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→Arabic Diacritics: added "additional letters and ligatures"
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|"doubles" consonants, indicates that final consonant of a syllable is the same as the initial consonant of the next syllable | |"doubles" consonants, indicates that final consonant of a syllable is the same as the initial consonant of the next syllable | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Additional Letters and Ligatures==== | |||
In addition to the standard consonants and vowels of the Arabic alphabet, there are several additional letters and ligatures that are commonly used. | |||
=====Hamza===== | |||
The hamza is an additional consonant described as a glottal stop. This sound is common in English even though it is unwritten, such as the sound at the beginning of "oh" in "uh oh". The hamza changes form depending on its role in the word and the short vowels that come before or after it. When romanized, hamza is usually depicted as a "'" or "<big>ʾ</big>". This can be confused with the letter 'ayn (ع), which is often romanized as "'" as well, or as the right-facing apostrophe "<big>ʻ</big>". In Arabic, the hamza can appear as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!'''Independent Form''' | |||
!Initial Form | |||
!Medial Form | |||
!Final Form | |||
|- | |||
|<big>ء</big> | |||
|none | |||
|<big>ء</big> | |||
|<big>ء</big> | |||
|- | |||
|<big>ؤ</big> | |||
|<big>ؤ</big> | |||
|<big>ـؤ</big> | |||
|<big>ـؤ</big> | |||
|- | |||
|<big>ئ</big> | |||
|<big>ئـ</big> | |||
|<big>ـئـ</big> | |||
|<big>ـئ</big> | |||
|- | |||
|<big>أ</big> | |||
|<big>أ</big> | |||
|<big>ـأ</big> | |||
| <big>ـأ</big> | |||
|- | |||
|<big>إ</big> | |||
| <big>إ</big> | |||
|<big>ـإ</big> | |||
|<big>ـإ</big> | |||
|} | |||
== Additional Arabic Language Resources == | == Additional Arabic Language Resources == | ||