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== '''HISTORY''' == | == '''HISTORY''' == | ||
The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. | The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation. | ||
Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | ||
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*Self-Determination (1970-Present)<br> | *Self-Determination (1970-Present)<br> | ||
=== Clan | === Clan System === | ||
Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. | Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. Knowing one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans].<br> | ||
== '''RECORDS''' == | == '''RECORDS''' == | ||
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=== U.S. - Native Relations === | === U.S. - Native Relations === | ||
When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes. | When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes. The three main level of offices included are, Indian agents, Superintendents, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The following is a very brief explanation of what these offices entailed. | ||
United States and American Indian relations began with the first acts of the Continental Congress in 1775 which passed several ordinances dealing with American Indians. | United States and American Indian relations began with the first acts of the Continental Congress in 1775 which passed several ordinances dealing with American Indians. The first was to divide administrative responsibility into three geographical districts (northern, central, and southern) with the creation of a superintendent to govern the affairs between Congress and the Native peoples.<sup>1</sup> It was often the case that''ex officio''superintendent of Indian affairs was usually held by Territorial governors who would help negotiate treaties and obtain titles to Indian lands. | ||
Since multiple tribes lived in territorial boundaries, agents were created to govern one or more tribes or geographical areas. | Since multiple tribes lived in territorial boundaries, agents were created to govern one or more tribes or geographical areas. Indian agents were appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. Agents were to report to the Superintendent, but at times records were sent directly to Washington D.C. | ||
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was then created in 1824 as part of the War Department, to govern the affairs between settlers and Native peoples. | The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was then created in 1824 as part of the War Department, to govern the affairs between settlers and Native peoples.Originally called, Heads of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, this title was later changed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs and has since been changed to Assistant Secretary of the Interior of Indian Affairs. When Natives were no longer considered to be a threat, the BIA was then transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849, and continues to this day. | ||
=== <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Agencies</span> === | === <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Agencies</span> === | ||
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==== RESERVATION ==== | ==== RESERVATION ==== | ||
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate | Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br> | ||
Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | ||
[[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|frame|center|450x375px]]<br> | [[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|frame|center|450x375px|Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg]]<br> | ||
For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]<br> | For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]<br> | ||
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The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. <br><br>Here is a sample of what is available for Indian census records:<br> | The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. <br><br>Here is a sample of what is available for Indian census records:<br> | ||
*Eastern Navajo -- 1929-1935 | *Eastern Navajo -- 1929-1935 FHL films 575790-575795 | ||
*Eastern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | *Eastern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 FHL film 579685 | ||
*Hopi and Navajo Indians -- 1930-1936 | *Hopi and Navajo Indians -- 1930-1936 | ||
*Leupp Agency -- 1915-1917, 1920-1925, 1927, 1929-1935 | *Leupp Agency -- 1915-1917, 1920-1925, 1927, 1929-1935 FHL films 576939-576940 | ||
*Leupp Reservation -- 1937 | *Leupp Reservation -- 1937 FHL film 579685 | ||
*Navajo -- 1915, 1936, 1938-1939 | *Navajo -- 1915, 1936, 1938-1939 FHL films 579683-579691 | ||
*Navajo: (Moqui Pueblo or Hopi, and Navajo) -- 1885 | *Navajo: (Moqui Pueblo or Hopi, and Navajo) -- 1885 FHL film 579682 | ||
*Northern Navajo -- 1930-1935 | *Northern Navajo -- 1930-1935 FHL films 579713-579717 | ||
*Northern Pueblo --1920-1930 FHL films 579718-579720 | |||
*Northern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | *Northern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | ||
*Pueblo Bonito (Navajo Indians) -- 1909-1912, 1914-1924, 1926 | *Pueblo Bonito (Navajo Indians) -- 1909-1912, 1914-1924, 1926 FHL films 581395-581397 | ||
*Pueblo Day Schools (Pueblo and Navajo) -- 1912-1919 | *Pueblo Day Schools (Pueblo and Navajo) -- 1912-1919 FHL films 581398-581400 | ||
*San Juan (Navajo) -- 1916 | *San Juan (Navajo) -- 1916 FHL film 581481 | ||
*Southern Navajo -- 1929-1935 | *Southern Navajo -- 1929-1935 FHL films 581893-581906 | ||
*Southern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | *Southern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | ||
*Western Navajo -- 1905, 1915-1920, 1922-1927, 1929 | *Western Navajo -- 1905, 1915-1920, 1922-1927, 1929 FHL films 583099-583104 | ||
*Western Navajo: (Hopi Indians and Navajo and Paiute Indians for 1929) -- 1937<br> | *Western Navajo: (Hopi Indians and Navajo and Paiute Indians for 1929) -- 1937<br> | ||
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*[[Holbrook Indian School (Arizona)|Holbrook Indian School]] (Holbrook, AZ) | *[[Holbrook Indian School (Arizona)|Holbrook Indian School]] (Holbrook, AZ) | ||
*[[Intermountain Indian School (Utah)|Intermountain Indian School]] (Brigham City, UT) | *[[Intermountain Indian School (Utah)|Intermountain Indian School]] (Brigham City, UT) | ||
*Leupp School (Leupp, AZ) | *Leupp School (Leupp, AZ) | ||
*[[Nenannezed Indian Boarding School (New Mexico)|Nenannezed Boarding School ]](Fruitland, NM) | *[[Nenannezed Indian Boarding School (New Mexico)|Nenannezed Boarding School ]](Fruitland, NM) | ||
*[[Phoenix Indian School (Arizona)|Phoenix Indian School]] (Phoenix, AZ) | *[[Phoenix Indian School (Arizona)|Phoenix Indian School]] (Phoenix, AZ) | ||