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| link5=[[African American Military Records|Military Records]] | | link5=[[African American Military Records|Military Records]] | ||
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<div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[African American Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div> | |||
<div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[African American Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div>Americans with African ancestry have served in United States military units since the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in 1619. No war has been fought by the United States in which the African American soldiers did not participate. African Americans fought and served valiantly in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Civil War, the Spanish American War, the World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the War in Iraq. | ==African Americans in the Military== | ||
Americans with African ancestry have served in United States military units since the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in 1619. No war has been fought by the United States in which the African American soldiers did not participate. African Americans fought and served valiantly in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Civil War, the Spanish American War, the World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the War in Iraq. | |||
*'' African Americans at War. An Encyclopedia.'' 2 volumes. Santa Barbara: California: ABC-CLIO, 2004. By Jonathan D. Sutherland. {{FSC|3416546|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M26sj volume 2}} | *'' African Americans at War. An Encyclopedia.'' 2 volumes. Santa Barbara: California: ABC-CLIO, 2004. By Jonathan D. Sutherland. {{FSC|3416546|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M26sj volume 2}} | ||
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===Revolutionary War | ===Revolutionary War, 1775-1783=== | ||
[[Image:{{BosMas}}]] African Americans, both enslaved and free, served on both sides during the war. Black soldiers served in northern militias from the outset, but this was forbidden in the South where slaveholders feared arming the enslaved population. Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, issued an emancipation proclamation in November 1775, promising freedom to enslaved runaways who fought for the British; Sir Henry Clinton issued a similar edict in New York in 1779. Tens of thousands of enslaved persons escaped to the British lines, although possibly as few as 1,000 served under arms. Many of the rest served as orderlies, mechanics, laborers, servants, scouts, and guides, although more than half died in smallpox epidemics that swept the British forces and many were driven out of the British lines when food ran low. Despite Dunmore's promises, the majority were not given their freedom. Many Black Loyalists' descendants now live in Canada. | [[Image:{{BosMas}}]] African Americans, both enslaved and free, served on both sides during the war. Black soldiers served in northern militias from the outset, but this was forbidden in the South where slaveholders feared arming the enslaved population. Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, issued an emancipation proclamation in November 1775, promising freedom to enslaved runaways who fought for the British; Sir Henry Clinton issued a similar edict in New York in 1779. Tens of thousands of enslaved persons escaped to the British lines, although possibly as few as 1,000 served under arms. Many of the rest served as orderlies, mechanics, laborers, servants, scouts, and guides, although more than half died in smallpox epidemics that swept the British forces and many were driven out of the British lines when food ran low. Despite Dunmore's promises, the majority were not given their freedom. Many Black Loyalists' descendants now live in Canada. | ||
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In response, and because of manpower shortages, Washington lifted the ban on Black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. All-Black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Many were enslaved persons who were promised freedom for serving in lieu of their slaveholders. Another all-Black unit came from Haiti with French forces. At least 5,000 Black soldiers fought as Revolutionaries. | In response, and because of manpower shortages, Washington lifted the ban on Black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. All-Black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Many were enslaved persons who were promised freedom for serving in lieu of their slaveholders. Another all-Black unit came from Haiti with French forces. At least 5,000 Black soldiers fought as Revolutionaries. | ||
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*'''1783''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/united-states-inspection-roll-of-negroes-1783 United States, Inspection Roll Of Negroes, 1783] at Findmypast - index & images ($) | *'''1783''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/united-states-inspection-roll-of-negroes-1783 United States, Inspection Roll Of Negroes, 1783] at Findmypast - index & images ($) | ||
=== | ====Boston Massacre - March 5, 1770==== | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre Boston Massacre] - at Wikipedia | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre Boston Massacre] - at Wikipedia | ||
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''' Additional Sources ''' | ''' Additional Sources ''' | ||
* | *"Guide to Records about Black Participants in the American Revolution from the War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records at the National Archives," by Debra Newman Ham. ''Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society.'' 22, No.1 (2003):12-26. {{FSC|1129417|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 D25j}} | ||
*''Forgotten Patriots : African American and American Indian Patriots of the Revolutionary War : a Guide to Service, Sources, and Studies,'' by Eric G. Grundset, editor and project manager | *''Forgotten Patriots : African American and American Indian Patriots of the Revolutionary War : a Guide to Service, Sources, and Studies,'' by Eric G. Grundset, editor and project manager. Washington, D.C. : National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, c2008. {{FSC|1474064|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2geg}}; {{WorldCat|230826928|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*''African Americans and American Indians in the Revolutionary War,'' by Jack Darrell Crowder | *''African Americans and American Indians in the Revolutionary War,'' by Jack Darrell Crowder. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, ©2019. {{FSC|3754090|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2cro}}; {{WorldCat|1081038062|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*''List of Black Servicemen Compiled from the War Department Collection of Revolutionary Records,'' by Debra L. Newman, comp. | *''List of Black Servicemen Compiled from the War Department Collection of Revolutionary Records,'' by Debra L. Newman, comp. Special List No. 36. Washington: National Archives and Records Service. General Services Administration, 1974. '''''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|445493}}; {{WorldCat|1158297|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*''Black Courage, 1775-1783: Documentation of Black Participation in the American Revolution,'' by Robert Ewell Greene. Washington, D.C.: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1984. {{FSC|301973|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2gb}}; {{WorldCat|11617621|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | *''Black Courage, 1775-1783: Documentation of Black Participation in the American Revolution,'' by Robert Ewell Greene. Washington, D.C.: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1984. {{FSC|301973|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2gb}}; {{WorldCat|11617621|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*'' Black Soldiers of the American Revolutionary War,'' by Mrs. Frank Ross Stewart. Centre, Alabama: Stewart University Press, 1978. {{FSC|285633|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M254s}}; {{WorldCat|4004104|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | *'' Black Soldiers of the American Revolutionary War,'' by Mrs. Frank Ross Stewart. Centre, Alabama: Stewart University Press, 1978. {{FSC|285633|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M254s}}; {{WorldCat|4004104|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*''The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution,'' by William Cooper Nell. New York, New York: Arno Press, 1968. {{FSC|24748|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 F2amL}} | *''The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution,'' by William Cooper Nell. New York, New York: Arno Press, 1968. {{FSC|24748|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 F2amL}}; {{WorldCat|426825|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*''The Black Presence in the | *''The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution,'' by Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts, Press, 1908. {{FSC|488955|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 H2kap}}; {{WorldCat|43475547|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*''African-American Patriots in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution,'' by Bobby G. Moss and Michael Scoggins | *''African-American Patriots in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution,'' by Bobby G. Moss and Michael Scoggins. Blacksburg, South Carolina : Scotia-Hibernia Press, c2004 {{FSC|1346509|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2mbb}}; {{WorldCat|57498327|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
'''Loyalists''' | '''Loyalists''' | ||
* | *[https://blackloyalist.com/cdc/index.htm Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People] at Canada's Digital Collections - Project describing the lives of African Americans who joined the British during the Revolutionary War and fled to Nova Scotia. | ||
*''The Black Loyalist directory : African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution,'' by Graham Russell Hodges, ed. | *''The Black Loyalist directory : African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution,'' by Graham Russell Hodges, ed. New York, New York : Garland Pub. Co., c1996 {{FSC|756517|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 F24bL}}; {{WorldCat|32627377|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*''African-American loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution,'' by Bobby G. Moss and Michael C. Scoggins | *''African-American loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution,'' by Bobby G. Moss and Michael C. Scoggins. Blacksburg, South Carolina: Scotia-Hibernia Press, c2005 {{FSC|1453774|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2mbL}}; {{WorldCat|70113955|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
''' National Archives ''' | ''' National Archives ''' | ||
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/17337716 Inspection Roll of Negroes No. 1 Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress. RG 360] - Images | *[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/17337716 Inspection Roll of Negroes No. 1 Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress. RG 360] - Images | ||
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/5890797 Inspection Roll of Negroes No. 2 Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress. RG 360]- Images | *[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/5890797 Inspection Roll of Negroes No. 2 Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress. RG 360]- Images | ||
===War of 1812 (1812-1815)=== | ===War of 1812 (1812-1815)=== | ||
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