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'''1622: '''The Pfalz suffers great destruction in the war. | '''1622: '''The Pfalz suffers great destruction in the war. | ||
'''1648:''' Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War. Many borders are shifted.<br> | '''1648:''' Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War. Many borders are shifted.<br> | ||
'''1683: ''' The first permanent German settlement in the United States is founded at Germantown, Pennsylvania. | '''1683: ''' The first permanent German settlement in the United States is founded at Germantown, Pennsylvania. | ||
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'''1722: ''' Austro-Hungarian monarchs begin inviting Germans to settle parts of their empire. | '''1722: ''' Austro-Hungarian monarchs begin inviting Germans to settle parts of their empire. | ||
'''1742:''' Prussia (Preußen) annexes Silesia (Schlesien).<br> | '''1742:''' Prussia (Preußen) annexes Silesia (Schlesien).<br> | ||
'''1763:''' Catherine the Great begins inviting Germans to settle in Russia.<br> | '''1763:''' Catherine the Great begins inviting Germans to settle in Russia.<br> | ||
'''1772:''' First Partition of Poland: Prussia annexes West Prussia.<br> | '''1772:''' First Partition of Poland: Prussia annexes West Prussia.<br> | ||
'''1792:''' France starts civil registration west of the Rhein. Some church records are interrupted.<br> | '''1792:''' France starts civil registration west of the Rhein. Some church records are interrupted.<br> | ||
'''1793:''' Second Partition of Poland: Prussia annexes Posen province and parts to the east.<br> | '''1793:''' Second Partition of Poland: Prussia annexes Posen province and parts to the east.<br> | ||
'''1795:''' Third Partition of Poland: Prussia annexes most of the rest of today's Poland, incl. Warsaw, Bialystok and parts of Lithuania.<br> | '''1795:''' Third Partition of Poland: Prussia annexes most of the rest of today's Poland, incl. Warsaw, Bialystok and parts of Lithuania.<br> | ||
'''1795:''' Napoleon begins to conquer most of Europe. Civil registration introduced in parts of Germany held by France. Jews treated as citizens, encouraged to adopt fixed surnames.'''<br>'''<nowiki | '''1795:''' Napoleon begins to conquer most of Europe. Civil registration introduced in parts of Germany held by France. Jews treated as citizens, encouraged to adopt fixed surnames.'''<br>'''<nowiki /> | ||
'''1806:''' Europe reorganized under Napoleonic design. "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" no longer exists, replaced by Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire and various kingdoms and principalities across Germany. Prussia is defeated; loses almost all territories from Partitions.<br> | '''1806:''' Europe reorganized under Napoleonic design. "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" no longer exists, replaced by Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire and various kingdoms and principalities across Germany. Prussia is defeated; loses almost all territories from Partitions.<br> | ||
'''1812:''' Emancipation of Prussian Jews. Surname adoption mandatory. Jewish vital records kept by local governments.<br> | '''1812:''' Emancipation of Prussian Jews. Surname adoption mandatory. Jewish vital records kept by local governments.<br> | ||
'''1814: ''' Napoleon weakens. German states begin to reorganize under the leadership of Preußen. | '''1814: ''' Napoleon weakens. German states begin to reorganize under the leadership of Preußen. | ||
'''1815:''' Congress of Vienna effectively sets most of Europe's national boundaries for the next century.<br> | '''1815:''' Congress of Vienna effectively sets most of Europe's national boundaries for the next century.<br> | ||
'''1828: '''Patronymic naming is abolished in Schleswig-Holstein (then part of Denmark). | '''1828: '''Patronymic naming is abolished in Schleswig-Holstein (then part of Denmark). | ||
'''1833:''' Prussia offers citizenship to some of Posen's Jews.<br> | '''1833:''' Prussia offers citizenship to some of Posen's Jews.<br> | ||
'''1848'''<nowiki>: German Revolution. Emigration to the United States increases.</nowiki> | '''1848'''<nowiki>: German Revolution. Emigration to the United States increases.</nowiki> | ||
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'''1864'''<nowiki>: Preußen conquers Schleswig-Holstein.</nowiki> | '''1864'''<nowiki>: Preußen conquers Schleswig-Holstein.</nowiki> | ||
'''1871:'''Franco-Prussian War ends. Elsaß-Lothringen comes under German rule. German Empire established as a single nation state.<br> | '''1871:'''Franco-Prussian War ends. Elsaß-Lothringen comes under German rule. German Empire established as a single nation state.<br> | ||
'''1874:'''Preußen introduces civil registration. | '''1874:'''Preußen introduces civil registration. | ||
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The Gregorian calendar was finally accepted throughout Germany in 1700, when the Protestant commission adopted the new calendar. In that year, 18 February was followed by 1 March. | The Gregorian calendar was finally accepted throughout Germany in 1700, when the Protestant commission adopted the new calendar. In that year, 18 February was followed by 1 March. | ||
'''Feast Dates.''' Date calculation tables are available to convert church feast dates to days of the month (see “[[Germany Church Records# | '''Feast Dates.''' Date calculation tables are available to convert church feast dates to days of the month (see “[[Germany Church Records#Feast_Dates|Feast Dates]]” under the “CHURCH RECORDS” section), but there are separate tables for calculating dates in Julian and in Gregorian years. It is, therefore, important to know the year in which the calendar changed in the area you are searching. You can find a list of over 30 German territories showing exactly when they officially shifted to the Gregorian calendar on pages 317 to 318 of Ribbe's Taschenbuch für Familiengeschichtsforschung. Individual parishes or villages in a region may have lagged behind the rest of the region in making the change. | ||
'''Double Dating.''' When an area changed from Julian to Gregorian calendars, the first day of the year changed to 1 January. Before the change, the first day of the year was 25 March. Pre-change dates may be confusing. For example, before the change, 24 March 1565 was followed by 25 March 1566. Many researchers record dates between 1 January and 24 March with two years, using a technique called double dating. An example of a pre-change date using double dating is 16 February 1573/1574. | '''Double Dating.''' When an area changed from Julian to Gregorian calendars, the first day of the year changed to 1 January. Before the change, the first day of the year was 25 March. Pre-change dates may be confusing. For example, before the change, 24 March 1565 was followed by 25 March 1566. Many researchers record dates between 1 January and 24 March with two years, using a technique called double dating. An example of a pre-change date using double dating is 16 February 1573/1574. | ||
'''French Republican Calendar.''' From 1793 to 1805, many parts of Germany under French control used the French Republican calendar. This calendar was based on the founding of the French Republic, and its days and months were unrelated to the Gregorian calendar. For details see the | '''French Republican Calendar.''' From 1793 to 1805, many parts of Germany under French control used the French Republican calendar. This calendar was based on the founding of the French Republic, and its days and months were unrelated to the Gregorian calendar. For details see the [[French Republican Calendar]]. | ||
[[Category:Germany]] | [[Category:Germany]] | ||