Greece Languages: Difference between revisions
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek '''Cappadocian Greek'''] - very few speakers today. A Hellenic language originally spoken in Cappadocia. | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek '''Cappadocian Greek'''] - very few speakers today. A Hellenic language originally spoken in Cappadocia. | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Greek '''Cretan Greek'''] - spoken on the island of Crete by more than 500,000 people. Also spoken in the Greek Diaspora. | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Greek '''Cretan Greek'''] - spoken on the island of Crete by more than 500,000 people. Also spoken in the Greek Diaspora. | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_Greek '''Cypriot Greek'''] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_Greek '''Cypriot Greek'''] - spoken by 659,115 (2011) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cypriots Greek Cypriots] in Cyprus. | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect '''Maniot Greek'''] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect '''Maniot Greek'''] - spoken in the area of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Peninsula Mani]. | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greek '''Pontic Greek'''] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greek '''Pontic Greek'''] - spoken in the South Caucasus region and Pontus by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks Caucasus Greeks]. | ||
* '''Thracian Greek''' | * '''Thracian Greek''' - spoken mainly in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace Western Thrace]. | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani '''Sarakatsani'''] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani '''Sarakatsani'''] - spoken by the Sarakatsani of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece) Greek Macedonia] and elsewhere in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Greece Northern Greece]. | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonian_language '''Tsakonian Greek'''] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonian_language '''Tsakonian Greek'''] - used by some in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonia Tsakonia] region of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese Peloponnese]. | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevanic_language '''Yevanic Greek'''] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevanic_language '''Yevanic Greek'''] - A Jewish dialect of Greek spoken by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniote_Jews Romaniotes]. | ||
The Minority Languages (non-official) spoken in Greece are <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Greece," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Minorities in Greece," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> | The Minority Languages (non-official) spoken in Greece are <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Greece," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Minorities in Greece," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> | ||
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* [https://glosbe.com/en/el Dictionary English - Greek] - Glosbe | * [https://glosbe.com/en/el Dictionary English - Greek] - Glosbe | ||
* [https://glosbe.com/en/grc Dictionary English - Ancient Greek (to 1453)] - Glosbe | * [https://glosbe.com/en/grc Dictionary English - Ancient Greek (to 1453)] - Glosbe | ||
* [https://www.wordreference.com/engr/ English-Greek Dictionary] - WordReference.com | |||
* [http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Greek - English Dictionary] - Lexicon | |||
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101065410548&view=1up&seq=9 English-Greek Dictionary] - Babel Hathitrust | |||
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858024311809&view=1up&seq=6 Pocket Greek-English Dictionary] - Babel Hathitrust | |||
'''Language Aids''' | '''Language Aids''' | ||
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* Rijksbaron, Albert. ''Form and function in Greek grammar.'' Leiden: Brill, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1083264592 WorldCat]. | * Rijksbaron, Albert. ''Form and function in Greek grammar.'' Leiden: Brill, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1083264592 WorldCat]. | ||
* Bywater, Lica Catsakis and Daniel M. Schlyter,. ''Greek genealogical research.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Greek Association of Family History and Tradition, 1993. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/154286524 WorldCat]. | * Bywater, Lica Catsakis and Daniel M. Schlyter,. ''Greek genealogical research.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Greek Association of Family History and Tradition, 1993. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/154286524 WorldCat]. | ||
==Additional Resources== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
* [[Media:Lica Catsakis 10 The Language.pdf|The Greek Language]] | |||
* [[Media:Lica Catsakis 11 Numbers and Units of Time.pdf|Greek Numbers and Units of Time]] | |||
* [[Media:Lica Catsakis 12 Appendix A Glossary.pdf|Greek Glossary]] | |||
* [https://cooljugator.com/gr The Smart Conjugator in Modern Greek] - Cooljugator | |||
== References == | == References == |
Revision as of 15:23, 24 May 2023
Greece Wiki Topics | |
Beginning Research | |
Record Types | |
Greece Background | |
Local Research Resources | |
Description[edit | edit source]
The official language of Greece is standard modern Greek, Dimotiki. Most materials used in Greek research are written in Greek. Before 1976, most records were written in formal Greek, Katharevousa, a literary form of the language which resembles ancient Greek. However, you do not need to speak or read Greek to research Greek records. You will need to know the Greek alphabet and some key words and phrases to understand the records. Many of the records of the Catholic church are in Latin and Italian, some military records during the period of King Otto are in German, and the records of the Greek Orthodox Church are in Katharevousa.
The languages spoken in Greece are [1] [2] [3]
- Modern Greek - usually known simply as Greek - the only official language of Greece.
- spoken by 99% of the population as their only language or their first language.
- Dimotiki - also known as Demotic Greek. The standard spoken language of Greece in modern times. The vernacular forms of Greek used by the vast majority of Greeks.
- Katharevousa - a conservative form of the Modern Greek language used in formal settings.
Regional Greek dialects spoken in Greece include [4]
- Cappadocian Greek - very few speakers today. A Hellenic language originally spoken in Cappadocia.
- Cretan Greek - spoken on the island of Crete by more than 500,000 people. Also spoken in the Greek Diaspora.
- Cypriot Greek - spoken by 659,115 (2011) Greek Cypriots in Cyprus.
- Maniot Greek - spoken in the area of Mani.
- Pontic Greek - spoken in the South Caucasus region and Pontus by Caucasus Greeks.
- Thracian Greek - spoken mainly in Western Thrace.
- Sarakatsani - spoken by the Sarakatsani of Greek Macedonia and elsewhere in Northern Greece.
- Tsakonian Greek - used by some in the Tsakonia region of Peloponnese.
- Yevanic Greek - A Jewish dialect of Greek spoken by the Romaniotes.
The Minority Languages (non-official) spoken in Greece are [5] [6]
- Albanian
- Arvanitika
- Armenian
- Aromanian
- Megleno-Romanian
- Macedonian
- Bulgarian
- Ladino
- Romani
- Russian
- Turkish
- Greco-Turkic or Urum - dialect spoken by the Urums.
- Georgian
The most common foreign languages in Greece are
- English
- German
- French
- Italian
There are several forms of the Greek language:
- Ancient Greek, Biblical Greek, and Byzantine Greek are not seen in genealogy.
- Official Greek, Katharevusa (kathareuousa), was used in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries until the late 1960s.
- Popular Greek, Demotic (dimotiki), was used in older records of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.
- Demotic Greek was established as the official language of the country in the 1970s. The Greek language has its own alphabet of 24 letters. The representation of Greek words in the Latin alphabet is called transliteration (sometimes referred to as romanization). No single system for transliterating Greek letters is satisfactory to everybody. The problem is complicated by tradition, phonetics, and politics.
As a result of this, Greek place names and people names may be spelled in various ways in different sources you use in your Greek research. For example, Hania may be spelled Hania or Chania or Khania depending on how the letters are transliterated. This often makes it difficult to figure out what the original Greek spelling may have been.
Word List(s)[edit | edit source]
- Merkouri, Aspasia. Greek : dictionary & phrasebook. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2012. Available at: WorldCat.
- Allen, Will and Thanasis Spilias. Greek : phrasebook & dictionary. Carlton: Lonely Planet, 2019. Available at: WorldCat.
- Useful Greek phrases - Omniglot
- Family words in Greek - Omniglot
- Greek Word List: Words Used in Old Records (Kathareuousa) - most common genealogical words
- Greek Genealogical Word List - modern Demotic
- Latin Genealogical Word List
- Italian Genealogical Word List
- German Genealogical Word List
Alphabet and Pronunciation[edit | edit source]
Alphabet
- Greek alphabet - Omniglot
- Ancient Greek alphabet - Omniglot
- Modern Greek alphabet - Omniglot
- Greek Arabic alphabet - Omniglot
- Modern Greek Alphabet - Polylgot Wiki
- Greek alphabet for Pontic Greek - Omniglot
- Latin alphabet for Pontic Greek - Omniglot
- Cyrillic alphabet for Pontic Greek - Omniglot
- Greece Handwriting and Text - a resource to help learn the Greek alphabet.
Pronunciation
- Greek Classical Attic pronunciation - Omniglot
- Greek Pronunciation - Consonants - Omniglot
- Greek Pronunciation - Vowels - Omniglot
- Greek pronunciation dictionary - Forvo
- Your Ultimate Greek Pronunciation Guide - GreekPod101
- Modern Greek Pronunciation - Polyglot Wiki
Language Aids and Dictionaries[edit | edit source]
Dictionaries
- Collins Greek dictionary : essential edition. Glasgow, Scotland: Collins, 2019. Available at: WorldCat.
- Watts, Niki. The Oxford New Greek Dictionary : Greek-English, English-Greek. New York: Berkley Books, 2008. Available at: WorldCat.
- Georgacas, Demetrius J. and I. N. Kazazēs. Modern Greek-English dictionary. Scarsdale, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas, 2005. Available at: WorldCat.
- Divry, George C. Divry's modern English-Greek and Greek-English desk dictionary. New York, New York: D.C. Divry, 1982. Available at: WorldCat.
- Jannaris, A. N. A concise dictionary of the English and Modern Greek languages : as actually written and spoken : English-Greek. London: J. Murray, 1959. Available at: WorldCat.
Online Dictionaries
- Dictionary English - Greek - Glosbe
- Dictionary English - Ancient Greek (to 1453) - Glosbe
- English-Greek Dictionary - WordReference.com
- Greek - English Dictionary - Lexicon
- English-Greek Dictionary - Babel Hathitrust
- Pocket Greek-English Dictionary - Babel Hathitrust
Language Aids
- Smyth, Herbert Weir. Greek grammar. Mansfield Centre, CT: Martino Publishing, 2013. Available at: WorldCat.
- Smyth, Herbert Weir. Greek grammar. Oxford: Benediction Classics, 2010. Available at: WorldCat.
- Smyth, Herbert Weir and Gordon M. Messing. Greek grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984. Available at: WorldCat.
- Rijksbaron, Albert. Form and function in Greek grammar. Leiden: Brill, 2019. Available at: WorldCat.
- Bywater, Lica Catsakis and Daniel M. Schlyter,. Greek genealogical research. Salt Lake City, Utah: Greek Association of Family History and Tradition, 1993. Available at: WorldCat.
Additional Resources[edit | edit source]
- The Greek Language
- Greek Numbers and Units of Time
- Greek Glossary
- The Smart Conjugator in Modern Greek - Cooljugator
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Greece," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece#:~:text=Greece%20is%20today%20relatively%20homogeneous, accessed 24 May 2023.
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Greece," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Greece, accessed 24 May 2023.
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Greek language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language, accessed 24 May 2023.
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Greece," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Greece, accessed 24 May 2023.
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Greece," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Minorities in Greece," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece, accessed 24 May 2023.