Pakistan Languages: Difference between revisions

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The national or official languages of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are: Urdu, Sindhi, English. The literacy rate in Pakistan is roughly 26 percent. The languages covered also include Indian Sign Language, Parsi (20,000), Southern Uzbek (50,000), Turkmen, Uyghur, Arabic (122,000), Chinese (6,000). The number of languages listed for Pakistan is 72. Of those, all are living languages.

== Living languages  ==

[aeq] 100 to 200: Women are monolingual. Lower Sindh, Jikrio Goth near Kunri around Deh 333, Hyderabad, and at Jamesabad. Others are reported to have migrated to India at Partition in 1947, living in the Kach Bhuj area in Gujarat. Dialects: Jikrio Goth Aer, Jamesabad Aer.  

[bdz] Ethnic population: 2,825: Upper reaches of Bishigram (Chail) Valley, east of Madyan, Swat Kohistan. One village.  

[bgq] 200,000 in Pakistan; 100,000 in Sind Province: In the Sindh and Punjab. Alternate names: Bagari, Bagria, Bagris, Baorias, Bahgri, Bawri.  

[bgp] 1,800,000 in Pakistan; 5,000,000 including second-language users of all Balochi languages: Population total all countries: 1,805,000. Northeastern Balochistan Province, northwestern Sind, southwestern Punjab. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Baluchi, Baluci, Baloci.  

[bcc] 2,765,000 in Pakistan: Population total all countries: 3,400,300. Southern Balochistan, southern Sind, Karachi. Also spoken in Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates. Alternate names: Baluchi, Baluci, Baloci, Makrani.  Dialects: Coastal Balochi, Kechi, Makrani (Lotuni). Distinct from Eastern Balochi and fairly distinct from Western Balochi.  

[bgn] 1,116,000 in Pakistan: Population total all countries: 1,799,842. Northwestern Balochistan Province. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. Alternate names: Baluchi, Baloci, Baluci.  Dialects: Rakhshani (Raxshani), Sarawani. Strongly influenced by Fars, but not intelligible with Farsi.  

[bft] 270,000 in Pakistan: Population total all countries: 337,000. Primarily northeastern Pakistan: Baltistan District, Skardu, Rondu, Shigar, Khapalu, Kharmang, and Gultari valleys. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Sbalti, Baltistani, Bhotia of Baltistan.  Dialects: Chorbat is the most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity 87% to 100% among dialects, 78% to 85% with Purik.  

[btv] 28,251 in Pakistan: Population total all countries: 29,051. Extreme southern corner, Kohistan District, small pocket on the east bank of the Indus River, north of Besham; Batera area. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Bateri Kohistani, Batera Kohistani, Baterawal, Baterawal Kohistani.  Dialects: Closer to Indus Kohistani than to Shina, but distinct from both. Lexical similarity 58% to 61% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Gowro, 54% with Chilisso, 29% with Shina and Torwali, 27% with Kalami.  

[bhe] 70 to 700 in Lower Sindh: Kapri Goth near Samaro, near Khipro, Jamesabad, Mir ke goth, Mirpurkhas, Phuladia, a few families in Hyderabad. There may be more in India. Dialects: Similarity of key morphemes: The possessive postposition with 'g-' contrasts with all other languages in the area. Gender endings match Rajasthani. This might be the same as Bhoyari in India. It may be in the Western Hindi group. Lexical similarity 84% with Marwari sweeper, 75% with Malhi, 73% with Bhat, 72% to 73% with Goaria, 70% to 73% with Sindhi Meghwar, 63% to 72% with Mogi, 63% to 71% with Sindhi Bhil, 70% with Urdu.  

[brh] 2,000,000 in Pakistan: Population total all countries: 2,210,000. South central, Quetta and Kalat Region, east Baluchistan and Sind provinces. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan. Alternate names: Brahuidi, Birahui, Brahuigi, Kur Galli.  Dialects: Jharawan, Kalat, Sarawan. Kalat is the standard dialect, Jharawan is lowland.  

[bsk] 87,049 in Pakistan: Hunza-Nagar area and Yasin area in Gilgit District, Northern Areas. Scattered speakers also in Gilgit, Kashmir, and various cities. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Brushaski, Burushaki, Burucaki, Burushki, Burucaski, Biltum, Khajuna, Kunjut.  Dialects: Nagar (Nagir), Hunza, Yasin (Werchikwar). Yasin is geographically separated from other dialects. Lexical similarity 91% to 94% between Nagar and Hunza dialects, 67% to 72% between Yasin and Hunza, 66% to 71% between Yasin and Nagar, and may be a separate language.  

[clh] 1,600 to 3,000: Scattered families in the Koli, Palas, Jalkot area of the Indus Kohistan, east bank of the Indus River. Alternate names: Chiliss, Galos.  Dialects: Lexical similarity 70% with Indus Kohistani, 65% to 68% with Gowro, 54% with Bateri, 48% to 56% with Shina. 26% with Torwali, 25% with Kalami.  

[dml] 5,000: In the Damel Valley, about 32 miles south of Drosh in southern Chitral District, on the east side of the Kunar River. 11 villages. Alternate names: Damel, Damedi, Damia, Gudoji.  Dialects: Two groups: Shintari and Swati, but no significant dialect variation. Lexical similarity 44% with Gawar-Bati, Savi, and Phalura, 33% with Kamviiri, 29% with Kati.  

[deh] 13,000: Central Balochistan, in Kalat and Mastung. Alternate names: Deghwari.  

[mki] 131,863 in Pakistan: Population includes 100,000 in Sind (1987). Population total all countries: 148,263. Lower Sind in Tharparkar and Sanghar districts. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Dhati.  Dialects: Eastern Dhatki, Southern Dhatki, Central Dhatki, Barage, Malhi. Varies considerably from northern Marwari, although they claim to understand one another. The Malhi are an ethnic group living in 3 main areas. Those in the Kunri-Pithoro-Noakot-Mithi area speak a dialect with 80% lexical similarity to Dhatki, 74% to Sindhi, and work as water-drawers. Lexical similarity 80% to 83% with Marwari dialects. Dhatki of Rajasthan and Dhatki of Thar are 88% lexically similar.  

[dmk] ca. 350 (2004). Gilgit District, Northern Areas, mainly in the Hunza and Nager Valleys: Mominabad village (Hunza), Domyaal village (Nagar), Shishkat (Gojal); but also in Gilgit Town, Oshikandas and Danyor (both east of Gilgit). Alternate names: Dumaki, Domaá. Dialects: Nager-Domaaki (ca. 50 speakers) and Hunza Domaaki (ca. 300 speakers). Domaaki has many loanwords from Shina and Burushaski, but is not intelligible to speakers of those languages.  

[prs] 1,000,000 in Pakistan; 1,400 in Madaglasht, and many refugees: Southeast Chitral, Madaglasht village of Shishi Koh Valley, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, other large cities. Alternate names: Dari, Tajik, Madaglashti, Badakhshi.  

[gwt] 1,500 in Pakistan: Southern Chitral, Arandu, and several villages along the Kunar River south of Arandu. Alternate names: Gowar-Bati, Gowari, Arandui, Satre, Narsati, Narisati.  

[ghr] 10,000: A single colony in Hyderabad, between the main bus stop and the railway station. Speakers say more than 90% of the people remained in Surat and Ahmedabad, India. Alternate names: Sindhi Ghera, Bara.  Dialects: Quite different grammatically from Gurgula and similar to Urdu. Lexical similarity 87% with Gurgula, 70% with Urdu.  

[gig] 25,426: All towns in Sindh Province except Karachi: including Larkana, Sukkur, Moro, Badin, Umerkot. They claim to have come from Jodhpur Rajasthan, India, where there may be more. Dialects: This might be the same as Gawari in India. Lexical similarity 75% to 83% with Jogi, 76% to 80% with Marwari sweeper, 72% to 78% with Marwari Meghwar, 70% to 78% with Loarki.  

[gwf] 200 (1990). Indus Kohistan on the eastern bank, Kolai area, Mahrin village. Alternate names: Gabaro, Gabar Khel.  Dialects: Lexical similarity 65% to 68% with Chilisso, 62% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Bateri, 40% to 43% with Shina, 25% with Torwali, 24% with Kalami.  

[guj]  Lower Punjab, Sindh.  

[gju] 300,000 in Pakistan (1992). Population includes 2,910 in Chitral (1969), 20,000 in Swat Kohistan (1987), 200,000 to 700,000 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1989). Throughout northern Pakistan, mainly in the east in Hazara District, NWFP, in Kaghan Valley, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. Scattered communities in southern Chitral, Swat Kohistan, and Dir Kohistan, NWFP, and Gilgit Agency, Northern Areas. Alternate names: Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani, Gujer, Gojri, Gogri, Gojari, Gujjari, Kashmir Gujuri.  Dialects: Western Gujari, Eastern Gujari.  

[ggg] 35,314: Sindh Province, largest concentration in Bhens Colony, Karachi, others in smaller urban centers through Sindh, including Mirpur Khas, Shahdadpur, Panj, Moro, Sabura and Tando Allahyar. Alternate names: Marwari Ghera.  Dialects: Ghera is quite different gramatically. Lexical similarity 87% with Ghera.  

[haz] 156,794 in Pakistan: Population includes many recent refugees from Afghanistan. Quetta (100,000 to 200,000), Karachi and Islamabad (10,000), some villages in rural Sindh. Alternate names: Azargi, Hazara, Hezareh.  

[hno] 1,875,000: Total Hindko in Pakistan 3,000,000 (1993). Hazara Division, Mansehra and Abbotabad districts, Indus and Kaghan valleys and valleys of Indus tributaries, NWFP. Rural and urban. Alternate names: Hazara Hindko, Hindki, Kaghani, Kagani.  Dialects: Also related to Panjabi, Siraiki, and Pahari-Potwari; which have all been called 'Greater Panjabi', forming part of 'Lahnda'. Lexical similarities within Northern Hindko dialects are 82% to 92%, between Northern and Southern Hindko varieties 67% to 82%.  

[hnd] 625,000: Attock District, Punjab Province, and into the southernmost portion of Hazara Division, NWFP; Kohat and Peshawar districts, NWFP. Rural and urban. Dialects: Peshawar Hindko (Peshawari), Attock Hindko (Attock-Haripur Hindko), Kohat Hindko (Kohati), Rural Peshawar Hindko. The dialect in Dera Ismail Khan, sometimes called 'Hindko', is apparently closer to Siraiki.  

[jdg] 100,000 in Pakistan: Southeast Balochistan Province, southwest Sind. Also spoken in Iran. Alternate names: Jatgali, Jatki, Jat.  

[jnd] 5,000: Southern Sindh Province from Hyderabad to east of Mirpur Khas. Reported to be many more in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Alternate names: Jhandoria.  Dialects: Lexical similarity 74% with Bagri and Katai Meghwar, 68% with Kachi Koli.  

[kbu] 1,000: Sindh, some concentrations around Umerkot, Kunri, and Nara Dhoro. Speakers say that 90% of the people remain in the Zal area of Marwar, India. Alternate names: Nat, Natra.  Dialects: Speakers report they have inherent intelligibility of Sansi and Sochi, and use Kabutra when speaking to them. Lexical similarity 74% with the Sochi language variety.  

[kfr] 50,000 in Pakistan: Karachi. Alternate names: Kachchhi, Kutchchi, Cuchi, Cutch, Kutchie, Kachi, Katch, Kautchy, Katchi.  Dialects: Jadeji.  

[gwc] 40,000: Upper Swat Kohistan from between Peshmal and Kalam north to upper valleys above Kalam, also in Dir Kohistan, in Thal, Lamuti (Kinolam), Biar (Jiar), and Rajkot (Patrak) villages. People at Khata Khotan, China, are reported to be related, recognized by their clothing and language. Alternate names: Garwi, Gawri, Gowri, Garwa, Gaawro, Kalami Kohistani, Kohistani, Kohistana, Bashkarik, Bashgharik, Dir Kohistani, Diri, Dirwali.  Dialects: Kalam, Ushu, Thal, Lamuti (Lamti), Rajkoti (Patrak), Dashwa. Dialect differences do not hinder communication, except that speakers of other dialects have difficulty with Rajkot. Lexical similarity 90% to 93% among the main dialects; Rajkoti has 75% with Kalam; Dashwa has 77% with Kalami, and 74% with Rajkoti.  

[kls] 5,029: Southern Chitral District. The largest village is Balanguru in Rumbur Valley. Southern Kalasha is in Urtsun Valley; Northern Kalasha in Rumbur, Bumboret, and Birir valleys. Alternate names: Kalashamon, Kalash.  Dialects: Southern Kalasha (Urtsun), Northern Kalasha (Rumbur, Bumboret, Birir). There may be an eastern dialect on the east side of the Chitral River south of Drosh. Related to Khowar. Little contact between Northern and Southern dialects. The southern dialect has 75% lexical similarity with the northern dialects.  

[xka] 4,000: Dir Kohistan, NWFP, in Kalkot village. A little more than half the people in the village are speakers. Dialects: Lexical similarity 69% with Kalami.  

*'''Yidgha'''

[ydg] 6,145 (2000 WCD). Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma. Alternate names: Yudgha, Yudga, Yidga, Lutkuhwar.  Dialects: No significant dialect variation within Yidgha. Lexical similarity 56% to 80% with Munji in Afghanistan.

[[Category:Pakistan]]