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→Historical Background
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In 1795, the old Kingdom of Poland was conquered and divided among Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The state of Poland ceased to exist. | In 1795, the old Kingdom of Poland was conquered and divided among Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The state of Poland ceased to exist. | ||
====Russian Poland==== | |||
'''Duchy of Warsaw:'''In 1807 Napoleon created a new Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw. It was fashioned out of territories previously seized by Prussia In 1809 Napoleon’s forces won additional Polish territory from Austria, and the enlarged Polish state was called the Duchy of Warsaw. Civil registration of births, marriages, deaths, and sometimes of marriage intentions was initiated according to the Code of Napoleon in the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw on May 1st, 1808. After the Russian government assumed control upon the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the practice of maintaining civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths continued even after Poland became an independent republic in 1918. Civil registers in the Napoleonic format are found in all of Russian Poland, in Kraków and in parts of the Prussian province of Posen, which are all formerly part of the old Grand Duchy of Warsaw. | '''Duchy of Warsaw:''' In 1807, Napoleon created a new Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw. It was fashioned out of territories previously seized by Prussia In 1809 Napoleon’s forces won additional Polish territory from Austria, and the enlarged Polish state was called the Duchy of Warsaw. Civil registration of births, marriages, deaths, and sometimes of marriage intentions was initiated according to the Code of Napoleon in the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw on May 1st, 1808. After the Russian government assumed control upon the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the practice of maintaining civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths continued even after Poland became an independent republic in 1918. Civil registers in the Napoleonic format are found in all of Russian Poland, in Kraków and in parts of the Prussian province of Posen, which are all formerly part of the old Grand Duchy of Warsaw. | ||
'''Civil transcripts:''' Civil registration started when the clergy were required to make civil copies of birth, marriage, and death records. These are known as civil transcripts of church records (see [[Poland Church Records]]). Because the church was involved in early civil registration, it is difficult to clearly distinguish between civil registration and church records. | '''Civil transcripts:''' Civil registration started when the clergy were required to make civil copies of birth, marriage, and death records. These are known as civil transcripts of church records (see [[Poland Church Records]]). Because the church was involved in early civil registration, it is difficult to clearly distinguish between civil registration and church records. | ||
In accordance with the law, metrical books were to be kept by state officials. Because there were not enough state officials to perform the duties, the clergy were frequently appointed as civil registrars. Catholic clergy were responsible for all civil registration from 1808 until 1825. Beginning in 1826, Jews, Evangelical Lutherans, Protestants, Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, etc.) were allowed to maintain separate civil registers. From 1826 on, metrical documents were once more church records in nature, but their form remained true to that of the Napoleonic Code. | In accordance with the law, metrical books were to be kept by state officials. Because there were not enough state officials to perform the duties, the clergy were frequently appointed as civil registrars. Catholic clergy were responsible for all civil registration from 1808 until 1825. Beginning in 1826, Jews, Evangelical Lutherans, Protestants, Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, etc.) were allowed to maintain separate civil registers. From 1826 on, metrical documents were once more church records in nature, but their form remained true to that of the Napoleonic Code. | ||
====Prussian Poland==== | |||
Civil authorities in the German territories of Poland began registering births, marriages, and deaths in 1874. The people were required to report all births, marriages, and deaths to a civil registrar (Standesamt). | |||
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|[[Image:Poland1939 physical.jpg|right|250x300px|thumb|<center>Poland1939 physical<center>]] | |[[Image:Poland1939 physical.jpg|right|250x300px|thumb|<center>Poland1939 physical<center>]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Austrian Poland | ====Austrian Poland==== | ||
In the former Austrian territories, conventional civil registration did not begin until after the establishment of the Republic of Poland in 1918. | |||
=== Language of the Records === | === Language of the Records === | ||