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Effective family research requires understanding the historic events that affected your family and the records about them. Learning about wars, local events, laws, migrations, settlement patterns, and economic or religious trends may help you understand family movements. These events may have led to the creation of records, such as poor law records or military records, that mention your family.
Effective family research requires understanding the historic events that affected your family and the records about them. Learning about wars, local events, laws, migrations, settlement patterns, and economic or religious trends may help you understand family movements. These events may have led to the creation of records, such as poor law records or military records, that mention your family.  


Your ancestors will be more interesting if you learn about the events that shaped their lives. For example, a history may tell you what events occurred in the year your ancestor married and how those events may have impacted their decisions.
Your ancestors will be more interesting if you learn about the events that shaped their lives. For example, a history may tell you what events occurred in the year your ancestor married and how those events may have impacted their decisions.  


Some key dates and events in Scottish history are:
Some key dates and events in Scottish history are:  


'''843'''Kenneth MacAlpin becomes king of the Picts and Scots. This marks the first united kingdom in Scotland.
'''843'''Kenneth MacAlpin becomes king of the Picts and Scots. This marks the first united kingdom in Scotland.  


'''1174''' William the Lion surrenders the independence of Scotland to Henry II in the Treaty of Falaise.
'''1174''' William the Lion surrenders the independence of Scotland to Henry II in the Treaty of Falaise.  


'''1306''' Robert Bruce assumes leadership of a rebellion against English rule.
'''1306''' Robert Bruce assumes leadership of a rebellion against English rule.  


'''1314''' Robert Bruce defeats the English in Battle of Bannockburn, maintaining Scottish independence.
'''1314''' Robert Bruce defeats the English in Battle of Bannockburn, maintaining Scottish independence.  


'''1325''' The English recognize Robert Bruce as King Robert of Scotland.
'''1325''' The English recognize Robert Bruce as King Robert of Scotland.  


'''1514''' The recording of testaments (wills) begins in Scotland.
'''1514''' The recording of testaments (wills) begins in Scotland.  


'''1552'''The General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage.
'''1552'''The General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage.  


'''1560'''Protestantism is established. The authority of the pope is abolished, and celebrating mass becomes illegal.
'''1560'''Protestantism is established. The authority of the pope is abolished, and celebrating mass becomes illegal.  


'''1592''' The Presbyterian Church is formally established.
'''1592''' The Presbyterian Church is formally established.  


'''1600'''The calendar changes from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar.
'''1600'''The calendar changes from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar.  


'''1603'''The crowns of England and Scotland unite.
'''1603'''The crowns of England and Scotland unite.  


'''1608''' The Plantation of Ulster in Ireland is established to prevent Irish revolts against English rule. By 1640 there were 40,000 Scots in northern Ireland.
'''1608''' The Plantation of Ulster in Ireland is established to prevent Irish revolts against English rule. By 1640 there were 40,000 Scots in northern Ireland.  


'''1690'''The Presbyterian Church is permanently restored and becomes the Church of Scotland.
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'''1707''' The Act of Union is formed between Scotland and England, creating Great Britain.
'''1690'''The Presbyterian Church is permanently restored and becomes the Church of Scotland.  


'''1715''' Thousands of Scots support James Edward Stuart, called "Old Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the first Jacobite rebellion.
'''1707''' The Act of Union is formed between Scotland and England, creating Great Britain.  


'''1745''' Many Scots support James’ son Charles Edward Stuart, also called Bonnie Prince Charlie and the "Young Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the second Jacobite rebellion.
'''1715''' Thousands of Scots support James Edward Stuart, called "Old Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the first Jacobite rebellion.  


'''1746'''The English defeat the forces of Charles Edward Stuart in the Battle of Culloden. After this battle, the English executed many clan chiefs and outlawed kilts and bagpipes. These restrictions were removed in 1782.
'''1745''' Many Scots support James’ son Charles Edward Stuart, also called Bonnie Prince Charlie and the "Young Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the second Jacobite rebellion.  


'''1779''' The Industrial Revolution begins to affect Scotland.
'''1746'''The English defeat the forces of Charles Edward Stuart in the Battle of Culloden. After this battle, the English executed many clan chiefs and outlawed kilts and bagpipes. These restrictions were removed in 1782.  


'''1829''' Roman Catholics are permitted by law to buy and inherit property and keep records.
'''1779''' The Industrial Revolution begins to affect Scotland.  


'''1841''' The first census of genealogical value is taken.
'''1829''' Roman Catholics are permitted by law to buy and inherit property and keep records.  


'''1855''' Civil registration begins.
'''1841''' The first census of genealogical value is taken.  


For dates and information concerning battles and wars, see the "[[Scotland Military Records|Military Records]]" section of this outline. For key dates and information concerning church records, see the "Church History" section of this outline.
'''1855''' Civil registration begins.  


The following are a few of the available sources to help provide you with a perspective of the historical events. Major research libraries may have these books:
For dates and information concerning battles and wars, see the "[[Scotland Military Records|Military Records]]" section of this outline. For key dates and information concerning church records, see the "Church History" section of this outline.  


Cook, Chris, et. al. ''British Historical Facts''. London, England: Macmillan Press, 1975-. (FHL book 942 H2ccb.) This source lists key dates, offices, and office holders in Scottish and English history.
The following are a few of the available sources to help provide you with a perspective of the historical events. Major research libraries may have these books:  


Moody, David. ''Scottish Towns: A Guide for Local Historians.'' London, England: B. T. Batsford, 1992. (FHL book 941 H27m.) This source describes the background and structure of Scottish towns, and discusses sources for researchers.
Cook, Chris, et. al. ''British Historical Facts''. London, England: Macmillan Press, 1975-. (FHL book 942 H2ccb.) This source lists key dates, offices, and office holders in Scottish and English history.  


Sinclair, Cecil. ''Tracing Scottish Local History: A Guide to Local History Research in the Scottish Record Office''. Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Record Office, 1994. (FHL book 941 H27s.) This book describes local historical records available in the Scottish Record Office.
Moody, David. ''Scottish Towns: A Guide for Local Historians.'' London, England: B. T. Batsford, 1992. (FHL book 941 H27m.) This source describes the background and structure of Scottish towns, and discusses sources for researchers.  


Smout, T.C. ''A History of the Scottish People 1560- 1830''. London, England: Collins, 1969. (FHL book 941 H2sm.)
Sinclair, Cecil. ''Tracing Scottish Local History: A Guide to Local History Research in the Scottish Record Office''. Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Record Office, 1994. (FHL book 941 H27s.) This book describes local historical records available in the Scottish Record Office.


Smout, T.C. ''A Century of the Scottish People 1830- 1950''. London, England: Collins, 1986. (FHL book 941 H2sma.)
Smout, T.C. ''A History of the Scottish People 1560- 1830''. London, England: Collins, 1969. (FHL book 941 H2sm.)  


Smout, T.C., and Wood, Sydney. ''Scottish Voices 1745-1960.'' London, England: Fontana Press, 1990. (FHL book 941 H2stc.)
Smout, T.C. ''A Century of the Scottish People 1830- 1950''. London, England: Collins, 1986. (FHL book 941 H2sma.)  


Steel, Tom. ''Scotland’s Story: A New Perspective''. London, England: Collins, 1984. (FHL book 941 H2ste.) This book gives a good general overview of Scottish history.
Smout, T.C., and Wood, Sydney. ''Scottish Voices 1745-1960.'' London, England: Fontana Press, 1990. (FHL book 941 H2stc.)  


The Family History Library has many national, county, and parish histories for Scotland. There are also many other histories for specific time periods, groups, occupations, or places. You can find histories in the catalog under one of the following headings in the Family History Library Catalog:
Steel, Tom. ''Scotland’s Story: A New Perspective''. London, England: Collins, 1984. (FHL book 941 H2ste.) This book gives a good general overview of Scottish history.


SCOTLAND - HISTORY
The Family History Library has many national, county, and parish histories for Scotland. There are also many other histories for specific time periods, groups, occupations, or places. You can find histories in the catalog under one of the following headings in the Family History Library Catalog:


GREAT BRITAIN - HISTORY
SCOTLAND - HISTORY  


SCOTLAND, [COUNTY] - HISTORY
GREAT BRITAIN - HISTORY  


SCOTLAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - HISTORY
SCOTLAND, [COUNTY] - HISTORY  


Many bibliographies of history are also available. Look in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under SCOTLAND - HISTORY - BIBLIOGRAPHY to find the ones available at the Family History Library.
SCOTLAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - HISTORY
 
Many bibliographies of history are also available. Look in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under SCOTLAND - HISTORY - BIBLIOGRAPHY to find the ones available at the Family History Library.  


=== Local Histories  ===
=== Local Histories  ===
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Mather, Alexander S., ed. ''The Third Statistical Account of Scotland.'' Glasgow, Scotland: Collins of Glasgow, 1987. (FHL book 941 B4sa 3rd Series.)  
Mather, Alexander S., ed. ''The Third Statistical Account of Scotland.'' Glasgow, Scotland: Collins of Glasgow, 1987. (FHL book 941 B4sa 3rd Series.)  


You can find local histories listed in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under SCOTLAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - HISTORY.
You can find local histories listed in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under SCOTLAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - HISTORY.  
 
=== Calendar Changes  ===


=== Calendar Changes ===
In 1600 Scotland changed from using the Julian calendar to using the Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar began the calendar year on 25 March and ended the year on 24 March. The Gregorian calendar started the year on 1 January and ended the year on 31 December. Thus, before 1600, January, February, and the first twenty-four days of March came at the end of the previous year instead of at the beginning of the next year.


In 1600 Scotland changed from using the Julian calendar to using the Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar began the calendar year on 25 March and ended the year on 24 March. The Gregorian calendar started the year on 1 January and ended the year on 31 December. Thus, before 1600, January, February, and the first twenty-four days of March came at the end of the previous year instead of at the beginning of the next year.
The year 1599 consisted only of nine months: January, February, and March (1-24) 1599 became January, February and March (1-24) 1600.  


The year 1599 consisted only of nine months: January, February, and March (1-24) 1599 became January, February and March (1-24) 1600.
For calendar conversions, go to:  


For calendar conversions, go to:
*http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/
* http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/


[[Category:Scotland]]
[[Category:Scotland]]
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