17,757
edits
no edit summary
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
'''Population:''' 1868: 10,000 1990: 220,000 | '''Population:''' 1868: 10,000 1990: 220,000 | ||
== Tribal Headquarters == | === Tribal Headquarters === | ||
Navajo Nation <br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, AZ 86515<br>Phone: 928.871.6352<br>Fax: 928.871.4025 <br> | Navajo Nation <br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, AZ 86515<br>Phone: 928.871.6352<br>Fax: 928.871.4025 <br> | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
*[http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/ Navajo Nation Official Web Site] | *[http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/ Navajo Nation Official Web Site] | ||
== History == | === History === | ||
The Navajo (Dine', Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest federally recognized tribes in the United States. | The Navajo (Dine', Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest federally recognized tribes in the United States. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation. | ||
Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | ||
*Spanish Era (1492-1820) | *Spanish Era (1492-1820) | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
Pre-Spanish contact | Pre-Spanish contact Navajo history varies somewhat, but it is during these early years that the Navajo clan system becomes expanded. When a baby is born, they belong to the mother's clan and is passed their children.It is custom to introduce one's maternal and paternal clans on both sides when introducing yourself for the first time. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
See [[Navajo Nation, Arizona (Reservation)]] | See [[Navajo Nation, Arizona (Reservation)]] | ||
<br> | |||
=== Pueblo === | |||
[[Acoma Pueblo (New Mexico)|Acoma Pueblo]], Cochiti Pueblo, Isleta Pueblo, Jemez Laguna Pueblo, Nambe Pueblo, Picuris Pueblo, Pojosque Pueblo, Sandia Pueblo, San Felipe Pueblo, San Iidefonso Pueblo, San Juan Pueblo, Santa Ana Pueblo, Santa Clara Pueblo, Santo Domingo Pueblo, Taos Pueblo, Tesuque Pueblo, Zina Pueblo, and Zuni Pueblo | |||
[[ | |||
<br> | <br> | ||
= RECORDS = | === RECORDS === | ||
== Bureau of Indian Affairs == | === Bureau of Indian Affairs === | ||
The [http://www.bia.gov/ Bureau of Indian Affairs] is commonly known as the BIA, and is part of the U.S. Department of Interior since they hold in trust American Indian lands. The BIA also serves 566 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes federally recognized tribes] in the United States. For those that are seraching BIA records, three main National Archives and Records Administration are used: | The [http://www.bia.gov/ Bureau of Indian Affairs] is commonly known as the BIA, and is part of the U.S. Department of Interior since they hold in trust American Indian lands. The BIA also serves 566 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes federally recognized tribes] in the United States. For those that are seraching BIA records, three main National Archives and Records Administration are used: | ||
| Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
The BIA also has listed a publication by the Office of Public Affairs-Indian Affairs called, [http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc-002619.pdf "A Guide to Tracing American Indian & Alaska Native Ancestry"] which can help guide your research. | The BIA also has listed a publication by the Office of Public Affairs-Indian Affairs called, [http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc-002619.pdf "A Guide to Tracing American Indian & Alaska Native Ancestry"] which can help guide your research. | ||
== Census Records | === Census Records=== | ||
There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the U.S. decennial census records and Indian Census Rolls, both have identical information and some differences. Indian Census records were usually taken each year by agents or superintendents in charge of Indian reservations, then sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as required by an act of July 4, 1884. By 1940 many areas covered under the Indian Census Rolls were soon incorporated into U.S. population census records. | There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the U.S. decennial census records and Indian Census Rolls, both have identical information and some differences. Indian Census records were usually taken each year by agents or superintendents in charge of Indian reservations, then sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as required by an act of July 4, 1884. By 1940 many areas covered under the Indian Census Rolls were soon incorporated into U.S. population census records. | ||
As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to | As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to determining their membership and enrollment. The question set before Natives was, "Who is an Indian?" To help move the issue along, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws#Tribes_requiring_1.2F4_degree_blood_quantum_for_membership Blood Quantum] was introduced as a requirement for tribal membership, allowing tribes to select the degree of ancestry for an individual to be considered part of a specific tribe. As for the Navajos, 1/4 degree of blood for membership was selected. | ||
For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe were assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confussion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. | For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe were assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confussion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Many a times Census takers also wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman). | One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Many a times Census takers also wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman). | ||
== Education | === Education=== | ||
Historically, Navajo children have attended Bureau of Indian Affair schools (boarding schools), public schools, and contract schools (mission schools). Each of these have their own sets of records, some of which have found their way into archives and historical societies. The Office of Indian Affairs (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs]) was charged with providing educational opportunities for Navajo pupils and identifying them through school census records and other means. Some of the schools attended by Navajo pupils include: <br> | Historically, Navajo children have attended Bureau of Indian Affair schools (boarding schools), public schools, and contract schools (mission schools). Each of these have their own sets of records, some of which have found their way into archives and historical societies. The Office of Indian Affairs (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs]) was charged with providing educational opportunities for Navajo pupils and identifying them through school census records and other means. Some of the schools attended by Navajo pupils include: <br> | ||
| Line 107: | Line 107: | ||
See also: Agencies for school records<br> | See also: Agencies for school records<br> | ||
== Religion | === Religion=== | ||
*Eastern Navajo -- 1929-1935 | *Eastern Navajo -- 1929-1935 | ||
| Line 141: | Line 139: | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/nav1015.htm 1868] June 1, removal, reservation | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/nav1015.htm 1868] June 1, removal, reservation | ||
== WEB SITES == | === WEB SITES === | ||
{{Wikipedia|Navajo people}} | {{Wikipedia|Navajo people}} | ||
| Line 155: | Line 153: | ||
*[http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Code_Talker_Names.cfm Navajo Code Talkers] | *[http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Code_Talker_Names.cfm Navajo Code Talkers] | ||
=== | === Information === | ||
[http://www.navajocentral.org/faq02a.htm Questions and Answers] about Navajo history, names, culture, bands, etc., | [http://www.navajocentral.org/faq02a.htm Questions and Answers] about Navajo history, names, culture, bands, etc., | ||
== References == | === References === | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
| Line 195: | Line 193: | ||
*Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | *Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | ||
*Frisbie, Charlotte and David P. McAllester. ''Navajo Blessingway Singer: The | *Frisbie, Charlotte and David P. McAllester. ''Navajo Blessingway Singer: The Autobiography of Frank Mitchell, 1881-1967''. | ||
*Leake, Harvey and Louisa Wade Wetherill. ''Wolfkiller: Wisdom From a Nineteenth-Century Navajo | *Leake, Harvey and Louisa Wade Wetherill. ''Wolfkiller: Wisdom From a Nineteenth-Century Navajo Shepherd.'' | ||
*McPherson, Robert S.''A Navajo Legacy: The Life and Teachings of John Holiday.'' | *McPherson, Robert S.''A Navajo Legacy: The Life and Teachings of John Holiday.'' | ||
*Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''. | *Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''. | ||
| Line 209: | Line 207: | ||
*Berkowitz, Paul and Kevin Gilmartin. ''The Case of the Indian Trader: Billy Malone and the National Park Service Investigation at Hubbel Trading Post.'' | *Berkowitz, Paul and Kevin Gilmartin. ''The Case of the Indian Trader: Billy Malone and the National Park Service Investigation at Hubbel Trading Post.'' | ||
*Evans, Will. ''Along Navajo Trails: Recollections of a Trader, 1898-1948.'' | *Evans, Will. ''Along Navajo Trails: Recollections of a Trader, 1898-1948.'' | ||
*Gillmor, Frances and Louisa Wade Wetherill. ''Traders to the Navajos: | *Gillmor, Frances and Louisa Wade Wetherill. ''Traders to the Navajos:The Story of the Wetherills.'' | ||
*Graves, Laura. ''Thomas Varker Keam, Indian Trader.'' | *Graves, Laura. ''Thomas Varker Keam, Indian Trader.'' | ||
*Kennedy, John D. ''A Good Trade: Three Generations of Life and Trading Around the Indian Capital Gallup, New Mexico''. | *Kennedy, John D. ''A Good Trade: Three Generations of Life and Trading Around the Indian Capital Gallup, New Mexico''. | ||
*Kennedy, Mary Jeannette.''Tales of a Trader's Wife: Life on the Navajo Indian Reservation, 1913-1938.'' | *Kennedy, Mary Jeannette.''Tales of a Trader's Wife: Life on the Navajo Indian Reservation, 1913-1938.'' | ||
*Moon, Samuel.''Tall Sheep: | *Moon, Samuel.''Tall Sheep:Harry Goulding, Monument Valley Trader.'' | ||
*Richardson, Gladwell. | *Richardson, Gladwell.''Navajo Trader.'' | ||
*Wagner, Sallie and Mary Tate Engels. ''Tales from Wide Ruins: Jean and Bill Cousins, Traders.'' | *Wagner, Sallie and Mary Tate Engels. ''Tales from Wide Ruins: Jean and Bill Cousins, Traders.'' | ||
*Wagner, Sallie and Edward T. Hall.''Wide Ruins: Memories from a Navajo Trading Post.'' | *Wagner, Sallie and Edward T. Hall.''Wide Ruins: Memories from a Navajo Trading Post.'' | ||
=== UNPUBLISHED === | === UNPUBLISHED === | ||
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75], Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. | *[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75], Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. | ||
[[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | [[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | ||