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* '''Descriptive or nickname.''' Based on a unique quality of the person, such as Domingo Calvo (Domingo bald headed) and Juan El Moreno (Juan the Dark). | * '''Descriptive or nickname.''' Based on a unique quality of the person, such as Domingo Calvo (Domingo bald headed) and Juan El Moreno (Juan the Dark). | ||
* '''Toponymic.''' Based on a person’s residence, such as Domingo del Río (Domingo from near a river) and Juan de Córdova (Juan from | * '''Toponymic.''' Based on a person’s residence, such as Domingo del Río (Domingo from near a river) and Juan de Córdova (Juan from Córdova). | ||
At first, surnames applied only to one person and not to the whole family. After a few generations these names became hereditary and were used from father to son. | At first, surnames applied only to one person and not to the whole family. After a few generations these names became hereditary and were used from father to son. | ||
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In Mexico many surnames of Spanish origin were given to the native Indians and African children when the priests baptized them. Others were simply baptized Juan, José, María, and so on, and later descendants obtained a surname. | In Mexico many surnames of Spanish origin were given to the native Indians and African children when the priests baptized them. Others were simply baptized Juan, José, María, and so on, and later descendants obtained a surname. | ||
Typical surnames from various parts of Spain include | Typical surnames from various parts of Spain include Castilian (Fernández, Morales), Basque (Ibáñez, Vásquez), Gallego (Brétema, Seoane), Portuguese (Coelho, Ferreira), and Catalán (Ventura, Gralla). | ||
The following suffixes of surnames show that they had a patronymic origin: az, ez, iz, oz, and uz. However, the scribes and priest often spelled the patronymic surnames with s instead of the z, and they changed the plural surname ending in s to z. Therefore the plural forms of surnames may be confused with the patronymic surname. Examples of plural names include Torres and Flores. | The following suffixes of surnames show that they had a patronymic origin: az, ez, iz, oz, and uz. However, the scribes and priest often spelled the patronymic surnames with s instead of the z, and they changed the plural surname ending in s to z. Therefore the plural forms of surnames may be confused with the patronymic surname. Examples of plural names include Torres and Flores. | ||
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* The [http://www.pergaminovirtual.com/apellidos.html "Apellidos" search page] on PergaminoVirtual, a Spanish-language website<br> | * The [http://www.pergaminovirtual.com/apellidos.html "Apellidos" search page] on PergaminoVirtual, a Spanish-language website<br> | ||
* The [http://www.cyndislist.com/hispanic.htm#Queries "Queries, Message Boards & Surname Lists" section] of the "Hispanic, Central & South America, & the West Indies" page within Cyndi's List | * The [http://www.cyndislist.com/hispanic.htm#Queries "Queries, Message Boards & Surname Lists" section] of the "Hispanic, Central & South America, & the West Indies" page within Cyndi's List | ||
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=== Given Names === | === Given Names === | ||