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==Historical Background== | ==Historical Background== | ||
The history of the Jews in Ukraine goes back over a thousand years. In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in 1030. Jews worked as artisans and merchants while a smaller number were farmers. By the 1760s, the Jewish population in Ukraine had reached about 300,000. Most were clustered in communities near the Dnieper River, and in Volhynia, Podolia, Braslav, Rus Czerwona, and Kiev guberni. Because of the economic success of the Jews, many Ukrainian peasants resented them. Tensions between Jews and the Ukrainian populations continued throughout the centuries. In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated and rumors circulated that Jews were behind it. A wave of large-scale anti-Jewish violence, called pogroms, swept through the southern Russian Empire, including Ukraine throughout the mid to late 1800s. During the 1917 Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 31,071 Jews were killed during between 1918 and 1920. During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was between thirty-five and fifty thousands. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. In September 1939, the first Jews living in the western regions under Nazi control were forced into ghettos, and later sent to death camps, which continued throughout the remainder of the war. After WWII, many surviving Jews left Ukraine for the United States or Israel. After the fall of the Soviet Union, roughly three-quarters of the remaining Jewish population left Ukraine. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "History of the Jews in Ukraine", in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia,'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine, accessed 1 Dec 2020.</ref> | |||
*To learn read | *To learn more about Jewish history in Ukraine, read [https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ukraine Ukraine, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe.] | ||
*To learn about the history of the shtetl your ancestor lived in, see the [http://jewua.org/ Ukrainian Jewish Heritage] site. | |||
==Maps and Gazetteers== | |||
====JewishGen Gazetteer==== | |||
*The [https://www.jewishgen.org/communities/loctown.asp JewishGen Gazetteer] is a useful online gazetteer for locations in Eastern Europe. Note that wild card searches are not supported. To view an entry page, click on the '''Jewish star''' to the left of the town name. Entry pages provide jurisdictions for before WWI, the interwar period, after WWII and modern-day. Alternate names and Yiddish and Russian spellings are also included. In the center, you'll find a map and a list of additional Jewish communities located nearby. Finally, under '''Additional Information''' and '''in the green box''' at the top, you'll find links to references and additional resources that may help you in your research. | |||
==== | ====TKF Ukrainian Shtetl Finder==== | ||
* | *[https://www.tkfgen.org TKF] seeks to locate and share knowledge about Jewish communities in Eastern Europe. There are several resources available on their website including the [https://www.tkfgen.org/shtetls.html Ukrainian Shtetl Finder.] | ||
==== | ====Maps==== | ||
*To view the present-day Ukraine at Google Maps, click [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=ukraine&hl=en&ll=48.385442,31.157227&spn=13.140538,33.815918&sll=51.917168,19.160156&sspn=12.211657,33.815918&hnear=Ukraine&t=m&z=6 here]. | *To view the present-day Ukraine at Google Maps, click [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=ukraine&hl=en&ll=48.385442,31.157227&spn=13.140538,33.815918&sll=51.917168,19.160156&sspn=12.211657,33.815918&hnear=Ukraine&t=m&z=6 here]. | ||
*For a Jewish population density map of Europe in 1900, click [[Jewish Population Maps|here]]. | *For a Jewish population density map of Europe in 1900, click [[Jewish Population Maps|here]]. | ||
*For a map showing the percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, c. 1905, click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png here]. | *For a map showing the percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, c. 1905, click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png here]. | ||
*To view an additional historical map showing the historical percentage of Jews in governments, click [http://books.google.com/books?id=sr85AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA531&lpg=PA531&dq=%22percentage+of+jews+in+governments%22+map&source=bl&ots=BK42kcedcz&sig=Eb1EvyRT9xaaOxNAlNit1-q2_yU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcwMU5-xMcGBogTyqYKABg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22percentage%20of%20jews%20in%20governments%22%20map&f=false here]. | *To view an additional historical map showing the historical percentage of Jews in governments, click [http://books.google.com/books?id=sr85AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA531&lpg=PA531&dq=%22percentage+of+jews+in+governments%22+map&source=bl&ots=BK42kcedcz&sig=Eb1EvyRT9xaaOxNAlNit1-q2_yU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcwMU5-xMcGBogTyqYKABg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22percentage%20of%20jews%20in%20governments%22%20map&f=false here]. Definition of "Pale of Settlement" from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement Wikipedia.org]: The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости, chertá osédlosti, Yiddish: דער תּחום-המושבֿ, der tkhum-ha-moyshəv, Hebrew: תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב, tḥùm ha-mosháv) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited. It extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line, to the western Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire) and with Austria-Hungary. The English term "pale" is derived from the Latin word "palus", a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. | ||
==Genealogies== | |||
====JewishGen Family Finder==== | |||
*The [https://www.jewishgen.org/jgff/ Family Finder] is a database of both ancestral hometowns and surnames that have been researched by their descendants world wide. The Family Finder allows you to connect with others who are researching similar ancestors and origins and collaborate your research. To add the surnames and locations you are researching, click on '''Modify (Edit your existing entries)''' or '''Enter (Add new entries)'''. Type in the surnames and/or locations of interest and hit '''Submit'''. To search the database and see if you can connect to family members and other researchers, choose '''Search (Search the database)''' from the Town Finder home page. You can search for a surname and/or a town. Search results will appear in a chart format giving you the surname, town, country, and researcher information (often includes contact information) and the date they last logged into JewishGen. | |||
====Database of the Ukrainian residents born between 1650 and 1920==== | |||
*[https://pra.in.ua/en Pra.in.ua's] database contains over 3.7 million individuals. The database is not exclusively Jewish, but does contain Jewish individuals. | |||
==1897 Census== | |||
The 1897 Russian Imperial Census was the first and only census carried out in the Russian Empire. The census enumerated the entire population of the Empire (excluding Finland), but after statistical data was gathered, many of the census returns were destroyed. There are, however; surviving census returns for many locations throughout Ukraine. Use the resources below to help you determine if census records survive for your ancestor's shtetl and how to access them. Use the [https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/img_auth.php/8/86/Reading_the_1897_Census_-_Instruction.pdf Reading the 1897 Census "How to" Guide] to learn how to read census records. | |||
====JewishGen (indexed records)==== | |||
Census returns still exist for the city of Odessa. A JewishGen indexing project of these records is underway. Learn more about the status of the project [https://www.jewishgen.org/ukraine/RES_Project.asp?id=1917 here]. The records that JewishGen is in the process of indexing are located on FamilySearch in the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2380520 Ukraine, Odessa Census Records 1897] collection. See the FamilySearch heading below for more information. | |||
====Lipes Genealogy Database (indexed records)==== | |||
[https://lipesdatabase.com/how-to-use-the-database/ Lipes Genealogy Database] has indexed portions of census records from the City of Odessa and the Kiev Gubernia. In order to search a limited version of the database, you will need to create an account, which can be done for free. The full version of the database starts at 10 Euros per day. If you wish to order the original document through Lipes, you will be charged an additional fee. | |||
====FamilySearch (digital images)==== | |||
Census returns still exist for the city of Odessa. Original images are not indexed, but are available to browse through the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2380520 Ukraine, Odessa Census Records 1897] FamilySearch collection. | |||
There may also be records available through the [[Introduction to the FamilySearch Catalog|FamilySearch Catalog]]. Census records are catalogued at the uyezd level. | |||
:a. Click [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&placeId=121&query=%2Bplace%3AUkraine here] to access catalog entries for Ukraine. | |||
:b. Click on '''Places within Ukraine''' and a list of gubernia will appear. | |||
:c. Click on the gubernia, then select '''Places within [Name of Gubernia].''' | |||
:d. From there, a list of uyezdi will appear. | |||
:e. Click on '''Places within [Name of Gubernia, Name of Uyezd].''' | |||
:f. Click on the '''Census''' topic. Click on the blue links to view specific record titles. Look for a title containing something like ''Переписные листы 1897.'' | |||
:e. Some combination of these icons will appear at the far right of the listing for the record. The magnifying glass indicates that the record is indexed. Clicking on the magnifying glass will take you to the index. Clicking on the camera will take you to an online digital copy of the records. A camera with a key on top means the record is viewable but with certain restrictions that may mean the record can only be viewed at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, a Family History Center, or FamilySearch Affiliate Library. Take a look at the [https://www.familysearch.org/help/fhcenters/locations/ Family History Center Finder] to discover a location near you. | |||
====1897 Census Finding Aids==== | |||
Census returns may also exist for other locations, but images or indexes may not be available online. Use sites such as [http://arch1897.histcensus.asu.ru/ Archive Fonds of the First 1897 All-Russia Census] or the [http://metrics.tilda.ws/perepis1897 Catalog of Surviving Census Sheets in Archives of Russia, Ukraine, and Other Countries] to help you determine if census records exist for your area. These sites are in Russian, but can be easily navigated using Google Translate. If you are using the Google Chrome browser, just right click anywhere on the page and click Translate to [https://pra.in.ua/en/library/7 English]. If you are using a different browser (Safari, Firefox, Edge, etc.) you can still use Google Translate, but it requires a few extra steps. Go to [https://translate.google.com translate.google.com] and change the language settings to translate from Russian to English. Paste the URL of the site you would like translated into the Russian box and then click on the link that shows up in the English box. This will take you a translated version of the site. | |||
==Revision and Family Lists== | |||
Revision lists are enumerations of the taxable population (most Jews in the Russian empire fell into a taxable social class). There were ten revisions taken sporadically from 1772-1858. These records are a foundational source in genealogical research as they provide names, ages, and relationships. | |||
Supplemental Lists, also known as Family Lists, can be found ranging from about 1860 through the end of the nineteenth century. They are similar in format to revision lists and are often grouped with revision list records in an archive. | |||
====JewishGen (indexed records)==== | |||
Many Ukrainian revision list records have been indexed and are available through the [https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/ukraine/ JewishGen Ukraine Database]. | |||
=== | ====Lipes Genealogy Database (indexed records)==== | ||
[https://lipesdatabase.com/how-to-use-the-database/ Lipes Genealogy Database] has indexed portions of revision list records from select areas in the Kiev, Podolsk and Volhynia guberni. In order to search a limited version of the database, you will need to create an account, which can be done for free. The full version of the database starts at 10 Euros per day. If you wish to order the original document through Lipes, you will be charged an additional fee. | |||
====FamilySearch (digital images)==== | |||
There may also be records available through the [[Introduction to the FamilySearch Catalog|FamilySearch Catalog]]. Revision list records are catalogued at the uyezd level. | |||
=== | :a. Click [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&placeId=121&query=%2Bplace%3AUkraine here] to access catalog entries for Ukraine. | ||
:b. Click on '''Places within Ukraine''' and a list of gubernia will appear. | |||
[https:// | :c. Click on the gubernia, then select '''Places within [Name of Gubernia].''' | ||
:d. From there, a list of uyezdi will appear. | |||
:e. Click on '''Places within [Name of Gubernia, Name of Uyezd].''' | |||
:f. Click on the '''Taxation''' or '''Census''' topics. Click on the blue links to view specific record titles. | |||
:e. Some combination of these icons will appear at the far right of the listing for the record. The magnifying glass indicates that the record is indexed. Clicking on the magnifying glass will take you to the index. Clicking on the camera will take you to an online digital copy of the records. A camera with a key on top means the record is viewable but with certain restrictions that may mean the record can only be viewed at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, a Family History Center, or FamilySearch Affiliate Library. Take a look at the [https://www.familysearch.org/help/fhcenters/locations/ Family History Center Finder] to discover a location near you. | |||
=== | ====Krakovsky Documents (digital images)==== | ||
Alex Krakovsky is one of the most influential figures in modern Jewish genealogy. He fights legal battles with Ukrainian archives to make records widely available. Krakovsky publishes digital images of records on various Wiki pages. See [[Krakovsky Documents]] on the Wiki to learn more about how to access these records. Revision lists are available for locations in Transcarpathia and Stanisław Voivodeships; Volhynia, Katerynoslav, Kiev, Podolsk, Poltava, and Kherson provinces. | |||
=== | ====Database of the Ukrainian residents born between 1650 and 1920 (digital images)==== | ||
There are several revision lists available for various cities, uyezdi, and guberni on the [https://pra.in.ua/en/library/7 Pra.in.ua Library.] The Library is organized by hashtags. Click on '''#євреї''' to see which Ukrainian Jewish records are available. Revision lists will be titled ''Ревізська сказка'' in Ukrainian. Clicking on the link will take you to a Google Drive folder with images of the records. | |||
''' | ==== Revision List Finding Aids ==== | ||
If you are unable to locate records online, the Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation is a great resource to help you determine what records are available for your town and which archive they are currently stored in. Revision list records are referred to as "census" records. See the '''Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation''' section under the heading '''Finding Aids and Records Inventories''' heading in this Wiki article. | |||
=== | ==Vital Records== | ||
Throughout the Russian Empire, birth, marriage, divorce, and death records were required to be kept by the Jewish community beginning in 1835. Jewish records were generally kept in a tabular format with the left-side of the page in Russian and the right-side of the page in Hebrew. Vital records are available online in both indexed and digital image formats. | |||
====JewishGen (indexed records)==== | |||
Many Ukrainian vital records have been indexed and are available through the [https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/ukraine/ JewishGen Ukraine Database]. | |||
====Metryki Wołyń (indexed records)==== | |||
Civil records of Volhynia are indexed on [http://wolyn-metryki.pl/joomla/english Metryki Wołyń.] To search the database by name, look at the very bottom of the page for "''In order to search the database press HERE.''" | |||
====FamilySearch (digital images)==== | |||
There may also be records available through the [[Introduction to the FamilySearch Catalog|FamilySearch Catalog]]. | |||
:a. Click [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&placeId=121&query=%2Bplace%3AUkraine here] to access catalog entries for Ukraine. | |||
:b. Click on '''Places within Ukraine''' and a list of gubernia will appear. | |||
:c. Click on the gubernia, then select '''Places within [Name of Gubernia].''' | |||
:d. From there, a list of uyezdi will appear. | |||
:e. Click on '''Places within [Name of Gubernia, Name of Uyezd]''' | |||
:f. Click on the '''Jewish Record''' topic (it may be found at either the town or uyezd level). Click on the blue links to view specific record titles. | |||
:e. Some combination of these icons will appear at the far right of the listing for the record. The magnifying glass indicates that the record is indexed. Clicking on the magnifying glass will take you to the index. Clicking on the camera will take you to an online digital copy of the records. A camera with a key on top means the record is viewable but with certain restrictions that may mean the record can only be viewed at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, a Family History Center, or FamilySearch Affiliate Library. Take a look at the [https://www.familysearch.org/help/fhcenters/locations/ Family History Center Finder] to discover a location near you. | |||
====Krakovsky Documents (digital images)==== | |||
Alex Krakovsky is one of the most influential figures in modern Jewish genealogy. He fights legal battles with Ukrainian archives to make records widely available. Krakovsky publishes digital images of records on various Wiki pages. See [[Krakovsky Documents]] on the Wiki to learn more about how to access these records. Metrical books are available for locations in Transcarpathia and Stanisław Voivodeships; Volhynia, Katerynoslav, Kiev, Podolsk, Poltava, and Kherson provinces. | |||
====AGAD Jewish Records (digital images)==== | |||
[http://www.agad.gov.pl/inwentarze/Mojz300x.xml AGAD Archive], or the '''A'''rchiwum '''G'''lowne '''A'''kt '''D'''awnych (The Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw), is the repository of about 3,000 Jewish metrical books for the area of the former Lwow, Stanislawow, and Tarnopol Wojewodztwa (now Lviv, Ivano Frankivsk, and Ternopil oblasts in Ukraine). These registers are mainly for the period from 1877-1911 when these areas were a part of the Austrian province of Galicia. | |||
==== Vital Records Finding Aids ==== | |||
If you are unable to locate records online, the Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation is a great resource to help you determine what records are available for your town and which archive they are currently stored in. See the '''Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation''' section under the heading '''Finding Aids and Records Inventories''' heading in this Wiki article. | |||
==Finding Aids and Record Inventories== | |||
====Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation==== | |||
The Routes to Roots site contains articles, essays, maps, archivist insights, and an archival inventory for Jewish research in Ukraine and other Eastern European countries. The website also contains a database of record inventories that is searchable by town. The search for documents in Eastern European ancestral towns is complicated, partly because of the destruction of documents during the Holocaust and changing borders and names. Only the first few letters of the town needs to be known, as all towns beginning with those letters will appear in the list. Some towns will even be cross-referenced with spelling variations or name changes. However, to determine the current spelling of a town, consult the [https://www.jewishgen.org/communities/loctown.asp JewishGen Gazetteer] or ''Where Once We Walked'' by Mokotoff and Sack. The database will note the types of documents that has survived for that town, including army lists, Jewish vital records, family lists, census records, voter and tax lists, immigration documents, Holocaust material, school records, occupational lists, and more. The span of years covered by these documents and where to find them will also be provided. Records in the archives can be accessed on various websites or databases (such as [https://www.jewishgen.org/ JewishGen]) in person at the archives, by writing to the archives directly, or by hiring a professional researcher to do the work. By consolidating data from five Eastern European countries, researchers can easily determine which records are kept by which archives or repositories.<ref>Weiner, Miriam. "Eastern European Archival Database Planned". ''AVOTAYNU'' XVII no. 3 (Fall 2001): 3-5.</ref> | |||
*See [http://www.rtrfoundation.org/ Routes to Roots Foundation] and '''hover over Ukraine''' for a Genealogical and Family History guide to Jewish and civil records in Eastern Europe | *See [http://www.rtrfoundation.org/ Routes to Roots Foundation] and '''hover over Ukraine''' for a Genealogical and Family History guide to Jewish and civil records in Eastern Europe | ||
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See [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Harkavycollect.pdf this document] for an inventory of Jewish related resources found in the Pinkassim Vernadskiy Library in Kiev, Ukraine. Various society, memorial books, lists of merchants and other records are available. | See [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Harkavycollect.pdf this document] for an inventory of Jewish related resources found in the Pinkassim Vernadskiy Library in Kiev, Ukraine. Various society, memorial books, lists of merchants and other records are available. | ||
===Tsal Kaplun Foundation (TKF)=== | ====Tsal Kaplun Foundation (TKF)==== | ||
[https://www.tkfgen.org TKF] seeks to locate and share knowledge about Jewish communities in Eastern Europe. There are several resources available on their website including: | [https://www.tkfgen.org TKF] seeks to locate and share knowledge about Jewish communities in Eastern Europe. There are several resources available on their website including an[https://www.tkfgen.org/inventory_archives.html Inventory of Jewish Records in Archives] | ||
==Cemeteries== | |||
*[https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/ukraine/ JewishGen Ukraine Database] - includes entries from the JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry. | |||
*[https://toldot.ru/life/cemetery/ Toldot], database of Jewish graves in Ukraine and Russia. The site can be searched in English. | |||
*[https://mitzvatemet.com/ru/burials Mitzvatemet], database of Jewish graves in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Lithuania. | |||
==Holocaust== | |||
*[https://portal.ehri-project.eu/ European Holocaust Research Infrastructure Online Portal] offers information on Holocaust archival material held in institutions in Europe and throughout the world. | |||
*[https://arolsen-archives.org/en/search-explore/search-online-archive/ Arolsen Archives,] also known as the International Center on Nazi Persecution, is one of the largest archives on the victims of Nazi persecution. Many of their holdings are available to research online. | |||
*[https://yvng.yadvashem.org/index.html?language=en Yad Vashem Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names] is a database of victims of the Holocaust. | |||
==Yizkor Books== | |||
Yizkor books are memorial books commemorating a Jewish community that was destroyed during the Holocaust. Books are usually published by former residents and records the remembrance of homes, people and ways of life lost during World War II. Most books are written in Yiddish or Hebrew, but in recent years, many have been translated and made available online. Take a look at the [https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ JewishGen Yizkor Book Project] to locate a translation or Yizkor book for your locality of interest. | |||
== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
*[https://www.jewishgen.org/Ukraine/ JewishGen Ukraine SIG] | |||
*[https://www.geshergalicia.org/ Gesher Galicia SIG] | |||
*[https://www.jewishgen.org/romsig/ Romanian SIG] (including Moldova and southern Ukraine) | |||
*[https://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Ukraine.html JewishGen KehilaLinks Ukraine] | |||
*[https://libraria.ua/en/collections/23/ Interwar Jewish Press of Galicia, Volhynia, and Bukowina] | |||
*Get ideas and help with Ukrainian Genealogy at [https://www.facebook.com/pg/Jewua.info Jewish Genealogy at Ukraine Facebook]. | *Get ideas and help with Ukrainian Genealogy at [https://www.facebook.com/pg/Jewua.info Jewish Genealogy at Ukraine Facebook]. | ||
*[https://www.tkfgen.org/archive_montefiore.html Montefiore Censuses of the Holy Land (XIX Century)] citizens from Palestine who arrived from the Russian Empire. | |||
*[https://feefhs.org/resource/ukraine Federation for East European Family History Studies Ukraine Resources] | |||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Jewish Records]] | [[Category:Jewish Records]] | ||
[[Category:Jewish Records by Country, Region, and City]] | [[Category:Jewish Records by Country, Region, and City]] | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||