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Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | ||
[[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|frame|center|450x375px | [[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|frame|center|450x375px]]<br> | ||
For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]<br> | For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]<br> | ||
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As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to determining their membership and enrollment. The question set before Natives was, "Who is an Indian?" To help move the issue along, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws#Tribes_requiring_1.2F4_degree_blood_quantum_for_membership Blood Quantum] was introduced as a requirement for tribal membership, allowing tribes to select the degree of ancestry for an individual to be considered part of a specific tribe. As for the Navajos, 1/4 degree of blood for membership was selected. | As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to determining their membership and enrollment. The question set before Natives was, "Who is an Indian?" To help move the issue along, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws#Tribes_requiring_1.2F4_degree_blood_quantum_for_membership Blood Quantum] was introduced as a requirement for tribal membership, allowing tribes to select the degree of ancestry for an individual to be considered part of a specific tribe. As for the Navajos, 1/4 degree of blood for membership was selected. | ||
For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a Certificate of Indian Blood or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records. | For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a Certificate Degree of Indian Blood or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records. | ||
==== ENROLLMENT ==== | ==== ENROLLMENT ==== | ||
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==== INDIAN CENSUS ROLLS, 1885-1940 ==== | ==== INDIAN CENSUS ROLLS, 1885-1940 ==== | ||
The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. | The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. <br><br>Here is a sample of what is available for Indian census records:<br> | ||
*Eastern Navajo -- 1929-1935 | |||
*Eastern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | |||
*Hopi and Navajo Indians -- 1930-1936 | |||
*Leupp Agency -- 1915-1917, 1920-1925, 1927, 1929-1935 | |||
*Leupp Reservation -- 1937 | |||
*Navajo -- 1915, 1936, 1938-1939 | |||
*Navajo: (Moqui Pueblo or Hopi, and Navajo) -- 1885 | |||
*Northern Navajo -- 1930-1935 | |||
*Northern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | |||
*Pueblo Bonito (Navajo Indians) -- 1909-1912, 1914-1924, 1926 | |||
*Pueblo Day Schools (Pueblo and Navajo) -- 1912-1919 | |||
*San Juan (Navajo) -- 1916 | |||
*Southern Navajo -- 1929-1935 | |||
*Southern Navajo Reservation -- 1937 | |||
*Western Navajo -- 1905, 1915-1920, 1922-1927, 1929 | |||
*Western Navajo: (Hopi Indians and Navajo and Paiute Indians for 1929) -- 1937 | |||
==== U.S. POPULATION CENSUS ==== | ==== U.S. POPULATION CENSUS ==== | ||
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The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around boarder towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors. <br> | The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around boarder towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors. <br> | ||
One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. | One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Census takers often wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman) or Hastiin (mister or man). | ||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;" /> | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;" /> | ||
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=== Religion === | === Religion === | ||
The Navajo have a complex polythesis belief system which dictates how to treat oneself, others, and one's environment. As the Spanish penetrated present-day New Mexico and Arizona, they introduced Spanish Christianity to the Navajos. The Navajos called Catholic priests and missionaries Bi’ee’dahninnezi (Catholic: the one with long clothes). There are some documentations from Spanish sources which include Navajo names, but usually the names are too generic to pinpoint ancestors. Mexican documentation also has this shortcoming. <br><br>By the late 1800's, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) began moving into and settling southern Utah, Arizona and western New Mexico. The Navajos called these people, Gaamalii (Mormons: the fat ones that are coming). Mission records, missionaries and settlers wrote a number of journals and diaries that can include Navajo family names.Baptismal records and Church membership records are harder to come by and are usually limited to Church members only. But, baptismal and Church membership records in earlier times are very limited as to the fact that when Navajos were incorporated into the Church, the Church did not have plans of establishing or maintaining religious contact with the Navajos unless there was a dire need.<br><br>As the United States gained control over present-day New Mexico and Arizona, they began assigning religious groups to the different tribes. Mainly the Bi’ee’adaałts’isi (Presbyterian or Protestants) were assigned to the Navajo reservation.<br> <br> | The Navajo have a complex polythesis belief system which dictates how to treat oneself, others, and one's environment. This belief system has helped them deal with numerous groups of people entering into Navajo country. As the Spanish penetrated present-day New Mexico and Arizona, they introduced Spanish Christianity to the Navajos. The Navajos called Catholic priests and missionaries Bi’ee’dahninnezi (Catholic: the one with long clothes). There are some documentations from Spanish sources which include Navajo names, but usually the names are too generic to pinpoint ancestors. Mexican documentation also has this shortcoming. <br><br>By the late 1800's, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) began moving into and settling southern Utah, Arizona and western New Mexico. The Navajos called these people, Gaamalii (Mormons: the fat ones that are coming). Mission records, missionaries and settlers wrote a number of journals and diaries that can include Navajo family names.Baptismal records and Church membership records are harder to come by and are usually limited to Church members only. But, baptismal and Church membership records in earlier times are very limited as to the fact that when Navajos were incorporated into the Church, the Church did not have plans of establishing or maintaining religious contact with the Navajos unless there was a dire need.<br><br>As the United States gained control over present-day New Mexico and Arizona, they began assigning religious groups to the different tribes. Mainly the Bi’ee’adaałts’isi (Presbyterian or Protestants) were assigned to the Navajo reservation.<br> <br> | ||
*Bi’ee’adaałts’isi (Presbyterian or Protestants) | *Bi’ee’adaałts’isi (Presbyterian or Protestants) | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
== '''REFERENCES''' == | == '''REFERENCES''' == | ||
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==== Biographies<br> ==== | ==== Biographies<br> ==== | ||
*Brugge, David M. Navajo Bibliography with Subject Index {{FHL|79971|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 N227be}} | *Brugge, David M. Navajo Bibliography with Subject Index {{FHL|79971|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 N227be}} | ||
==== CODE TALKERS ==== | ==== CODE TALKERS ==== | ||
*Bruchas, Joseph. ''Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of World War Two''. | *Bruchas, Joseph. ''Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of World War Two''. | ||
*McClain, Sally. ''Navajo Weapon: The Navajo Code Talkers''. FHL 970.3 N227ms<br> | |||
*Paul, Doris. ''The Navajo Code Talkers''. | *Paul, Doris. ''The Navajo Code Talkers''. | ||
*''They Talked Navajo: "diné bi-zaad choź-iid"; the United States Marine Corps Navajo Code Talkers of World War II''; a record of their reunion, July 9-10, 1971, Window Rock, Arizona {{FHL|577462|item|disp=FHL book 970.3 N227ti}}<br> | *''They Talked Navajo: "diné bi-zaad choź-iid"; the United States Marine Corps Navajo Code Talkers of World War II''; a record of their reunion, July 9-10, 1971, Window Rock, Arizona {{FHL|577462|item|disp=FHL book 970.3 N227ti}}<br> | ||
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* Hughes, John T. Doniphan's expedition: containing an account of the conquest of New Mexico ; General Kearney's overland expedition to California ; Doniphan's campaign against the Navajos ; his unparalleled march upon Chihuahua and Durango ; and the operations of General Price at Santa Fe ; with a sketch of the life of Col. Doniphan. Digital images of original published: Cincinnati: J.A. & U.P. James, 1848. https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE930888 | * Hughes, John T. Doniphan's expedition: containing an account of the conquest of New Mexico ; General Kearney's overland expedition to California ; Doniphan's campaign against the Navajos ; his unparalleled march upon Chihuahua and Durango ; and the operations of General Price at Santa Fe ; with a sketch of the life of Col. Doniphan. Digital images of original published: Cincinnati: J.A. & U.P. James, 1848. https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE930888 | ||
*Thompson, Gerald. The Army and the Navajo. FHL 970.3 N227t | *Thompson, Gerald. The Army and the Navajo. FHL 970.3 N227t | ||
*Downey, Fairfax Davis and Jacques Noel Jacobsen. The Red / Bluecoats, the Indian Scouts, U.S. Army. FHL 970.1 D75r | *Downey, Fairfax Davis and Jacques Noel Jacobsen. The Red / Bluecoats, the Indian Scouts, U.S. Army. FHL 970.1 D75r<br> | ||
==== NAVAJOS ==== | ==== NAVAJOS ==== | ||
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*Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | *Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | ||
*Frisbie, Charlotte and David P. McAllester. ''Navajo Blessingway Singer: The Autobiography of Frank Mitchell, 1881-1967''. | *Frisbie, Charlotte and David P. McAllester. ''Navajo Blessingway Singer: The Autobiography of Frank Mitchell, 1881-1967''. | ||
*Hoffman, Virginia. ''Navajo Biographies''. <br> | |||
*Leake, Harvey and Louisa Wade Wetherill. ''Wolfkiller: Wisdom From a Nineteenth-Century Navajo Shepherd.'' | *Leake, Harvey and Louisa Wade Wetherill. ''Wolfkiller: Wisdom From a Nineteenth-Century Navajo Shepherd.'' | ||
*Lee, George P.''Silent Courage: An Indian Story: The Autobiography of George P. Lee, a Navajo''. | *Lee, George P.''Silent Courage: An Indian Story: The Autobiography of George P. Lee, a Navajo''. | ||
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*McPherson, Robert S.''Journey of Navajo Oshley:An Autobiography and Life History''. | *McPherson, Robert S.''Journey of Navajo Oshley:An Autobiography and Life History''. | ||
*McPherson, Robert S.''Navajo Tradition, Mormon Life:The Autobiography and Teaching of Jim Dandy''. | *McPherson, Robert S.''Navajo Tradition, Mormon Life:The Autobiography and Teaching of Jim Dandy''. | ||
*McPherson, Robert S. and Samuel Holiday.''Under the Eagle:Samuel Holiday, Navajo Code Talker''. | *McPherson, Robert S. and Samuel Holiday. ''Under the Eagle:Samuel Holiday, Navajo Code Talker''. | ||
*Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''. | *Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''.<br> | ||
==== RELIGION ==== | ==== RELIGION ==== | ||
*Bahr, Howard M.''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1898-1921''. | *Bahr, Howard M.''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1898-1921''. | ||
*Bahr, Howard M.''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1920-1950''. | *Bahr, Howard M. ''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1920-1950''. | ||
*Brugge, David. ''Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico, 1694-1875''. | *Brugge, David. ''Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico, 1694-1875''. | ||
*Centennial Book Committee, eds.''Rehoboth Christian School, 1903-2003: Celebrating 100 Years of God's Faith''. | *Centennial Book Committee, eds. ''Rehoboth Christian School, 1903-2003: Celebrating 100 Years of God's Faith''. | ||
*De. Korne, John C.''Navaho and Zuni for Christ:Fifty Years of Indian Missions''.<br> | *De. Korne, John C.''Navaho and Zuni for Christ:Fifty Years of Indian Missions''.<br> | ||
*Reichard, Gladys A.''Navaho Religion''. | *Reichard, Gladys A. ''Navaho Religion''. | ||
==== TRADERS ==== | ==== TRADERS ==== | ||
*Adams, William Y.''Shonto:A;Study of the Role of the Trader in a Modern Navaho Community''. | *Adams, William Y. ''Shonto:A;Study of the Role of the Trader in a Modern Navaho Community''. | ||
*Blue, Martha.''Indian Trader: The Life and Times of J.L. Hubbell.'' | *Blue, Martha.''Indian Trader: The Life and Times of J.L. Hubbell.'' | ||
*Berkowitz, Paul and Kevin Gilmartin.''The Case of the Indian Trader: Billy Malone and the National Park Service Investigation at Hubbel Trading Post.'' | *Berkowitz, Paul and Kevin Gilmartin. ''The Case of the Indian Trader: Billy Malone and the National Park Service Investigation at Hubbel Trading Post.'' | ||
*[http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=usupress_pubs Evans, Will. ]''[http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=usupress_pubs Along Navajo Trails: Recollections of a Trader, 1898-1948].'' | *[http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=usupress_pubs Evans, Will. ]''[http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=usupress_pubs Along Navajo Trails: Recollections of a Trader, 1898-1948].'' | ||
*Gillmor, Frances and Louisa Wade Wetherill.''Traders to the Navajos:The Story of the Wetherills.'''FHL 929.273 W532g or fiche 6006789 (4 fiche)''''' | *Gillmor, Frances and Louisa Wade Wetherill.''Traders to the Navajos:The Story of the Wetherills.'''FHL 929.273 W532g or fiche 6006789 (4 fiche)''''' | ||
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=== Unpublished === | === Unpublished === | ||
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html <u></u>Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75], Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. | *Bushman, Virgil and Nellie Bushman. Navajo Indian Cemetery Records and Some New Mexico Cemetery Records Online: and <br> | ||
*City of Winslow Historic Preservation Commission. Index of Winslow Indian Sanatorium Cemetery: from Navajo County death certificates published from 1933 through 1960. <br> | |||
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html <u></u>Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75], Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.<br> | |||
*Navajo Stock Reduction Interviews of Dean Sundberg and Fern Charley OnLine: https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE1904602<br> | |||
*Smith, Edward D. Range riding and Navajo stock reduction, (Oral History) O.H. 1155 Online: https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE1114720 <br> | *Smith, Edward D. Range riding and Navajo stock reduction, (Oral History) O.H. 1155 Online: https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE1114720 <br> | ||
*Tietjen, Gary (Elder and Sister). Vital records of the Eastern Navajos. Contents: Crownpoint Cemetery -- The Grants Cemetery -- The Rehoboth Cemetery -- The Smith Lake Cemetery -- The Thoreau Cemetery -- Obituaries of Eastern Navajos -- McKinley County death register, 1941-1961 -- Social security death records. FHL 970.3 N227tg<br> | *Tietjen, Gary (Elder and Sister). Vital records of the Eastern Navajos. Contents: Crownpoint Cemetery -- The Grants Cemetery -- The Rehoboth Cemetery -- The Smith Lake Cemetery -- The Thoreau Cemetery -- Obituaries of Eastern Navajos -- McKinley County death register, 1941-1961 -- Social security death records. FHL 970.3 N227tg<br> | ||
*United States Selective Service System. Arizona, World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. FHL film (20) first film 1473300<br> | |||
=== Websites === | === Websites === | ||
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[[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | [[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | ||
<br> | |||