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→Additional Arabic Language Resources: added information about grammar
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwani Wikipedia - Diwani] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwani Wikipedia - Diwani] | ||
*[https://www.emashq.com/wp/diwani-calligraphy-style/ eMashq.com - The Diwani Calligraphy style] | *[https://www.emashq.com/wp/diwani-calligraphy-style/ eMashq.com - The Diwani Calligraphy style] | ||
=== Arabic Grammar === | |||
==== Noun Gender ==== | |||
Arabic has two grammatical gender, male and female. Most female nouns end in a taa' marbuta (<big>ة</big>), although there are notable exceptions, including several family terms like <big>أُمّ</big> (umm - "mother") and <big>بِنْت</big> (bint - "daughter"). Almost no masculine nouns end in taa' marbuta. There are different verb conjugations for masculine and feminine nouns. | |||
==== Dual Nouns ==== | |||
Pairs of nouns are treated differently than groups of three or more and are not considered plural. To create a dual noun, simply add the ending <big>انِ</big>- or <big>يْنَِ</big>- (-ān or -ayn), depending on case, to the single noun. For example, the singular word for daughter, <big>بِنْت</big> (bint), becomes <big>بِنْتان</big> or <big>بِنْتَيْن</big> (bintān or bintayn), meaning "two daughters". | |||
==== Plural Nouns ==== | |||
Arabic does not have a "one size fits all" system of pluralizing nouns. There are multiple systems of pluralization, some involving adding suffixes to nouns while others "break" the singular form of the noun, sometimes adding additional nouns or a hamza (<big>ء</big>) to the middle of the word. For example, the word for "grandmother", <big>جَدّة</big> (jaddah), becomes <big>جَدّات</big> (jaddāt) for "grandmothers", adding the suffix "ا<big>ت-"</big> (-āt) that is used for most human feminine nouns. However, the word <big>زَوْج</big> (zawj), meaning "husband", becomes <big>أَزْواج</big> (azwāj) for "husbands". Here, the singular version of the noun is "broken" and its principle letters re-arranged to form the plural. | |||
The Arabic counting system works differently than English and many other languages. While singular nouns are treated as such, pairs of nouns are considered dual rather than plural, as described above. Nouns in groups of 3 to 10 are changed to their plural form, but from 11 to 102 they revert to their single form. For example, "thirty-three husbands" would be written as "thirty-three husband", or "<big>ثَلاثَة وَثَلاثون زَوْجًا</big>" (thalāthah wa thalāthūn zawjan), using the singular "<big>زَوْج</big>" (plus an additional case marking) instead of the plural form "<big>أَزْواج</big>". From 103-110, the plural form is used again, with the singular taking over from 111-202. The pattern continues thus. | |||
== Additional Arabic Language Resources == | == Additional Arabic Language Resources == | ||