
|1648, 1682
|-
| [[Alsace-Lorraine, France or Germany Genealogy|Lorraine]]
| 1579
| 1682
|-
|[[Austria Genealogy|Austria (Österreich)]]
|
|1583
|-
|[[Belgium Genealogy|Belgium]]
|
|1582
|-
|[[Liège, Belgium Genealogy|Belgium, Liege (Liuk)]]
|
|1583
|-
|[[Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire Genealogy|Bohemia (Böhmen)]]
|
|1584
|-
|[[Great Britain Genealogy|Great Britian, British Empire]]
|
|1752
|-
|[[Bulgaria Genealogy|Bulgaria]]
|
|1916
|-
|[[China Genealogy|China]]
|
|1912
|-
|[[Czech Republic Genealogy|Czechoslovakia]]
|
|1584
|-
| [[Denmark Genealogy|Denmark]] and [[Norway Genealogy|Norway]]  
| Gradual change from<br>13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp.48-50.</ref>  
| Gradual change from<br>13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp.48-50.</ref>  
| 1700
| 1700
|-
|-
| [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]  
| [[Dutch Republic]]
| 1522
| 1583
| from 1582
|-
|[[Estonia Genealogy|Estonia]]
|
|1918
|-
|[[Egypt Genealogy|Egypt]]
|
|1875
|-
|[[Finland Genealogy|Finland]]
|
|1753
|-
| [[France Genealogy|France]]  
| 1564<ref>[http://www.henk-reints.nl/cal/audette/cgfrance.html Le calendrier grégorien en France] </ref>
| 1582
| 1582
|-
|[[Alsace|France, Alsace]]
|
|1648, 1682
|-
|[[Alsace|France, Strasbourg]]
|
|1648, 1682
|-
|[[Alsace-Lorraine, France or Germany Genealogy|France, Lorraine]]
|
|1648, 1682
|-
|[[Germany Genealogy|Germany]], Catholic States
|
|1583 or 1584
|-
|Germany, Aachen
|
|1583
|-
|[[Alsace-Lorraine, France or Germany Genealogy|Germany, Alsace (Elsaß)]]
|
|1648, 1682
|-
|Germany, Augsburg
|
|1583, 1583
|-
|Germany, Baden
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Baden-Durlach
|
|1700
|-
|Germany, Bavaria (Bayern)
|
|1582, 1583
|-
|Germany, Brandenburg
|
|1699
|-
|Germany, Cleve
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Cologne (Köln)
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Eichstadt
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Freiburg
|
|1584
|-
|Germany, Freising
|
|1583
|Germany, Hannover (kingdom)
|
|1700
|
|-
|Germany, Hennegau
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Hesse (Hessen)
|
|1699
|-
|Germany, Hildesheim
|
|1631
|-
|Germany, Julich
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Kurland
|
|1617
|-
|Germany, Lausitz
|
|1584
|-
|Germany, Lorraine (Lothringen)
|
|1682, 1760
|-
|Germany, Mainz
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Minden
|
|1630, 1668
|-
|Germany, Munster (Münster)
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Neuburg Palatinate (Pfalz)
|
|1615
|-
|Germany, Nuremburg (Nürnberg)
|
|1699
|-
|Germany, Osnabruck (Osnabrück)
|
|1624
|-
|Germany, Paderborn
|
|1585
|-
|Germany, Passau
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Prussia (Preußen)
|
|1610, 1612, 1700
|-
|Germany, Regensburg
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Rhenish Palatinate (Pfalz)
|
|1699
|-
|Germany, Saxony (Sachsen)
|
|1699
|-
|Germany, Silesia (Schlesien)
|
|1584
|-
|Germany, Strasbourg bisopric
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Strasbourg city
|
|1682
|-
|Germany, Trier
|
|1583
|-
|Germany, Ulm
|
|1699
|-
|Germany, Westphalia (Westfalen)
|
|1584
|-
|Germany, Wurzburg (Würzburg)
|
|1583
|-
|[[Greece, Genealogy|Greece]]
|
|1923
|-
| [[Great Britain|Britain]] and<br>[[British Empire]]<br>except Scotland
| 1752<ref name="Blackburn" />
| 1752
|-
|-
| [[Holy Roman Empire]]  
| [[Holy Roman Empire]]  
| 1544  
| 1544  
| from 1583
| from 1583
|-
|[[Hungary, Genealogy|Hungary]]
|
|1582, 1587
|-
|[[Ireland, Genealogy|Ireland]]
|
|1752
|-
|[[Iceland Genealogy|Iceland]]
|
|1700
|-
|[[Italy Genealogy|Italy]]
|
|1582
|-
|-
| [[Spain Genealogy|Spain]]  
| [[Spain Genealogy|Spain]]  
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| 1559  
| 1559  
| 1753
| 1753
|-
| [[France Genealogy|France]]
| 1564<ref>[http://www.henk-reints.nl/cal/audette/cgfrance.html Le calendrier grégorien en France] </ref>
| 1582
|-
|-
| [[Southern Netherlands]]  
| [[Southern Netherlands]]  
| 1576<ref>Per decree of 16 June 1575. Hermann Grotefend, "[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang Osteranfang]" (Easter beginning), ''[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit]'' (Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times) (1891-1898)</ref>  
| 1576<ref>Per decree of 16 June 1575. Hermann Grotefend, "[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang Osteranfang]" (Easter beginning), ''[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit]'' (Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times) (1891-1898)</ref>  
| 1582
| 1582
|-
| [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]]
| 1579
| 1682
|-
| [[Dutch Republic]]
| 1583
| from 1582
|-
|-
| [[Scotland Genealogy|Scotland]]  
| [[Scotland Genealogy|Scotland]]  
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| 1750
| 1750
|-
|-
| [[Great Britain|Britain]] and<br>[[British Empire]]<br>except Scotland
| [[Venice, Venezia, Italy Genealogy|Venice]]  
| 1752<ref name="Blackburn" />
| 1522
| 1752
| 1582
|-
|}
|}
Ancestor Search has published a helpful&nbsp;[http://www.searchforancestors.com/utility/gregorian.html chart] showing when countries and regions changed from Julian to Gregorian.
Fourmilab.ch has created a [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ converter] that converts dates from a variety of calendars, including Julian and Gregorian.
Another tool that can help with Julian and Gregorian dates, especially for Germany, is GenTools6, available as a free download from [http://www.gentools6.de www.gentools6.de].


== References  ==
== References  ==
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