Scotland Probate Records: Difference between revisions
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Scotland has no 'probate' records - the term is 'confirmation.' The primary document is called a 'testament.' | Scotland has no 'probate' records - the term is 'confirmation.' The primary document is called a 'testament.' | ||
== Online Resources == | |||
*[https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/advanced-search#{%22category%22:%22legal%22,%22record%22:%22legal-wills-testaments%22} ScotlandsPeople: Wills and testaments] ($) - free, searchable index but pay to see image | |||
*[https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=60558 Scotland, National Probate Index (Calendar of Confirmations and Inventories), 1876-1936] ($) | |||
*[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6344 Aberdeen, Scotland, Register of Testaments, 1715-1800] ($) | |||
*[https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1904&geo_a=r&o_iid=62817&o_lid=62817&o_sch=Web+Property England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966, 1973-1995] ($) - may include wills of Scottish people. | |||
'''To learn more about Scottish probate records:''' | |||
*[https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/guides/wills-and-testaments ScotlandsPeople] | |||
*[https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/guides/wills-and-testaments National Records of Scotland] | |||
== Historical Background == | == Historical Background == | ||
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On the other hand, as there were very strict rules about the distribution of ''moveable'' property, there was no need to name a widow/widower or children, and often they are not named at all. | On the other hand, as there were very strict rules about the distribution of ''moveable'' property, there was no need to name a widow/widower or children, and often they are not named at all. | ||
Essentially, a surviving spouse had to inherit a third, the children one third and the deceased could dispose of the last third (''the deid's part'') by a ''latterwill'' or ''legacie''. | Essentially, a surviving spouse had to inherit a third, the children one third and the deceased could dispose of the last third (''the deid's part'') by a ''latterwill'' or ''legacie''. There were further rules to complicate matters, but that's the essentials of it. | ||
=== Movable Property Only === | === Movable Property Only === | ||
In Scotland before 1868, it was not possible to leave ''immoveable'' property (land, buildings, titles or other ''heritables'') to a person by means of a will. It was only possible to give personal property, known as ''moveable'' property, by means of a testament. | |||
In Scotland before 1868, it was not possible to leave ''immoveable'' property | |||
There are two types of testaments: | There are two types of testaments: | ||
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=== Immovable Property === | === Immovable Property === | ||
To inherit immovable property such as land, heirs had to prove | To inherit immovable property such as land, heirs had to prove to an ''Inquisition'' (essentially a jury of local people) their right to inherit. The records granting these rights are called [[Service of Heirs or Retours|''retours'' or ''services of heirs'']]. Records of actual transfers of land are called ''[[Sasines|sasines]]''. You will find more information about these records in the [[Scotland Land and Property|Land and Property]] section of the Wiki. | ||
== Determining Court Jurisdictions == | == Determining Court Jurisdictions == | ||
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Before the Scottish Reformation and the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in 1592, confirmation of testaments was the prerogative of Episcopal (bishop’s) courts. Their subordinates, called official or ''commissariat ''courts actually carried out the probate function. | Before the Scottish Reformation and the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in 1592, confirmation of testaments was the prerogative of Episcopal (bishop’s) courts. Their subordinates, called official or ''commissariat ''courts actually carried out the probate function. | ||
After the reformation in 1560, fifteen (eventually 22) commissariats were established by royal authority. The principal commissariat court was in Edinburgh, and it had both local and general jurisdiction. The territorial extent of the commissariat courts paid little attention to county boundaries. | After the reformation in 1560, fifteen (eventually 22) commissariats were established by royal authority. The principal commissariat court was in Edinburgh, and it had both local and general jurisdiction. The territorial extent of the commissariat courts paid little attention to county boundaries. This system stayed in force until the end of 1823. | ||
To help you determine which commissariat court had jurisdiction over which parishes and counties, go to | To help you determine which commissariat court had jurisdiction over which parishes and counties, go to [https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/research-guides/searching-place ScotlandsPeople] to learn how to find the jurisdiction. The County guides will be the most beneficial in finding the correct court. | ||
*''Testaments and | Also available: | ||
*Cecil Sinclair. ''Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors: A Guide to Ancestry Research in the Scottish Record Office''. Edinburgh, Scotland: Her Magesty’s Stationery Office, 1990. ( | *''Testaments and commissariot courts of Scotland, 1972''. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1972. (FHL call no. {{FHL|425488|title-id|disp=941 P2gs}}.) | ||
*Cecil Sinclair. ''Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors: A Guide to Ancestry Research in the Scottish Record Office''. Edinburgh, Scotland: Her Magesty’s Stationery Office, 1990. (FHL call no. {{FHL|941 D27s|disp=941 D27s}}). Identifies court(s) by county along with ending dates for Commissariot and beginning dates for Sheriffs Court, which often overlap. | |||
*Kathleen Cory. ''Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors, Third Edition''. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2004. Appendix III provides a table listing all parishes, among other things identifying Commissariot(s) which included that parish, and date of first testament or inventory for the parish. | *Kathleen Cory. ''Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors, Third Edition''. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2004. Appendix III provides a table listing all parishes, among other things identifying Commissariot(s) which included that parish, and date of first testament or inventory for the parish. | ||
But bear in mind there was no compulsion to have a testament confirmed in any particular commissariat, and many chose to use the Edinburgh court (as the premier one). So it may be necessary to search them all. | But bear in mind there was no compulsion to have a testament confirmed in any particular commissariat, and many chose to use the Edinburgh court (as the premier one). So it may be necessary to search them all. | ||
After | After 1823 (the system took a few years to fully evolve), testaments were confirmed by commissariat departments within the sheriff courts. The boundaries of these courts’ jurisdictions are the same as the county boundaries, but the names of the courts are not necessarily the same as the names of the counties. | ||
To determine a court after 1823 you need only know in which county your ancestor lived. You can then use the records of the sheriff court for that county. Lists of the counties and their sheriff courts are found on the website and in the guides mentioned above. This list | To determine a court after 1823 you need only know in which county your ancestor lived. You can then use the records of the sheriff court for that county. Lists of the counties and their sheriff courts are found on the website and in the guides mentioned above. This list comes from [https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/guides ScotlandsPeople]. | ||
In 1876 the commissariats were absorbed by the sheriff courts, which now handle executory matters. | In 1876 the commissariats were absorbed by the sheriff courts, which now handle executory matters. | ||
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The original records of the commissariat and sheriff courts are housed at the [http://www.nas.gov.uk/ National Archives of Scotland] in Edinburgh. | The original records of the commissariat and sheriff courts are housed at the [http://www.nas.gov.uk/ National Archives of Scotland] in Edinburgh. | ||
The Family History Library has microfilm copies of the commissariat court records to 1823 and some sheriff court records. To find these records, look in the Locality Search of the [ | The Family History Library has microfilm copies of the commissariat court records to 1823 and some sheriff court records. To find these records, look in the Locality Search of the [https://www.familysearch.org/catalog/search FamilySearch Catalog] under: | ||
*Scotland -- Probate records | *Scotland -- Probate records | ||
*Scotland, [County] -- Probate records | *Scotland, [County] -- Probate records | ||
You may also access testamentary records online through the ScotlandsPeople web site (see Indexes below). | You may also access testamentary records online through the ScotlandsPeople web site (see Indexes below). | ||
=== Indexes to Testamentary Records === | === Indexes to Testamentary Records === | ||
To find a record of interest, you should first search an index. Scottish testamentary records, for 1513-1925, are indexed online on the [http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk ScotlandsPeople] website. | To find a record of interest, you should first search an index. Scottish testamentary records, for 1513-1925, are indexed online on the [http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk ScotlandsPeople] website. You must register to use the website then it is free to search the index. Once you have found a probate of interest in the index, you may pay to view a copy of the records if you wish, then you can print and/or save it to your computer. | ||
Other printed and microfilmed indexes are available through FamilySearch. | Other printed and microfilmed indexes are available through FamilySearch. To find them listed in the [https://www.familysearch.org/catalog/search FamilySearch Catalog], do a Place search for: | ||
*Scotland -- Probate records--Indexes | *Scotland -- Probate records--Indexes | ||
*Scotland, [County] -- Probate records--Indexes | *Scotland, [County] -- Probate records--Indexes | ||
For the years 1876-1936 | For the years 1876-1936, the FHL has bound volumes and microfilms of the [https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/307501 Calendars of Confirmations and Inventories]. You can obtain information from the Confirmations such as name of deceased, where living at time of death, when and where died, occupation, and the person or persons named as executors or administrators. | ||
=== Difficulties in Finding a | === Difficulties in Finding a Testament === | ||
If you have difficulty locating a testament, keep these points in mind: | If you have difficulty locating a testament, keep these points in mind: | ||
*Only a small percentage of the population of Scotland left testaments. | *Only a small percentage of the population of Scotland left testaments. | ||
*A person’s pre-1823 testament could have been proved in the Commissary Court of Edinburgh, or any other commissariat, | *A person’s pre-1823 testament could have been proved in the Commissary Court of Edinburgh, or any other commissariat, even though he or she lived elsewhere in the country. | ||
*A person’s post-1823 testament could have been proved in the Sheriff Court of Edinburgh even though he or she lived elsewhere in the country. | *A person’s post-1823 testament could have been proved in the Sheriff Court of Edinburgh even though he or she lived elsewhere in the country. | ||
*A person who died outside of Scotland but who owned property within Scotland would have his or her testament proved in an Edinburgh court | *A person who died outside of Scotland but who owned property within Scotland would have his or her testament proved in an Edinburgh court and sometimes also in an English court, such as the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (available by searching the [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Home/OnlineCollections The National Archives] | ||
*Testaments for women may be under their maiden name. | *Testaments for women may be under their maiden name. | ||
===Books to Help Understanding Testaments === | ===Books to Help Understanding Testaments === | ||
*Burness, Lawrence. | *Burness, Lawrence. ''A Scottish Genealogist’s Glossary''. Aberdeen: Aberdeen & North East Scotland Family History Society, c1990. (FHL call no. 941 D27bL) | ||
*Burness, Lawrence. | *Burness, Lawrence. ''A Scottish Historian’s Glossary''. [Scotland]: Scottish Association of Family History Societies, c1997. (FHL call no. 941 H26b) | ||
* | *''Encyclopedia of the Laws of Scotland''. 16 vols and 2 supps. Edinburgh: W. Green & Son, Ltd., 1926. (FHL call no. 941 P36e) Note: Vol. 11 is available at [http://www.archive.org/details/greensencyclopae11chis archive.org] | ||
*Gibb, Andrew Dewar. | *Gibb, Andrew Dewar. ''Student’s Glossary of Scottish Legal Terms''. Edinburgh: W. Green & Son, Ltd., 1946 (FHL call no. 941 P36g) | ||
*Gouldesbrough, Peter. | *Gouldesbrough, Peter. ''Formulary of Old Scots Legal Documents''. Vol. 36 Edinburgh: The Stair Society, 1985. (FHL call no. 941 B4st v. 36) | ||
{{Template:Pros-Scot}} | {{Template:Pros-Scot}} | ||
Revision as of 10:31, 22 June 2018
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Scotland has no 'probate' records - the term is 'confirmation.' The primary document is called a 'testament.'
Online Resources[edit | edit source]
- ScotlandsPeople: Wills and testaments ($) - free, searchable index but pay to see image
- Scotland, National Probate Index (Calendar of Confirmations and Inventories), 1876-1936 ($)
- Aberdeen, Scotland, Register of Testaments, 1715-1800 ($)
- England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966, 1973-1995 ($) - may include wills of Scottish people.
To learn more about Scottish probate records:
Historical Background[edit | edit source]
Testaments are court records dealing with the distribution of a person’s estate after death. These records can be very helpful because they were recorded long before statutory birth, marriage, and death registration began in 1855. Testaments were made primarily by the middle and upper classes, most of whom were:
- Nobility
- Gentry
- Merchants
- Tradesmen.
However, they are a very valuable source not to be overlooked regardless of the social standing of your ancestors.
Information recorded in testaments may include:
- Death dates
- Names of Heirs and Guardian
- Relationships
- Residences
- Inventories of the estate (including household goods)
- Names of witnesses.
On the other hand, as there were very strict rules about the distribution of moveable property, there was no need to name a widow/widower or children, and often they are not named at all.
Essentially, a surviving spouse had to inherit a third, the children one third and the deceased could dispose of the last third (the deid's part) by a latterwill or legacie. There were further rules to complicate matters, but that's the essentials of it.
Movable Property Only[edit | edit source]
In Scotland before 1868, it was not possible to leave immoveable property (land, buildings, titles or other heritables) to a person by means of a will. It was only possible to give personal property, known as moveable property, by means of a testament.
There are two types of testaments:
- If a person died leaving a testament that named an executor, the document confirming that executorship and the attached testament is called a testament testamentar. This will include a latterwill or legacie expressing the deceased's wishes.
- If a person died without leaving a testament and the court appointed an executor to administer the estate, then the confirming document is called a testament dative.
- Both of these will also contain an inventar (inventory of moveable property)
Immovable Property[edit | edit source]
To inherit immovable property such as land, heirs had to prove to an Inquisition (essentially a jury of local people) their right to inherit. The records granting these rights are called retours or services of heirs. Records of actual transfers of land are called sasines. You will find more information about these records in the Land and Property section of the Wiki.
Determining Court Jurisdictions[edit | edit source]
Before the Scottish Reformation and the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in 1592, confirmation of testaments was the prerogative of Episcopal (bishop’s) courts. Their subordinates, called official or commissariat courts actually carried out the probate function.
After the reformation in 1560, fifteen (eventually 22) commissariats were established by royal authority. The principal commissariat court was in Edinburgh, and it had both local and general jurisdiction. The territorial extent of the commissariat courts paid little attention to county boundaries. This system stayed in force until the end of 1823.
To help you determine which commissariat court had jurisdiction over which parishes and counties, go to ScotlandsPeople to learn how to find the jurisdiction. The County guides will be the most beneficial in finding the correct court.
Also available:
- Testaments and commissariot courts of Scotland, 1972. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1972. (FHL call no. 941 P2gs.)
- Cecil Sinclair. Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors: A Guide to Ancestry Research in the Scottish Record Office. Edinburgh, Scotland: Her Magesty’s Stationery Office, 1990. (FHL call no. 941 D27s). Identifies court(s) by county along with ending dates for Commissariot and beginning dates for Sheriffs Court, which often overlap.
- Kathleen Cory. Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors, Third Edition. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2004. Appendix III provides a table listing all parishes, among other things identifying Commissariot(s) which included that parish, and date of first testament or inventory for the parish.
But bear in mind there was no compulsion to have a testament confirmed in any particular commissariat, and many chose to use the Edinburgh court (as the premier one). So it may be necessary to search them all.
After 1823 (the system took a few years to fully evolve), testaments were confirmed by commissariat departments within the sheriff courts. The boundaries of these courts’ jurisdictions are the same as the county boundaries, but the names of the courts are not necessarily the same as the names of the counties.
To determine a court after 1823 you need only know in which county your ancestor lived. You can then use the records of the sheriff court for that county. Lists of the counties and their sheriff courts are found on the website and in the guides mentioned above. This list comes from ScotlandsPeople.
In 1876 the commissariats were absorbed by the sheriff courts, which now handle executory matters.
Finding Testamentary Records[edit | edit source]
The original records of the commissariat and sheriff courts are housed at the National Archives of Scotland in Edinburgh.
The Family History Library has microfilm copies of the commissariat court records to 1823 and some sheriff court records. To find these records, look in the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:
- Scotland -- Probate records
- Scotland, [County] -- Probate records
You may also access testamentary records online through the ScotlandsPeople web site (see Indexes below).
Indexes to Testamentary Records[edit | edit source]
To find a record of interest, you should first search an index. Scottish testamentary records, for 1513-1925, are indexed online on the ScotlandsPeople website. You must register to use the website then it is free to search the index. Once you have found a probate of interest in the index, you may pay to view a copy of the records if you wish, then you can print and/or save it to your computer.
Other printed and microfilmed indexes are available through FamilySearch. To find them listed in the FamilySearch Catalog, do a Place search for:
- Scotland -- Probate records--Indexes
- Scotland, [County] -- Probate records--Indexes
For the years 1876-1936, the FHL has bound volumes and microfilms of the Calendars of Confirmations and Inventories. You can obtain information from the Confirmations such as name of deceased, where living at time of death, when and where died, occupation, and the person or persons named as executors or administrators.
Difficulties in Finding a Testament[edit | edit source]
If you have difficulty locating a testament, keep these points in mind:
- Only a small percentage of the population of Scotland left testaments.
- A person’s pre-1823 testament could have been proved in the Commissary Court of Edinburgh, or any other commissariat, even though he or she lived elsewhere in the country.
- A person’s post-1823 testament could have been proved in the Sheriff Court of Edinburgh even though he or she lived elsewhere in the country.
- A person who died outside of Scotland but who owned property within Scotland would have his or her testament proved in an Edinburgh court and sometimes also in an English court, such as the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (available by searching the The National Archives
- Testaments for women may be under their maiden name.
Books to Help Understanding Testaments[edit | edit source]
- Burness, Lawrence. A Scottish Genealogist’s Glossary. Aberdeen: Aberdeen & North East Scotland Family History Society, c1990. (FHL call no. 941 D27bL)
- Burness, Lawrence. A Scottish Historian’s Glossary. [Scotland]: Scottish Association of Family History Societies, c1997. (FHL call no. 941 H26b)
- Encyclopedia of the Laws of Scotland. 16 vols and 2 supps. Edinburgh: W. Green & Son, Ltd., 1926. (FHL call no. 941 P36e) Note: Vol. 11 is available at archive.org
- Gibb, Andrew Dewar. Student’s Glossary of Scottish Legal Terms. Edinburgh: W. Green & Son, Ltd., 1946 (FHL call no. 941 P36g)
- Gouldesbrough, Peter. Formulary of Old Scots Legal Documents. Vol. 36 Edinburgh: The Stair Society, 1985. (FHL call no. 941 B4st v. 36)
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