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New York Emigration and Immigration (view source)
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''[[United States|United States]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png|RTENOTITLE]] [[United States Emigration and Immigration|U.S. Emigration and Immigration]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png|RTENOTITLE]] [[New York]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png|RTENOTITLE]] [[New_York_Emigration_and_Immigration|Emigration and Immigration]]'' <br>[[Image:Immigrants Behold the Statue of Liberty.jpg | ''[[United States|United States]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png|RTENOTITLE]] [[United States Emigration and Immigration|U.S. Emigration and Immigration]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png|RTENOTITLE]] [[New York]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png|RTENOTITLE]] [[New_York_Emigration_and_Immigration|Emigration and Immigration]]'' <br> {{Infobox | ||
<center>Arriving immigrants behold the {{wpd|Statue of Liberty}}< | | image = [[Image:Immigrants Behold the Statue of Liberty.jpg|300px]] | ||
| caption = <center>Arriving immigrants behold the {{wpd|Statue of Liberty}}.</center> | |||
| below = <br>. . . Give me your tired, your poor, <br> | |||
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, <br> | |||
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. <br> | |||
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, <br> | |||
I lift my lamp beside the golden door! <ref>Emma Lazarus, excerpt from {{wpd|The New Colossus}} in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'' (accessed 21 March 2012).</ref> <br> | |||
<center>{{wpd|Emma Lazarus}}, 1883</center> | |||
}} | |||
=== Immigration Records === | === Immigration Records === | ||
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'''Federal Immigration Lists'''. Few pre-1820 passenger lists exist. The National Archives does have some unmicrofilmed manifests and baggage lists for 1798–1819 that mention passengers' names. | '''Federal Immigration Lists'''. Few pre-1820 passenger lists exist. The National Archives does have some unmicrofilmed manifests and baggage lists for 1798–1819 that mention passengers' names. | ||
Ellis Island opened as an immigration station in 1892. Before that period, Castle Garden served the same purpose. Immigration to the United States peaked during the first decade of the twentieth century. An estimated 12 million immigrants were processed at Ellis Island. The National Archives and the Family History Library have microfilm copies of New York immigration lists as well as lists for other ports. Ellis Island records are available online at: http://www.ellisisland.org/ and the earlier Castle Garden records are at: [http://castlegarden.org/ http://castlegarden.org/], although they are not yet complete. It's a work in progress. | Ellis Island opened as an immigration station in 1892. Before that period, Castle Garden served the same purpose. Immigration to the United States peaked during the first decade of the twentieth century. An estimated 12 million immigrants were processed at Ellis Island. The National Archives and the Family History Library have microfilm copies of New York immigration lists as well as lists for other ports. Ellis Island records are available online at: http://www.ellisisland.org/ and the earlier Castle Garden records are at: [http://castlegarden.org/ http://castlegarden.org/], although they are not yet complete. It's a work in progress. | ||
'''New York City Passenger Lists.''' For customs arrival lists and indexes see: | <br> '''New York City Passenger Lists.''' For customs arrival lists and indexes see: | ||
'''Passenger lists''' '''(1820–1942).''' These contain the names, ages, and countries of origin. After 1897 they usually give the last residence and final destination in the United States. The National Archives—Northeast has the lists through March 14, 1909. The [[New York Public Library]] has them on microfilm through at least 1906. The Family History Library has the lists from: | '''Passenger lists''' '''(1820–1942).''' These contain the names, ages, and countries of origin. After 1897 they usually give the last residence and final destination in the United States. The National Archives—Northeast has the lists through March 14, 1909. The [[New York Public Library]] has them on microfilm through at least 1906. The Family History Library has the lists from: | ||
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*'''''New York Children's Aid Society''''' | *'''''New York Children's Aid Society''''' | ||
<br> | |||
:Adoption and Foster Home Division | :Adoption and Foster Home Division | ||
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::Telephone: 212-949-4800 | ::Telephone: 212-949-4800 | ||
::Fax: 212-682-8016 | ::Fax: 212-682-8016 | ||
::Internet: http://www.childrensaidsociety.org/ | ::Internet: http://www.childrensaidsociety.org/ | ||
:::This society was organized in 1853. | :::This society was organized in 1853. | ||
<br> | |||
*'''''New York Foundling Hospital (Catholic)''''' | *'''''New York Foundling Hospital (Catholic)''''' | ||
<br> | |||
:590 Avenue of the Americas | :590 Avenue of the Americas | ||
:New Y:ork, NY 10011 | :New Y:ork, NY 10011 | ||
<br> | |||
::Telephone: 212-633-9300 | ::Telephone: 212-633-9300 | ||
::Fax: 212-886-4048 | ::Fax: 212-886-4048 | ||
::Internet: [http://www.orphantraindepot.com/NYFHHistory.html http://www.orphantraindepot.com/NYFHHistory.html] | ::Internet: [http://www.orphantraindepot.com/NYFHHistory.html http://www.orphantraindepot.com/NYFHHistory.html] | ||
<br> | |||
:::This hospital was organized in 1869 and began placing out children in 1873. | :::This hospital was organized in 1869 and began placing out children in 1873. | ||
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The [[New York Public Library]] has a large collection of manuscripts relating to black culture in New York. The address is: | The [[New York Public Library]] has a large collection of manuscripts relating to black culture in New York. The address is: | ||
[http://www.nypl.org/research/sc/sc.html '''New York Public Library'''] | [http://www.nypl.org/research/sc/sc.html '''New York Public Library'''] Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 515 Lenox Avenue New York, NY 10037 Telephone: 212-491-2200 | ||
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture | |||
515 Lenox Avenue | |||
New York, NY 10037 | |||
Telephone: 212-491-2200 | |||
The Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, Inc. has a local chapter in Greater New York. To learn more, visit their [http://aahgs.org/chapters.htm#ny website]. | <br> The Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, Inc. has a local chapter in Greater New York. To learn more, visit their [http://aahgs.org/chapters.htm#ny website]. | ||
==== American Indians ==== | ==== American Indians ==== | ||
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In the hundred years after the English took control in 1664, French Huguenots, German Palatines, Scots, and Irish also found their way to New York. During the next century, settlement expanded west along the Mohawk River and north along the Hudson. | In the hundred years after the English took control in 1664, French Huguenots, German Palatines, Scots, and Irish also found their way to New York. During the next century, settlement expanded west along the Mohawk River and north along the Hudson. | ||
Hoff's compilation is the place to start English origin studies: | Hoff's compilation is the place to start English origin studies: | ||
<br> | |||
*Hoff, Henry B. ''English Origins of American Colonists from The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1991. {{FHL|443720|item|disp=FHL Book 973 P2ho}}. | *Hoff, Henry B. ''English Origins of American Colonists from The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1991. {{FHL|443720|item|disp=FHL Book 973 P2ho}}. | ||
<br> | |||
==== French Huguenots ==== | ==== French Huguenots ==== | ||
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*Reeve, Vera. compiler. ''Register of Qualified Huguenot Ancestors: The National Huguenot Society''. Third Edition, Washington, DC: the Society, 1983. (Family History Library book {{FHL|55570|title-id|disp=973 D2rq}}.) Genealogies and sources. See also the 1995 supplement (Family History Library book {{FHL|771567|title-id|disp=973 D2rq 1992 suppl}}.) | *Reeve, Vera. compiler. ''Register of Qualified Huguenot Ancestors: The National Huguenot Society''. Third Edition, Washington, DC: the Society, 1983. (Family History Library book {{FHL|55570|title-id|disp=973 D2rq}}.) Genealogies and sources. See also the 1995 supplement (Family History Library book {{FHL|771567|title-id|disp=973 D2rq 1992 suppl}}.) | ||
==== Germans | ==== Germans | ||
==== | ==== | ||
German "Palatines" came in 1709/10 to the upper Hudson Valley, near present-day Germantown, Columbia County. Many had been lured to America after reading the "Golden Book," published by British authorities, to promote the colonization of America. It portrayed the New World as a paradise. Some lived in England for a few years. Reconstructed passenger lists are available online as part of ProGenealogists' [http://www.progenealogists.com/palproject/ny/index.html Palatine Project]. After arriving in New York and working in the tar and naval stores industries to pay off their passage, they found themselves landless, and in an undeveloped wilderness. The British failed to keep their promise to grant each immigrant 40 acres of land for emigrating. Many ventured to the unsettled Schoharie Valley backcountry and purchased land from Indians. They established seven villages. 1709ers include Valentin Bresseler (ancestor of Elvis Presley) and Jost Hite "Baron of the Shenandoah."<ref name="hank" | German "Palatines" came in 1709/10 to the upper Hudson Valley, near present-day Germantown, Columbia County. Many had been lured to America after reading the "Golden Book," published by British authorities, to promote the colonization of America. It portrayed the New World as a paradise. Some lived in England for a few years. Reconstructed passenger lists are available online as part of ProGenealogists' [http://www.progenealogists.com/palproject/ny/index.html Palatine Project]. After arriving in New York and working in the tar and naval stores industries to pay off their passage, they found themselves landless, and in an undeveloped wilderness. The British failed to keep their promise to grant each immigrant 40 acres of land for emigrating. Many ventured to the unsettled Schoharie Valley backcountry and purchased land from Indians. They established seven villages. 1709ers include Valentin Bresseler (ancestor of Elvis Presley) and Jost Hite "Baron of the Shenandoah."<ref name="hank" /><ref>Henry Z. Jones, Ralph Connor, and Klaus Wust, ''German Origins of Jost Hite, Virginia Pioneer, 1685-1761'' (Edinburg, Va.: Shenandoah History, c1979). {{FHL|488732|item|disp=FHL Book 929.273 H637j}}.</ref> The "[http://www.nbc.com/who-do-you-think-you-are/bios-season-2/tim-mcgraw/ Tim McGraw]" episode of ''Who Do You Think You Are?'' (NBC) brings this immigration story to life. McGraw descends from Hite. DNA has been collected from descendants of many 1709ers, see [http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/palatine/pats The Palatine DNA Project]. | ||
Henry "Hank" Jones, [[Acronyms and Abbreviations|FASG]], is the leading authority on these immigrants. To contact him, visit his website: http://www.hankjones.com. He has identified the origins of 600 of the 847 Palatine families involved in this migration.<ref name="hank">Henry Z. Jones Jr., "Some Newly-Discovered German Origins for the Palatine Families of New York-1710," ''The American Genealogist,'' Vol. 85, No. 1 (Jan. 2011):46-62.</ref> Three principal sources documenting the identities of individuals involved in this large migration are: (1) The Rotterdam Sailing Lists of 1709 (Holland), (2) The London Census of Palatines of 1709 (England), (3) The Hunter Subsistence Lists 1710-1712 (New York). His chief German researcher, Carla Mittelstaedt-Kubaseck literally went village to village searching old church books seeking 1709ers origins. Despite the term "Palatine," Jones discovered that many of the families did not originate in the area of Germany known as the "Palatinate" (''Pfalz'' in German). "Palatine" was a term applied to Germans in general. Many of the migrants who lived near each other in New York, came from the same hometowns in Germany. His findings, which include beautiful photographs of the villages where immigrants originated, and the old churches where they worshipped, have been published: | Henry "Hank" Jones, [[Acronyms and Abbreviations|FASG]], is the leading authority on these immigrants. To contact him, visit his website: http://www.hankjones.com. He has identified the origins of 600 of the 847 Palatine families involved in this migration.<ref name="hank">Henry Z. Jones Jr., "Some Newly-Discovered German Origins for the Palatine Families of New York-1710," ''The American Genealogist,'' Vol. 85, No. 1 (Jan. 2011):46-62.</ref> Three principal sources documenting the identities of individuals involved in this large migration are: (1) The Rotterdam Sailing Lists of 1709 (Holland), (2) The London Census of Palatines of 1709 (England), (3) The Hunter Subsistence Lists 1710-1712 (New York). His chief German researcher, Carla Mittelstaedt-Kubaseck literally went village to village searching old church books seeking 1709ers origins. Despite the term "Palatine," Jones discovered that many of the families did not originate in the area of Germany known as the "Palatinate" (''Pfalz'' in German). "Palatine" was a term applied to Germans in general. Many of the migrants who lived near each other in New York, came from the same hometowns in Germany. His findings, which include beautiful photographs of the villages where immigrants originated, and the old churches where they worshipped, have been published: | ||
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#Follow your intuition as well as your intellect in genealogical searches<ref>Henry Z. Jones, ''The Palatine Families of New York: A Study of the German Immigrants Who Arrived in Colonial New York in 1710'' (Universal City, Calif.: H.Z. Jones, 1985), iv-xxvii. {{FHL|237941|item|disp=FHL Books 974.7 D2j v. 1-v. 2}}.</ref> | #Follow your intuition as well as your intellect in genealogical searches<ref>Henry Z. Jones, ''The Palatine Families of New York: A Study of the German Immigrants Who Arrived in Colonial New York in 1710'' (Universal City, Calif.: H.Z. Jones, 1985), iv-xxvii. {{FHL|237941|item|disp=FHL Books 974.7 D2j v. 1-v. 2}}.</ref> | ||
Many of these families appear in Reformed and Lutheran church books in New York. Jones notes the religious flexibility of these early German immigrants. Many switched from Catholicism to Protestantism in the New World.<ref>Henry Z. Jones, ''More Palatine Families: Some Immigrants to the Middle Colonies, 1717-1776, and Their European Origins, Plus New Discoveries on German Families Who Arrived in Colonial New York in 1710'' (Universal City, Calif.: H.Z. Jones, c1991), xxi-xxiv. {{FHL|438977|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 D2ja}}.</ref> | Many of these families appear in Reformed and Lutheran church books in New York. Jones notes the religious flexibility of these early German immigrants. Many switched from Catholicism to Protestantism in the New World.<ref>Henry Z. Jones, ''More Palatine Families: Some Immigrants to the Middle Colonies, 1717-1776, and Their European Origins, Plus New Discoveries on German Families Who Arrived in Colonial New York in 1710'' (Universal City, Calif.: H.Z. Jones, c1991), xxi-xxiv. {{FHL|438977|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 D2ja}}.</ref> | ||
The 1709 London Census of Palatines was published by [[New York Genealogical and Biographical Society|The New York Genealogical and Biographical Society]]. Their publication is available online: | <br> The 1709 London Census of Palatines was published by [[New York Genealogical and Biographical Society|The New York Genealogical and Biographical Society]]. Their publication is available online: | ||
*"List of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record'', Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan. 1909):49-54; Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr. 1909):93-100; Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul. 1909):160-167; Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct. 1909):241-248; Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan. 1910):10-19. Digital version at [http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/public-elibrary New York Family History] ($); {{FHL|161380|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 B2n v. 40-41}}. Internet Archive has digitized [http://www.archive.org/details/newyorkgenealog040newy Vol. 40] and [http://www.archive.org/details/newyorkgenealog41newy Vol. 41] - free.<ref>WeRelate contributors, "Source:New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (New York Genealogical and Biographical Society)," in ''WeRelate,'' http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Source:New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographical_Record_%28New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographical_Society%29, accessed 9 February 2012.</ref> | *"List of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record'', Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan. 1909):49-54; Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr. 1909):93-100; Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul. 1909):160-167; Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct. 1909):241-248; Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan. 1910):10-19. Digital version at [http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/public-elibrary New York Family History] ($); {{FHL|161380|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 B2n v. 40-41}}. Internet Archive has digitized [http://www.archive.org/details/newyorkgenealog040newy Vol. 40] and [http://www.archive.org/details/newyorkgenealog41newy Vol. 41] - free.<ref>WeRelate contributors, "Source:New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (New York Genealogical and Biographical Society)," in ''WeRelate,'' http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Source:New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographical_Record_%28New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographical_Society%29, accessed 9 February 2012.</ref> | ||
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Before 1776 Germans and Dutch settled the Mohawk Valley. | Before 1776 Germans and Dutch settled the Mohawk Valley. | ||
==== Scots and Irish | <br> ==== Scots and Irish | ||
==== | ==== | ||
In the early 1770s Scottish and Irish immigrants settled in the upper Hudson and Delaware valleys. Ulster Scots, or Scotch-Irish, settled near the Hudson River in Orange and Ulster counties in the late 1600s. Millions (approximately 3 million) Irish (mostly Catholic) immigrated to the United States. Hundreds of thousands settled in New York City in especially the mid to late 19th Century. Some stayed for a few years and then migrated into the rest of the United States. Their migration fanned out into the midwest, i.e. Chicago St. Louis, south (Alabama and Georgia) and out west. Visit the [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/fielded-search.jsp?dt=180& | In the early 1770s Scottish and Irish immigrants settled in the upper Hudson and Delaware valleys. Ulster Scots, or Scotch-Irish, settled near the Hudson River in Orange and Ulster counties in the late 1600s. Millions (approximately 3 million) Irish (mostly Catholic) immigrated to the United States. Hundreds of thousands settled in New York City in especially the mid to late 19th Century. Some stayed for a few years and then migrated into the rest of the United States. Their migration fanned out into the midwest, i.e. Chicago St. Louis, south (Alabama and Georgia) and out west. Visit the [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/fielded-search.jsp?dt=180&cat=GP44&tf=F&bc=sl Famine Emigrants 1846-1851 database at the NARA] website for an online search of nearly 700,000 Irish Famine Immigrants, representing one of the most significant immigration epics of all time in America's history. In 1855, one in every four, or 54 percent of New York City's foreign-born population were Irish with over 200,000 registered as "born in Ireland". The largest New York immigrant passenger-list index, available for the first time for the years 1820 to 1957, is now online at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/DB.aspx?dbid=7488 Ancestry.com] with 68 million names. Here is an enlarged [[List of Irish Emigration]] websites for locating Irish ancestors on ships. | ||
A helpful publication listing immigrants from Scotland is | A helpful publication listing immigrants from Scotland is | ||
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==== Germans ==== | ==== Germans ==== | ||
The German Genealogy Group can help you trace your New York German ancestors. Their [http://www.theggg.org/ website] offers many free resources to help you in your quest. | The German Genealogy Group can help you trace your New York German ancestors. Their [http://www.theggg.org/ website] offers many free resources to help you in your quest. | ||
<br> [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA's]] website includes [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 Data Files Relating to the Immigration of Germans to the United States, documenting the period 1850 -1897]. | |||
<br> | |||
==== Hispanic ==== | ==== Hispanic ==== | ||
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[[Image:Famine memorial dublin.jpg|thumb|right|200px]]Tens of thousands of potato famine Irish immigrants arrived at the Port of New York City in the nineteenth century. | [[Image:Famine memorial dublin.jpg|thumb|right|200px]]Tens of thousands of potato famine Irish immigrants arrived at the Port of New York City in the nineteenth century. | ||
<br> Moorhouse wrote a very useful guide for tracing Irish immigrants in New York City: | |||
Moorhouse wrote a very useful guide for tracing Irish immigrants in New York City: | |||
*Moorhouse, Ann. "Researching the Irish-Born of New York City," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record,'' Vol. 112, No. 2 (Apr. 1981):65-71. Digital version at [http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/public-elibrary New York Family History] ($); {{FHL|161380|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 B2n v. 112}}. | *Moorhouse, Ann. "Researching the Irish-Born of New York City," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record,'' Vol. 112, No. 2 (Apr. 1981):65-71. Digital version at [http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/public-elibrary New York Family History] ($); {{FHL|161380|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 B2n v. 112}}. | ||
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*[http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 Records for Passengers Who Arrived at the Port of New York During the Irish Famine, documenting the period 1/12/1846 - 12/31/1851] - free, courtesy: [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]. | *[http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 Records for Passengers Who Arrived at the Port of New York During the Irish Famine, documenting the period 1/12/1846 - 12/31/1851] - free, courtesy: [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]. | ||
<br> | |||
==== Italians ==== | ==== Italians ==== | ||
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The Italian Genealogical Group can help you discover your New York Italian ancestry. Their [http://italiangen.org/ website] offers many free resources to help you in your quest. | The Italian Genealogical Group can help you discover your New York Italian ancestry. Their [http://italiangen.org/ website] offers many free resources to help you in your quest. | ||
[[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA's]] website includes free [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 Data Files Relating to the Immigration of Italians to the United States, documenting the period 1855 - 1900]. | [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA's]] website includes free [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 Data Files Relating to the Immigration of Italians to the United States, documenting the period 1855 - 1900]. | ||
Italians followed strict naming patterns in the home country. Carmack discusses the effect immigration had on this practice for Italian-Americans: | <br> Italians followed strict naming patterns in the home country. Carmack discusses the effect immigration had on this practice for Italian-Americans: | ||
*Carmack, Sharon DeBartolo. "Italian Naming Patterns and Necronyms: Six Generations of the Vallarelli Family as an Example of the Effect of Immigration," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record'', Vol. 133, No. 3 (Jul. 2002):177-181. Digital version at [http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/public-elibrary New York Family History] ($); {{FHL|161380|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 B2n v. 133}}. | *Carmack, Sharon DeBartolo. "Italian Naming Patterns and Necronyms: Six Generations of the Vallarelli Family as an Example of the Effect of Immigration," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record'', Vol. 133, No. 3 (Jul. 2002):177-181. Digital version at [http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/public-elibrary New York Family History] ($); {{FHL|161380|item|disp=FHL Book 974.7 B2n v. 133}}. | ||
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The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society will search their indexes and files at no charge. Supply the individual ancestor's name as spelled at the time of arrival and, if known, the year and port of entry and relatives traveling with the ancestor. It also helps to give birth and last known address. Records of Jewish immigrants since 1909 are at: | The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society will search their indexes and files at no charge. Supply the individual ancestor's name as spelled at the time of arrival and, if known, the year and port of entry and relatives traveling with the ancestor. It also helps to give birth and last known address. Records of Jewish immigrants since 1909 are at: | ||
'''United Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society Service''' | '''United Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society Service''' 200 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10003 Telephone: 212-967-4100 | ||
200 Park Avenue South | |||
New York, NY 10003 | |||
Telephone: 212-967-4100 | |||
The Jewish Genealogical Society can help you discover your New York Jewish ancestry. To learn more, visit their [http://www.jgsny.org/ website]. | The Jewish Genealogical Society can help you discover your New York Jewish ancestry. To learn more, visit their [http://www.jgsny.org/ website]. | ||
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==== Russians ==== | ==== Russians ==== | ||
[[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA's]] website includes free [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 Data Files Relating to the Immigration of Russians to the United States, documenting the period 1834-1897]. | [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA's]] website includes free [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 Data Files Relating to the Immigration of Russians to the United States, documenting the period 1834-1897]. | ||
<br> | |||
==== Scandinavians ==== | ==== Scandinavians ==== | ||
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http://www.archives.gov/ | http://www.archives.gov/ | ||
http://www.afhs.ab.ca/aids/talks/notes_mar99.html | http://www.afhs.ab.ca/aids/talks/notes_mar99.html <!--{12054102989060} --> | ||
<!--{12054102989060} --> | |||
[http://www.migrations.org/county.php3?migcounty=NY http://www.migrations.org/county.php3?migcounty=NY] - Site lists names, lifespan,origin, notes and migration steps, of persons migrating to or through New York. Names submitted by individuals. | [http://www.migrations.org/county.php3?migcounty=NY http://www.migrations.org/county.php3?migcounty=NY] - Site lists names, lifespan,origin, notes and migration steps, of persons migrating to or through New York. Names submitted by individuals. | ||
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=== References === | === References === | ||
<references | <references /> {{New York|New York}} | ||
{{New York|New York}} | |||
[[Category:New_York|Emigration and Immigration]] [[Category:Scots-Irish]] [[Category:Huguenots]] [[Category:Irish]] [[Category:Italians]] [[Category:Dutch]] | [[Category:New_York|Emigration and Immigration]] [[Category:Scots-Irish]] [[Category:Huguenots]] [[Category:Irish]] [[Category:Italians]] [[Category:Dutch]] | ||