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=== Prominent Tribes of Tennessee === | === Prominent Tribes of Tennessee === | ||
[[File:Cherokee - Men and women, collage.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cherokees John Ross (Tsanusdi), Colonel E. C. Boudinot Jr., Samuel Smith, Lilly Smith, Walini, Marcia Pascal, Lillian Gross, William Penn, and Thomas M. Cook]]The prominent early Indian tribes in Tennessee were the Cherokee and the Chickasaw. The Chickasaws claimed most of western Tennessee as their hunting grounds. The Cherokees claimed southeastern Tennessee and northeast Georgia as their homeland. By 1818, the Chickasaws had ceded their land away by treaty to the State of Tennessee. <br><br> | [[File:Cherokee - Men and women, collage.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cherokees John Ross (Tsanusdi), Colonel E. C. Boudinot Jr., Samuel Smith, Lilly Smith, Walini, Marcia Pascal, Lillian Gross, William Penn, and Thomas M. Cook]]The prominent early Indian tribes in Tennessee were the Cherokee and the Chickasaw. The Chickasaws claimed most of western Tennessee as their hunting grounds. The Cherokees claimed southeastern Tennessee and northeast Georgia as their homeland. By 1818, the Chickasaws had ceded their land away by treaty to the State of Tennessee. <br><br> | ||
The majority of Cherokees living in Tennessee were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of Oklahoma) in the 1830s. A few hid in the mountains bordering Tennessee and North Carolina. "Documenting descent from Native Americans who did not remove from Tennessee is usually a major challenge." Gale Williams Bamman, CG, "Research in Tennessee,'' "National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 81, No. 2 (Jun. 1993): 111-113. {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS | The majority of Cherokees living in Tennessee were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of Oklahoma) in the 1830s. A few hid in the mountains bordering Tennessee and North Carolina. "Documenting descent from Native Americans who did not remove from Tennessee is usually a major challenge." Gale Williams Bamman, CG, "Research in Tennessee,'' "National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 81, No. 2 (Jun. 1993): 111-113. {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 B2ng v. 81 (1993)}}. People suspecting such descent may wish to consider Native American DNA tests, such as those available through [http://www.familytreedna.com/ FamilyTreeDNA] (while being aware of the limitations of such tests). <br> | ||
See [[Indians of Oklahoma]] for information about the five civilized tribes and their records in Oklahoma. <br> | See [[Indians of Oklahoma]] for information about the five civilized tribes and their records in Oklahoma. <br> | ||
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For a history of Indians in Tennessee, see: | For a history of Indians in Tennessee, see: | ||
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*'''Satz, Ronald N. and Tennessee Historical Commission.''' <i>Tennessee's Indian Peoples: From White Contact to Removal, 1540-1840</i>. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1979. {{FSC|287862|item|disp=FS | *'''Satz, Ronald N. and Tennessee Historical Commission.''' <i>Tennessee's Indian Peoples: From White Contact to Removal, 1540-1840</i>. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1979. {{FSC|287862|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 Sa84t}}. | ||
*'''Williams, Samuel Cole, editor.''' <i>Adair's History of the American Indians.</i> By James Adair. Microfilm of reprint published: Nashville, Tennessee: National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee, 1953. Original published: Johnson City, Tennessee: Watauga Press, 1930. This is an account of Adair's expeditions and associations with the principal tribes of the Indians of the Southeast United States spanning 30 years in the mid-1700's. This annotated edition is indexed and contains a reproduction of the original title page, London, 1775. {{FSC|50671|item|disp= FS Library film 1320683, Item 2}} | *'''Williams, Samuel Cole, editor.''' <i>Adair's History of the American Indians.</i> By James Adair. Microfilm of reprint published: Nashville, Tennessee: National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee, 1953. Original published: Johnson City, Tennessee: Watauga Press, 1930. This is an account of Adair's expeditions and associations with the principal tribes of the Indians of the Southeast United States spanning 30 years in the mid-1700's. This annotated edition is indexed and contains a reproduction of the original title page, London, 1775. {{FSC|50671|item|disp= FS Library film 1320683, Item 2}} | ||
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[[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices. | [[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices. | ||
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The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Tennessee has been compiled from Hill's <i>Office of Indian Affairs...</i>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. {{FSC|247426|item|disp=FS | The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Tennessee has been compiled from Hill's <i>Office of Indian Affairs...</i>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. {{FSC|247426|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H551o}}., Hill's <i>Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians</i>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. {{FSC|207428|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H551g}}, and others. | ||
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<ul><li>[[Cherokee Indian Agency (Tennessee)|Cherokee Agency]] | <ul><li>[[Cherokee Indian Agency (Tennessee)|Cherokee Agency]] | ||
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<br>There are many sources with information about the Cherokees; for example: | <br>There are many sources with information about the Cherokees; for example: | ||
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<ul><li>Allen, Maud Bliss. <i>Census Records and Cherokee Muster Rolls.</i> Washington, DC, N.p., 1935. {{FSC|45151|item|disp=FS | <ul><li>Allen, Maud Bliss. <i>Census Records and Cherokee Muster Rolls.</i> Washington, DC, N.p., 1935. {{FSC|45151|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424am, film 908999 item 2}}. This contains the Cherokee census of 1835 of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The record also includes Cherokee muster rolls for 1834, 1837, and 1838. | ||
</li><li>Finger, John R. <i>The Eastern Band of Cherokees, 1819–1900</i>. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. {{FSC|373786|item|disp=FS | </li><li>Finger, John R. <i>The Eastern Band of Cherokees, 1819–1900</i>. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. {{FSC|373786|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424f}}. | ||
</li></ul> | </li></ul> | ||
<br>The record includes a bibliography, maps, and an index. | <br>The record includes a bibliography, maps, and an index. | ||
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<ul><li>Blankenship, Bob. <i>Cherokee Roots</i>. Two Volumes. Cherokee, North Carolina: B. Blankenship, 1992. (FS Library book {{FSC|609983|item|disp=FS | <ul><li>Blankenship, Bob. <i>Cherokee Roots</i>. Two Volumes. Cherokee, North Carolina: B. Blankenship, 1992. (FS Library book {{FSC|609983|item|disp=FS Catalog book970.3 C424bL}} <blockquote></blockquote>*Volume 1 has rolls of Cherokees east of the Mississippi for the years 1817; 1818–1835; 1848; 1851; 1869; 1883; 1908; 1909; and 1924.<blockquote></blockquote>*Volume 2 lists Cherokees west of the Mississippi from rolls prepared in the years 1851; 1852; 1898–1914. | ||
</li></ul> | </li></ul> | ||
<br>The name of the person and the roll number are given. A transcript of the 1851 list is also in <i>The Eastern Cherokees: A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia in 1851</i>, described below. | <br>The name of the person and the roll number are given. A transcript of the 1851 list is also in <i>The Eastern Cherokees: A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia in 1851</i>, described below. | ||
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<ul><li>United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. <i>Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia.</i> Washington, DC: National Archives, 1960. {{FSC|833322|film|disp=833322}}. This census lists heads of families; their residence; and the number of males, females, and slaves in the household. | <ul><li>United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. <i>Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia.</i> Washington, DC: National Archives, 1960. {{FSC|833322|film|disp=833322}}. This census lists heads of families; their residence; and the number of males, females, and slaves in the household. | ||
</li><li>Tyner, James W. <i>Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835.</i> Salt Lake City, Utah: Chicago, Illinois 1974. {{FSC|438530|item|disp=FS | </li><li>Tyner, James W. <i>Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835.</i> Salt Lake City, Utah: Chicago, Illinois 1974. {{FSC|438530|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424tj}}. Entries list heads of households; number of full-bloods, half-breeds, quarter-bloods, or whites in the home; occupations; number of slaves; whether they read English or Cherokee; or if they owned property. The book is indexed and has maps of the period. There are some errors because census takers did not understand the native languages. | ||
</li></ul> | </li></ul> | ||
<br>For a history of the Cherokees to about 1835 in the Tennessee area, see: | <br>For a history of the Cherokees to about 1835 in the Tennessee area, see: | ||
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<ul><li>Malone, Henry Thompson. <i>Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition</i>. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1956. {{FSC|81182|item|disp=FS | <ul><li>Malone, Henry Thompson. <i>Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition</i>. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1956. {{FSC|81182|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424ma}}. See the maps before the preface. At the end of the book there is a bibliography. | ||
</li></ul> | </li></ul> | ||
<br><b>1851: </b>A list of the Cherokees living in Tennessee in 1851 is: | <br><b>1851: </b>A list of the Cherokees living in Tennessee in 1851 is: | ||
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<ul><li>Siler, David W. <i>The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851.</i> Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. {{FSC|60983|item|disp=FS | <ul><li>Siler, David W. <i>The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851.</i> Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. {{FSC|60983|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424sd}}. It contains the names of all family members, with their ages and relationship, for De Kalb, Jackson, and Marshall Counties. An index is included. | ||
</li></ul> | </li></ul> | ||
<br>Some additional Cherokee records that you might find useful are: | <br>Some additional Cherokee records that you might find useful are: | ||
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