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== Emigration and Immigration Records == | == Emigration and Immigration Records == | ||
'''Emigration records''' list the names of people leaving and '''immigration records''' list those coming into Russia. These records may include an emigrant’s name, age, occupation, destination, and sometimes the place of origin or birth. | '''Emigration records''' list the names of people leaving and '''immigration records''' list those coming into Russia. These records may include an emigrant’s name, age, occupation, destination, and sometimes the place of origin or birth. | ||
== | ==Immigration into Russia== | ||
*According to the first census of the Russian Empire in 1897, about 1.8 million respondents reported German as their mother tongue. | *According to the first census of the Russian Empire in 1897, about 1.8 million respondents reported German as their mother tongue. | ||
*In 1941, Joseph Stalin ordered all inhabitants with a German father to be deported, mostly to '''Siberia or Kazakhstan'''. | *In 1941, Joseph Stalin ordered all inhabitants with a German father to be deported, mostly to '''Siberia or Kazakhstan'''. | ||
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*Between 1911 and 1915, a small group of Volhynian German farmers chose to move to '''Eastern Siberia'''. They settled in '''Pikhtinsk, Sredne-Pikhtinsk, and Dagnik''' in what is today '''Zalarinsky District of Irkutsk Oblast''', where they became known as the "Bug Hollanders". They apparently were not using the German language any more, but rather spoke Ukrainian and Polish. They used Lutheran Bibles that had been printed in East Prussia, in the Polish form known as fraktur. Their descendants, many with German surnames, continue to live in the district into the 21st century. | *Between 1911 and 1915, a small group of Volhynian German farmers chose to move to '''Eastern Siberia'''. They settled in '''Pikhtinsk, Sredne-Pikhtinsk, and Dagnik''' in what is today '''Zalarinsky District of Irkutsk Oblast''', where they became known as the "Bug Hollanders". They apparently were not using the German language any more, but rather spoke Ukrainian and Polish. They used Lutheran Bibles that had been printed in East Prussia, in the Polish form known as fraktur. Their descendants, many with German surnames, continue to live in the district into the 21st century. | ||
====Caucasus Germans==== | ====Caucasus Germans==== | ||
*Germans settled in the '''Caucasus area''' from the beginning of the 19th century. A German minority of about 100,000 people existed in the Caucasus region, in areas such as the '''North Caucasus, Georgia, and Azerbaijan'''. | *Germans settled in the '''Caucasus area''' from the beginning of the 19th century. A German minority of about 100,000 people existed in the Caucasus region, in areas such as the '''North Caucasus, Georgia, and Azerbaijan'''. | ||
==Emigration from Russia== | |||
*The earliest significant wave of ethnic Russian emigration took place in the wake of the '''Old Believer schism in the 17th century'''. | |||
*A sizable "wave" of ethnic Russians emigrated during a short time period in the wake of the '''October Revolution and Russian Civil War''', known collectively as the '''White emigres'''. | |||
*A smaller group of Russians had also left '''during World War II''', many were refugees or eastern workers. | |||
*During the Soviet period, ethnic Russians migrated '''throughout the area of former Russian Empire and Soviet Union''', and after the collapse of the Soviet Union found themselves living outside Russia.<ref>"List of Diasporas", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas#R, accessed 10 June 2021.</ref> | |||
===White Russian Diaspora=== | |||
*The White Russian diaspora, named for the Russians and Belarusians who left Russia (the USSR 1918–91) in the wake of the 1917 October Revolution and Russian Civil War, seeking to preserve pre-Soviet Russian culture, the Orthodox Christian faith. It includes exiled former Communist party members, such as Leon Trotsky. | |||
*The millions of Russian émigré and refugees found live in '''North America (the U.S. and Canada), Latin America with a sect of Pryguny or Molokans settled in Guadalupe Valley, Baja California in Mexico'''. | |||
*Most émigrés '''initially fled from Southern Russia and Ukraine to Turkey and then moved to other Slavic countries in Europe''' (the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland). | |||
*A large number also fled to '''Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Iran, Germany and France. Some émigrés also fled to Portugal, Spain, Romania, Belgium, France, Sweden, Switzerland, and Italy. Berlin and Paris developed thriving émigré communities. | |||
*Many military and civil officers living, stationed, or fighting the Red Army across Siberia and the Russian Far East moved together with their families to '''Harbin (see Harbin Russians), to Shanghai (see Shanghai Russians) and to other cities of China, Central Asia, and Western China'''. After the withdrawal of US and Japanese troops from Siberia, some émigrés traveled to '''Japan'''. | |||
*During and after World War II, many Russian émigrés moved to the '''United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, South Africa and Australia, south Asia (India and Iran) and the Middle East (Egypt and Turkey)''' – where many of their communities still exist in the 21st century.<ref>"White émigrés", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9, accessed 10 June 2021.</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||