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Parts of Gaspé and some small Gulf of Saint Lawrence settlements, where the dominance of the fishing industry means that most travel was by boat. These small, shrinking communities are a special case, more or less unrelated to the others, though vital records and land ownership are the same as in the rest of Québec. | Parts of Gaspé and some small Gulf of Saint Lawrence settlements, where the dominance of the fishing industry means that most travel was by boat. These small, shrinking communities are a special case, more or less unrelated to the others, though vital records and land ownership are the same as in the rest of Québec. | ||
A new organization, founded at Bishop’s University in 2000 is the ''Quebec Anglophone Heritage Network''. It is a Quebec-wide “umbrella” organization linking historical societies and heritage groups, encouraging cooperation and improving communication. Full address in the [http://www.qahn.org Historical addresses] section.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Introduction to English Communities in Québec (National Institute)," '' | A new organization, founded at Bishop’s University in 2000 is the ''Quebec Anglophone Heritage Network''. It is a Quebec-wide “umbrella” organization linking historical societies and heritage groups, encouraging cooperation and improving communication. Full address in the [http://www.qahn.org Historical addresses] section.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Introduction to English Communities in Québec (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Introduction_to_English_Communities_in_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
==Demographic Changes== | ==Demographic Changes== | ||
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===Twentieth Century Changes=== | ===Twentieth Century Changes=== | ||
In the 20th century, the importance of the railways declined as the truck and automobile took over. Railway passenger service became unprofitable after World War II and now only the main freight lines cross the Townships. Concession roads became highways, widened and paved, with corners rounded and hills smoothed. A few still wander off over the hills looking much as they did a hundred years ago, but these backroads now lead not to overgrown farms with old houses showing only traces of past prosperity, but to beautifully restored stone or wooden “heritage homes” set in well-tended gardens. “The Townships” are now prime vacation country for week-enders from the cities; another influx of “settlers” is underway. They drive out on the autoroutes.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec Non-French Settlement (National Institute)," '' | In the 20th century, the importance of the railways declined as the truck and automobile took over. Railway passenger service became unprofitable after World War II and now only the main freight lines cross the Townships. Concession roads became highways, widened and paved, with corners rounded and hills smoothed. A few still wander off over the hills looking much as they did a hundred years ago, but these backroads now lead not to overgrown farms with old houses showing only traces of past prosperity, but to beautifully restored stone or wooden “heritage homes” set in well-tended gardens. “The Townships” are now prime vacation country for week-enders from the cities; another influx of “settlers” is underway. They drive out on the autoroutes.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec Non-French Settlement (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Qu%C3%A9bec_Non-French_Settlement_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
===Years of Settlement=== | ===Years of Settlement=== | ||
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====Travel by Boat==== | ====Travel by Boat==== | ||
The Gulf is a region where the coastal schooner was considered the normal mode of transportation. Small vessels, some classed for light-ice duty, still serve the tiny communities. Roads and railways came late to Gaspé and even later to the ''Côte-Nord''. Look at a map of the Gulf, it should be apparent that it is easy to sail from Gaspé to Québec City or Newfoundland or even Pictou or Chéticamp in Nova Scotia, but not easy to get to Halifax.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec Regions of English Settlement (National Institute)," '' | The Gulf is a region where the coastal schooner was considered the normal mode of transportation. Small vessels, some classed for light-ice duty, still serve the tiny communities. Roads and railways came late to Gaspé and even later to the ''Côte-Nord''. Look at a map of the Gulf, it should be apparent that it is easy to sail from Gaspé to Québec City or Newfoundland or even Pictou or Chéticamp in Nova Scotia, but not easy to get to Halifax.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec Regions of English Settlement (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Qu%C3%A9bec_Regions_of_English_Settlement_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
===Settlements Around Gaspé and the Gulf=== | ===Settlements Around Gaspé and the Gulf=== | ||
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====Amalgamation==== | ====Amalgamation==== | ||
In the last decades of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, the Provincial Government has forced small communities to amalgamate into larger municipalities. Lac Brome, in Brome County was among the first. In western Quebec, Hull and its surrounding suburbs have become Gatineau, and the entire Island of Montréal is now one city.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec English Communities (National Institute)," '' | In the last decades of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, the Provincial Government has forced small communities to amalgamate into larger municipalities. Lac Brome, in Brome County was among the first. In western Quebec, Hull and its surrounding suburbs have become Gatineau, and the entire Island of Montréal is now one city.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec English Communities (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Qu%C3%A9bec_English_Communities_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
===Plan of the Town and Fortifications of Montréal=== | ===Plan of the Town and Fortifications of Montréal=== | ||
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“A Community of Communities, Suburbs in the Development of ''Greater Montréal''”, by Walter van Nus, pages 59-67 is also required reading because “Between 1871 and 1914, '''43 new municipalities''' were incorporated on the Island of Montréal, '''''not including''''' those of the “West Island” - the emphasis is mine because you will encounter these 43 place names, as well as those of the “West Island” communities where many “English” lived: Dorval, Pointe Claire, Beaconsfield. | “A Community of Communities, Suburbs in the Development of ''Greater Montréal''”, by Walter van Nus, pages 59-67 is also required reading because “Between 1871 and 1914, '''43 new municipalities''' were incorporated on the Island of Montréal, '''''not including''''' those of the “West Island” - the emphasis is mine because you will encounter these 43 place names, as well as those of the “West Island” communities where many “English” lived: Dorval, Pointe Claire, Beaconsfield. | ||
The section on “Diversity in Mainly Working-Class Suburbs” explains a lot about where the majority of the population, both English and French-speaking, lived and worked, and why “workers from the grimy southwest of Montréal regarded their move to Verdun as a step up.“ (page 61) Understanding the subtle steps up, or down, is essential in following the moves a family might make every year or two. See section on “Moving Day in Montréal”.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec English Communities in Montréal (National Institute)," '' | The section on “Diversity in Mainly Working-Class Suburbs” explains a lot about where the majority of the population, both English and French-speaking, lived and worked, and why “workers from the grimy southwest of Montréal regarded their move to Verdun as a step up.“ (page 61) Understanding the subtle steps up, or down, is essential in following the moves a family might make every year or two. See section on “Moving Day in Montréal”.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec English Communities in Montréal (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Qu%C3%A9bec_English_Communities_in_Montr%C3%A9al_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
===Westmount, Notre Dame de Grâce, Town of Mount Royal and Hampstead=== | ===Westmount, Notre Dame de Grâce, Town of Mount Royal and Hampstead=== | ||
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<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec English Communities and History in Montréal (National Institute)," '' | <ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec English Communities and History in Montréal (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Qu%C3%A9bec_English_Communities_and_History_in_Montr%C3%A9al_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
===Special Groups Of Non-Francophones=== | ===Special Groups Of Non-Francophones=== | ||
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===The Reserves=== | ===The Reserves=== | ||
Changes in the Canadian militia are detailed in the article on “Militia” in ''The Encyclopedia of Canada'' (1936-40, 6 volumes). Volunteer service in the Army or Naval Reserves (Militia), with a week or two of training every summer, has remained a tradition in many English Québec communities.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec British Military Settlers (National Institute)," '' | Changes in the Canadian militia are detailed in the article on “Militia” in ''The Encyclopedia of Canada'' (1936-40, 6 volumes). Volunteer service in the Army or Naval Reserves (Militia), with a week or two of training every summer, has remained a tradition in many English Québec communities.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec British Military Settlers (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Qu%C3%A9bec_British_Military_Settlers_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
===Loyalists=== | ===Loyalists=== | ||
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When the Province of Québec was given control of Ungava - their portions of Rupert’s Land (the territories the Hudson’s Bay Company had controlled from London for two centuries) - the southern part in 1898, the northern in 1912, the residents, who were for the most part Cree or Inuit, greatly increased the proportion of First Nation Québecers who were English-speaking, and often Protestant, since the Anglican church had had considerable influence in Rupert’s Land. | When the Province of Québec was given control of Ungava - their portions of Rupert’s Land (the territories the Hudson’s Bay Company had controlled from London for two centuries) - the southern part in 1898, the northern in 1912, the residents, who were for the most part Cree or Inuit, greatly increased the proportion of First Nation Québecers who were English-speaking, and often Protestant, since the Anglican church had had considerable influence in Rupert’s Land. | ||
While Québec’s First Nations are demanding more power over their own societies, language laws and other restrictions are driving the anglophone non-English out of the Province. They are being replaced by other “ethnics” from former French colonies in the Caribbean, North Africa and the Far East, who in another generation or two will make Québec genealogy an even greater challenge.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec Jewish, Black, Chinese, First Nation Settlers (National Institute)," '' | While Québec’s First Nations are demanding more power over their own societies, language laws and other restrictions are driving the anglophone non-English out of the Province. They are being replaced by other “ethnics” from former French colonies in the Caribbean, North Africa and the Far East, who in another generation or two will make Québec genealogy an even greater challenge.<ref>Douglas, Althea. "Québec Jewish, Black, Chinese, First Nation Settlers (National Institute)," ''International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Qu%C3%A9bec_Jewish,_Black,_Chinese,_First_Nation_Settlers_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
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