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Identifying Place Names in German documents (view source)

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=== IDENTIFYING &nbsp;PLACES NAMES IN GERMAN DOCUMENTS  ===
=== IDENTIFYING &nbsp;PLACES NAMES IN GERMAN DOCUMENTS  ===
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==== Introduction  ====
==== Introduction  ====


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What do these names have in common: ''Geminipontis''? ''Duobus Pontibus''? ''Biponte''? ''Deuxponts''? ''2brücken''? ''Czweynbrucken''? ''Tzweinbrucken''? Each place refers to the locality name ''Zweibrücken ''as found in original German documents.&nbsp; Interpreting place names can be a challenge for all researchers. It becomes the "highest priority" to determine the correct spelling of a place name. Indeed, without such knowledge, it is virtually impossible to proceed.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When you find two or three German family researchers huddled in a library around one microfilm reader in animated conversation and with puzzled looks on their faces,they may&nbsp;be trying to determine the correct spelling of a place name [or surname]. Place names as they occur in German documents are not really misspelled. They reflect the language, dialect, the education, and sometimes even the frugality of the scribe. The location (place) where the document was written must also be taken into consideration. Researchers should ask these questions? In what language was the place name written? Has the name been Latinized? Was the document written near the boundaries of another language area, for example: France&nbsp;? Denmark, or Poland? Was the document recorded in a German colony in Russia or Hungary? When was the document written? Is the handwriting difficult to decipher? Could the&nbsp;name have been abbreviated? The answers to these and numerous other questions will help you determine the spelling of a given name so you can locate the place name on modern maps and in modern gazetteers. Luckily, modern resources, like "reverse-sort indexes" and phonetic gazetteers available on the Internet, can simplyfy the&nbsp;search.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; German research is first of all locality" research, then surname research. To begin genealogical research in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and other German-speaking areas in Europe it is necessary to know the exact place of origin. In many areas of Germany "even the slightest error in the locality searched could easily produce a pedigree of incorrect lineage." &nbsp;A surname can be very common in any given area. Search for complete family units, specific time periods, verify the location, and search all available records to build a correct pedigree.
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;What do these place names have in common: ''Geminipontis''? ''Duobus Pontibus''? ''Biponte''? ''Deuxponts''? ''2brücken''? ''Czweynbrucken''? ''Tzweinbrucken''?&nbsp; &nbsp; Each place refers to the locality name ''Zweibrücken ''as found in original German documents.&nbsp; Interpreting a place name in a German document can be challenging, even for the experienced researchers.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When you find two or three German family researchers huddled in a library around one microfilm reader in animated conversation, with puzzled looks on their faces, they may&nbsp;be trying to determine the correct spelling of a place name [or surname]. Place names as they occur in German documents are not really misspelled. They reflect the language, dialect, the education, and sometimes even the frugality of the scribe. The location or place where the document was written must also be taken into consideration. Researchers should ask these questions?  
 
In what language was the place name written?
 
Has the name been Latinized?  
 
Was the document written near the boundary of another language area, for example: France&nbsp;? Denmark, or Poland?  
 
Was the document recorded in a German colony in Russia or Hungary?  
 
When was the document written?  
 
Is the handwriting difficult to decipher?  
 
Could the&nbsp;name have been abbreviated?  
 
The answers to these and numerous other questions will help you determine the spelling of a given name so you can locate the place name on modern maps and in modern gazetteers. Luckily, modern resources, like "reverse-sort indexes" and gazetteers available on the Internet, can simplyfy the&nbsp;search.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; German research is first of all "locality" research, then surname research. To begin genealogical research in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and other German-speaking areas in Europe it is necessary to know the exact place of origin. A search in an incorrect locality for someone with the same surname could easily produce a pedigree of incorrect lineage. &nbsp;Verify the location, search for complete family units, analyze the names of associates and witnesses of your ancestor in specific time periods, and search all available records to build a correct pedigree.  


==== Phonetic Spellings  ====
==== Phonetic Spellings  ====
Line 85: Line 101:
==== Checking Detailed Maps  ====
==== Checking Detailed Maps  ====


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;In some cases certain places, especially those that are misspelled can only be found by checking detailed maps of different time periods. This was done to find Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A map of the province of Schlesien, scale 1:300,000 was checked [FHL 943.85 E7s] but Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe were not found on this map. However, the map listed the parish of Gontkowitz and a number of other localities that were mentioned in the birth records of Gontkowitz for the years 1838-1849. Just a few miles north of Gontkowitz the places of Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal were found. It seemed that these place names were the spellings for Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe. However, no proof could be found that this assumption was correct.<br>The map of the German Empire of 1871 [FHL film 068,814) was also checked. This map has a scale of 1:100,000 and is more detailed that the individual map of Schlesien. The area of Gontkowitz parish is shown on page 375. Checking this map brought the same results. The localities mentioned in the birth records of Gontkowitz, including Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal were found, but Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe were not on it. In addition several others maps and atlases of different time periods were checked but it was impossible to find Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe.<br>The time period involved with the problem of finding Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe was the year 1839. A search was made to find an earlier gazetteer. The search was successful and the gazetteer Die Gemeinde und Gutsbezirke des Preussischen Staates and ihre Bevölkerung was found on microfilm 491,037; 491,038; 491,039; and 491,041. This gazetteer had been prepared according to the census that was taken on 1 December 1871 and it was published in 1874.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The province of Schlesien (Silesia) was found on film 491,039 and the place name index on page 497 indicated that Nieder Woidnikowe is listed in section V under number 138 and under number 230. Ober Woidnikowe was listed to be found in Section V under number 139 and number 231. Section V of the gazetteer covers the district of Militsch. The reason for having two entries of each locality in the gazetteer is that they are listed under both rural communities [Landgemeinden] and Farm Districts [Gutsbezirke].<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The gazetteer indicated that Nieder Woidnikowe had a population of 370 on 1 December 1871. The population of Ober Woidnikowe was 223. A comparison with Meyers Orts- und Verkehrs- Lexikon des Deutschen Reichs of the population of Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal was made to find out the difference. Meyers was printed in 1913 and listed a population of 366 for Nieder Wiesenthal and 220 for Ober Wiesenthal. For both places together there was a difference of only 7 people. This observation stressed the fact that Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe and Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal could be the same places as was assumed earlier.<br>Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe are now located in the province of Wroc³aw, powiat [district] <br>of Milicz, Poland. According to the parish inventory of Wroc³aw Schematyzm Archidiecezji Wroc³awskiej [FHL 943.853 K22w] the Polish name of Ober Woidnikowe is Wodników Górny, which belongs to the parish of G¹dkowice. Reference was made to the German spellings, Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This example is a good illustration of how important it is to check several different gazetteers to find certain places in Germany and neighboring countries. An excellent overview of German gazetteers and how to use them can be found in[https://familysearch.org/search/search/index/catalog-search#searchType=catalog&filtered=true&fed=false&collectionId=&catSearchType=title&searchCriteria=A+GENEALOGICAL+HANDBOOK+OF+GERMAN+RESEARCH&placeName=&author_givenName=&author_surname= ''A Genealogical Handbook of German Research'']by Larry O. Jensen.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;In some cases certain places, especially those that are misspelled can only be found by checking detailed maps of different time periods. This was done to find Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A map of the province of Schlesien, scale 1:300,000 was checked [FHL 943.85 E7s] but Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe were not found on this map. However, the map listed the parish of Gontkowitz and a number of other localities that were mentioned in the birth records of Gontkowitz for the years 1838-1849. Just a few miles north of Gontkowitz the places of Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal were found. It seemed that these place names were the spellings for Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe. However, no proof could be found that this assumption was correct.<br>The map of the German Empire of 1871 [FHL film 068,814) was also checked. This map has a scale of 1:100,000 and is more detailed that the individual map of Schlesien. The area of Gontkowitz parish is shown on page 375. Checking this map brought the same results. The localities mentioned in the birth records of Gontkowitz, including Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal were found, but Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe were not on it. In addition several others maps and atlases of different time periods were checked but it was impossible to find Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe.<br>The time period involved with the problem of finding Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe was the year 1839. A search was made to find an earlier gazetteer. The search was successful and the gazetteer Die Gemeinde und Gutsbezirke des Preussischen Staates and ihre Bevölkerung was found on microfilm 491,037; 491,038; 491,039; and 491,041. This gazetteer had been prepared according to the census that was taken on 1 December 1871 and it was published in 1874.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The province of Schlesien (Silesia) was found on film 491,039 and the place name index on page 497 indicated that Nieder Woidnikowe is listed in section V under number 138 and under number 230. Ober Woidnikowe was listed to be found in Section V under number 139 and number 231. Section V of the gazetteer covers the district of Militsch. The reason for having two entries of each locality in the gazetteer is that they are listed under both rural communities [Landgemeinden] and Farm Districts [Gutsbezirke].<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The gazetteer indicated that Nieder Woidnikowe had a population of 370 on 1 December 1871. The population of Ober Woidnikowe was 223. A comparison with Meyers Orts- und Verkehrs- Lexikon des Deutschen Reichs of the population of Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal was made to find out the difference. Meyers was printed in 1913 and listed a population of 366 for Nieder Wiesenthal and 220 for Ober Wiesenthal. For both places together there was a difference of only 7 people. This observation stressed the fact that Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe and Nieder and Ober Wiesenthal could be the same places as was assumed earlier.<br>Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe are now located in the province of Wroc³aw, powiat [district] <br>of Milicz, Poland. According to the parish inventory of Wroc³aw Schematyzm Archidiecezji Wroc³awskiej [FHL 943.853 K22w] the Polish name of Ober Woidnikowe is Wodników Górny, which belongs to the parish of G¹dkowice. Reference was made to the German spellings, Nieder and Ober Woidnikowe.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This example is a good illustration of how important it is to check several different gazetteers to find certain places in Germany and neighboring countries. An excellent overview of German gazetteers and how to use them can be found in[https://familysearch.org/search/search/index/catalog-search#searchType=catalog&filtered=true&fed=false&collectionId=&catSearchType=title&searchCriteria=A+GENEALOGICAL+HANDBOOK+OF+GERMAN+RESEARCH&placeName=&author_givenName=&author_surname= ''A Genealogical Handbook of German Research'']by Larry O. Jensen.  


==== Places names in foreign languages  ====
==== Places names in foreign languages  ====
Line 93: Line 109:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -dorf = ville [French] = wieƒ [Polish] = village<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -hof = -gaard [Danish] = farm<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -feld = mark [Danish] = field<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -wald = -fôret [French] = forest<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -mühle = mølle [Danish] = mill<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -holz = skov [Danish] = grove  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -dorf = ville [French] = wieƒ [Polish] = village<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -hof = -gaard [Danish] = farm<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -feld = mark [Danish] = field<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -wald = -fôret [French] = forest<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -mühle = mølle [Danish] = mill<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -holz = skov [Danish] = grove  


<br>
<br>  


Illustrations:  
Illustrations:  
Line 105: Line 121:
German and equivalent Sorbic place names from the German Postal Directory. Wendish (Sorbic) areas of Germany include these:  
German and equivalent Sorbic place names from the German Postal Directory. Wendish (Sorbic) areas of Germany include these:  


<br>
<br>  


==== Latinization of Place Names  ====
==== Latinization of Place Names  ====
Line 127: Line 143:
'''Letters C and K'''  
'''Letters C and K'''  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>'''C'''</u>albine, Arswaldy, Brandenburg = <u>'''K'''</u>ölpin, Arnswalde, Brandenburg<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>'''C'''</u>albine, Arswaldy, Brandenburg = <u>'''K'''</u>ölpin, Arnswalde, Brandenburg<br>  


'''Letters C and&nbsp;Z'''  
'''Letters C and&nbsp;Z'''  


'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Example''': '''<u>'''C'''</u>yzow was found in the gazetteer as <u>'''Z'''</u>üssow, Pommern.<br>
'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Example''': '''<u>'''C'''</u>yzow was found in the gazetteer as <u>'''Z'''</u>üssow, Pommern.<br>  


'''Letters Ch and G'''  
'''Letters Ch and G'''  
Line 151: Line 167:
'''Letters E and A&nbsp;'''  
'''Letters E and A&nbsp;'''  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gutm'''''e'''''udingen = Gutm'''a'''dingen<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gutm'''''e'''''udingen = Gutm'''a'''dingen<br>  


'''Letters E and I'''  
'''Letters E and I'''  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borod'''ee'''no, Bessarabia = Borod'''i'''no, Bessarabia<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Borod'''ee'''no, Bessarabia = Borod'''i'''no, Bessarabia<br>  


'''Letters Ei&nbsp;and I'''&nbsp;<br>
'''Letters Ei&nbsp;and I'''&nbsp;<br>  


'''Letters F and V'''  
'''Letters F and V'''  
Line 165: Line 181:
'''Letters F and Pf'''  
'''Letters F and Pf'''  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Rhinefalls = Rheinpfalz<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Rhinefalls = Rheinpfalz<br>  


'''Letters F and W <br>'''
'''Letters F and W <br>'''  


'''Letters F and Ph <br>'''
'''Letters F and Ph <br>'''  


'''Letters G and K'''  
'''Letters G and K'''  
Line 177: Line 193:
'''Letter H'''&nbsp; (it can be added to a word or omitted).  
'''Letter H'''&nbsp; (it can be added to a word or omitted).  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hoen-Selchow = Ho'''h'''enselchow, Pommern<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hoen-Selchow = Ho'''h'''enselchow, Pommern<br>  


'''Letters I and&nbsp;E'''  
'''Letters I and&nbsp;E'''  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pos'''i'''n = Pos'''e'''n<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pos'''i'''n = Pos'''e'''n<br>  


'''Letters I and Ei&nbsp;'''  
'''Letters I and Ei&nbsp;'''  


Kr'''i'''s = Kr'''ei'''s [district]<br>
Kr'''i'''s = Kr'''ei'''s [district]<br>  


'''Letters I and Y'''<u></u>  
'''Letters I and Y'''<u></u>  


Ba'''i'''ern = Ba'''y'''ern<br>
Ba'''i'''ern = Ba'''y'''ern<br>  


'''Letters I and J'''  
'''Letters I and J'''  


G'''i'''errup = G'''j'''errup<br>
G'''i'''errup = G'''j'''errup<br>  


'''Letters J and Y <br>'''
'''Letters J and Y <br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''''Letters J and I <br>'''''
'''''Letters J and I <br>'''''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters K and C <br>'''
'''Letters K and C <br>'''  


'''Letters K and Ch'''  
'''Letters K and Ch'''  


Tü'''k'''skov = Tü'''ch'''schau, Schleswig-Holstein<br>
Tü'''k'''skov = Tü'''ch'''schau, Schleswig-Holstein<br>  


'''Letters K and G'''  
'''Letters K and G'''  


A'''k'''litten, East Prussia = Au'''g'''litten, Ostpreussen<br>
A'''k'''litten, East Prussia = Au'''g'''litten, Ostpreussen<br>  


'''Letters Ks and X'''  
'''Letters Ks and X'''  


Roc'''ks'''heim = Ro'''x'''heim, Pfalz<br>
Roc'''ks'''heim = Ro'''x'''heim, Pfalz<br>  


'''Letters L and N <br>'''
'''Letters L and N <br>'''  


<br>'''Letters M and N <br>'''
<br>'''Letters M and N <br>'''  


'''Letters N and M <br>'''
'''Letters N and M <br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters O and U'''  
'''Letters O and U'''  


B'''oo'''kheim, Friberg = B'''u'''chheim, Freiburg, Baden<br>
B'''oo'''kheim, Friberg = B'''u'''chheim, Freiburg, Baden<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters Ow and Au'''  
'''Letters Ow and Au'''  


Schwies'''ow''' = Schwies'''au'''<br>
Schwies'''ow''' = Schwies'''au'''<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters P and B <br>'''
'''Letters P and B <br>'''  


Sto'''pp'''en Holstein in United States records is identified as Stu'''bb'''en Kr. Stormarn, <br>
Sto'''pp'''en Holstein in United States records is identified as Stu'''bb'''en Kr. Stormarn, <br>  


'''Letters Ph and F <br>'''
'''Letters Ph and F <br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters p and ss '''(Transcribers mistakenly deciphered ß as p)  
'''Letters p and ss '''(Transcribers mistakenly deciphered ß as p)  
Line 249: Line 265:
Pru'''p'''ia [Pru'''ß'''ia]= Pru'''ss'''ia  
Pru'''p'''ia [Pru'''ß'''ia]= Pru'''ss'''ia  


He'''p'''e [He'''ß'''e]= He'''ss'''en<br>
He'''p'''e [He'''ß'''e]= He'''ss'''en<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters Qu and Kw or Kv<br>'''
'''Letters Qu and Kw or Kv<br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Qu'''ars [German]&nbsp; is the same as&nbsp;'''Kv'''aers [Danish]<br>
'''Qu'''ars [German]&nbsp; is the same as&nbsp;'''Kv'''aers [Danish]<br>  


'''Letters R and H <br>'''
'''Letters R and H <br>'''  


'''Letters S and Z'''  
'''Letters S and Z'''  


Elsen'''s''' = Elsen'''z<span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1270244471296_291" />''', Pfalz<br>
Elsen'''s''' = Elsen'''z<span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1270244471296_291" />''', Pfalz<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters Sch and Sz'''  
'''Letters Sch and Sz'''  


Bor'''sch'''ymman, East Prussia = Bor'''sz'''ymmen, Ostpreussen<br>
Bor'''sch'''ymman, East Prussia = Bor'''sz'''ymmen, Ostpreussen<br>  


'''Letters Sch and Ch <br>'''
'''Letters Sch and Ch <br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters Sch and S'''  
'''Letters Sch and S'''  


'''Sch'''wanstrup = '''S'''vanstrup&nbsp; [Also note that w and v are interchangeable].<br>
'''Sch'''wanstrup = '''S'''vanstrup&nbsp; [Also note that w and v are interchangeable].<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters Sch and Cz <br>'''
'''Letters Sch and Cz <br>'''  


'''Letters Sch and G <br>'''
'''Letters Sch and G <br>'''  


'''Letters Sch and Sk'''  
'''Letters Sch and Sk'''  
Line 291: Line 307:
'''Letters Sh and Sch'''  
'''Letters Sh and Sch'''  


Bame'''sh''' Leebow = Böhmi'''sch''' Liebau<br>
Bame'''sh''' Leebow = Böhmi'''sch''' Liebau<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters T and D'''  
'''Letters T and D'''  


Alfer'''t'''issen = Alver'''d'''issen<br>
Alfer'''t'''issen = Alver'''d'''issen<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters Ts and Z <br>'''
'''Letters Ts and Z <br>'''  


<br>'''Letters Tsch,&nbsp;Tzsch and Z <br>'''
<br>'''Letters Tsch,&nbsp;Tzsch and Z <br>'''  


'''Letters Tz and Z <br>'''
'''Letters Tz and Z <br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters T and Th'''  
'''Letters T and Th'''  


'''T'''edinghaused = '''Th'''edinghausen<br>
'''T'''edinghaused = '''Th'''edinghausen<br>  


'''Letters U and O'''  
'''Letters U and O'''  


St'''u'''lp = St'''o'''lp, Pommern<br>
St'''u'''lp = St'''o'''lp, Pommern<br>  


'''Letters U and V <br>'''
'''Letters U and V <br>'''  


'''Letters V and F <br>'''
'''Letters V and F <br>'''  


'''Letters V and U'''  
'''Letters V and U'''  


Fa'''v'''erby = Fa'''u'''erbye, Schleswig-Holstein<br>
Fa'''v'''erby = Fa'''u'''erbye, Schleswig-Holstein<br>  


'''Letters V and W'''  
'''Letters V and W'''  


'''V'''estermølle = '''W'''estermühle, Schleswig-Holstein<br>
'''V'''estermølle = '''W'''estermühle, Schleswig-Holstein<br>  


'''Letters W and V <br>'''
'''Letters W and V <br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters W and M <br>'''
'''Letters W and M <br>'''  


<br>
<br>  


'''Letters X and Z <br>'''
'''Letters X and Z <br>'''  


'''Letters X and Chs'''  
'''Letters X and Chs'''  


He'''x'''um = He'''chts'''heim<br>
He'''x'''um = He'''chts'''heim<br>  


'''Letters Y and J <br>'''
'''Letters Y and J <br>'''  


'''Letters Y and I'''  
'''Letters Y and I'''  


B'''y'''levelt = B'''i'''elefeld, Westfalen<br>
B'''y'''levelt = B'''i'''elefeld, Westfalen<br>  


'''Letters Z and C <br>'''
'''Letters Z and C <br>'''  


'''Letters Z and S'''  
'''Letters Z and S'''  


'''Z'''elnowo = '''S'''ellnowo<br>
'''Z'''elnowo = '''S'''ellnowo<br>  


<br>
<br>  


Note: Vowel sounds can be substituted in a variety of combinations: For example:  
Note: Vowel sounds can be substituted in a variety of combinations: For example:  
Line 365: Line 381:
'''Notes''':  
'''Notes''':  


<br>
<br>  


<br>
<br>  


French and equivalent German names for villages in Alsace (Moselle) can be found on the Internet.  
French and equivalent German names for villages in Alsace (Moselle) can be found on the Internet.  
Line 375: Line 391:
Jeske, p. 2-3.<br>C. Russell Jensen, p. 35.  
Jeske, p. 2-3.<br>C. Russell Jensen, p. 35.  


<br>
<br>  


<br>
<br>  


'''Bibliography'''<br>1. Ferguson, Laraine K. "Census Records in Northern Germany, Pt. 1 Schleswig-Holstein" in ''German Genealogical Digest ''Vol. 6 No. 4 (Winter 1990).<br>2. Gardner, Duncan B. ''German Towns in Slovakia and Upper Hungary. A Genealogical Gazetteer''. Lakewood, Ohio, 1988.<br>3. Gölzer, Bernd. "Fehler in der Familienforschung" in ''Saarländische Familienkunde'', Vol. 9, pp. 96-107.<br>4. Heintz, A. "Verschollene Ortsnamen" in ''Mitteilungen des Historischen Vereins der Pfalz'' 5 (1875), pp. 49-122.<br>5. Jensen, Larry O. ''A Genealogical Handbook of German Research''. Revised Edition. Pleasant Grove, Utah: 1978. <br>6. Jensen, C. Russell Ph.D. ''Parish Register Latin: An Introduction''. Vita Nova Books, 1988. <br>7. Jeschke, Gerhard. ''Place Names in German-Speaking Countries''. Unpublished manuscript.<br>8. Kowallis, Gay P. and Elly Poulsen. ''The Danish Genealogical Helper''.&nbsp; Everton Publishers.<br>9. Minert, Roger. ''Spelling Variations in German Names: Solving Family History Problems Through Applications of German and English&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Phonetics''. Woods Cross, Utah, 2000.<br>10. Ortell, Gerald. ''A. Polish Parish Records of the Roman Catholic Church, Their Use and Understanding in Genealogical Research''. Genun Publishers, 1989.<br>11. Schlyter, Daniel M. ''A Handbook of Czechoslovak Genealogical Research'', Genun Publishers, 1990.<br>12. Shea, Jonathan D. Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland. A Translation Manual for Genealogists. Genun Publishers, 1989.  
'''Bibliography'''<br>1. Ferguson, Laraine K. "Census Records in Northern Germany, Pt. 1 Schleswig-Holstein" in ''German Genealogical Digest ''Vol. 6 No. 4 (Winter 1990).<br>2. Gardner, Duncan B. ''German Towns in Slovakia and Upper Hungary. A Genealogical Gazetteer''. Lakewood, Ohio, 1988.<br>3. Gölzer, Bernd. "Fehler in der Familienforschung" in ''Saarländische Familienkunde'', Vol. 9, pp. 96-107.<br>4. Heintz, A. "Verschollene Ortsnamen" in ''Mitteilungen des Historischen Vereins der Pfalz'' 5 (1875), pp. 49-122.<br>5. Jensen, Larry O. ''A Genealogical Handbook of German Research''. Revised Edition. Pleasant Grove, Utah: 1978. <br>6. Jensen, C. Russell Ph.D. ''Parish Register Latin: An Introduction''. Vita Nova Books, 1988. <br>7. Jeschke, Gerhard. ''Place Names in German-Speaking Countries''. Unpublished manuscript.<br>8. Kowallis, Gay P. and Elly Poulsen. ''The Danish Genealogical Helper''.&nbsp; Everton Publishers.<br>9. Minert, Roger. ''Spelling Variations in German Names: Solving Family History Problems Through Applications of German and English&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Phonetics''. Woods Cross, Utah, 2000.<br>10. Ortell, Gerald. ''A. Polish Parish Records of the Roman Catholic Church, Their Use and Understanding in Genealogical Research''. Genun Publishers, 1989.<br>11. Schlyter, Daniel M. ''A Handbook of Czechoslovak Genealogical Research'', Genun Publishers, 1990.<br>12. Shea, Jonathan D. Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland. A Translation Manual for Genealogists. Genun Publishers, 1989.  


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[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Germany]]
FergusonLK
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