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'''Alternate Names:''' Nimi'ipuu, Chopuunish, Sahaptin<br>'''Ancestral Homelands:''' The Nez Perce ranged from northeastern Oregon and western Washington, across north-central Idaho and as far east as the headwaters of the Missouri River in Montana. | '''Alternate Names:''' Nimi'ipuu, Chopuunish, Sahaptin<br>'''Ancestral Homelands:''' The Nez Perce ranged from northeastern Oregon and western Washington, across north-central Idaho and as far east as the headwaters of the Missouri River in Montana. | ||
== History | == History == | ||
==== Brief Timeline ==== | <br>The first reported contact with non-Indians occurred in 1805 when the Lewis and Clark Expedition explored the area. The Nez Perce Indians, also known as the Nimi'ipuu, have been known by other names, as well. Lewis and Clark called them the Chopuunish, and later writers called them the Sahaptin. | ||
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Interaction with missionaries began in 1836 when a Presbyterian mission was extablished by Henry Harmon Spalding and his wife, Eliza. Father Joseph Cataldo was the first Catholic missionary, and the St. Joseph Catholic mission was established in 1874. | |||
By a Treaty of 1855, the tribe was confined to a reservation in the Wallowa Valley in Oregon and a large area of central Idaho. On March 6, 1856 the Nez Perce tribe furnished horses to the Oregon Mounted Volunteers. The tribe was later reimbursed in a treaty signed June 9, 1863. | |||
When the federal government wanted to further confine the tribe to the Idaho portion of the reservation in 1877, Chief Joseph and his followers who did not want to be restricted to the new boundaries of the reservation, resisted in what became known as the Nez Perce War. As a result of their defeat in this resistance, Chief Joseph led his followers on a march to try to reach Canada, but was stopped about 40 miles short of his goal, surrounded by U.S. soldiers, and forced to surrender in October of 1877. Their flight had taken several months of evading a pursuing army and had covered approximately 1700 miles. Chief Joseph and his followers were sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and thence to the Ponca Reservation in Indian Territory. In 1885, they were allowed to return to the Pacific Northwest, but were confined to the Colville Reservation in Washington. | |||
The remainder of the Nez Perce who had not resisted being restricted to a smaller reservation, remained at the Nez Perce Reservation in north-central Idaho. | |||
The Nez Perce now reside mostly on the reservation near Lapwai, Idaho, with a few descendants of the tribe, principally Chief Joseph's Band, still residing on the Colville Reservation and with the Coeur d'Alene Indians in northern Idaho. | |||
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Brief Timeline ==== | |||
*1805 -- Contact between the Nez Perce and the Lewis and Clark expedition | *1805 -- Contact between the Nez Perce and the Lewis and Clark expedition | ||
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*1885: Chief Joseph and his followers were sent to the Colville Reservation in Washington | *1885: Chief Joseph and his followers were sent to the Colville Reservation in Washington | ||
*1904: Chief Joseph died at the Colville Reservation | *1904: Chief Joseph died at the Colville Reservation | ||
==== Reservations ==== | ==== Reservations ==== | ||
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Most of the original records created by agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs remain in the Agency Office in Lapwai, Idaho. However, some have been transferred to the National Archives in Washington, DC or to the Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Seattle, Washington. These include census records, land records, school records, etc. For a more complete description of the agency records pertaining to the Nez Perce Indians, see: | Most of the original records created by agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs remain in the Agency Office in Lapwai, Idaho. However, some have been transferred to the National Archives in Washington, DC or to the Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Seattle, Washington. These include census records, land records, school records, etc. For a more complete description of the agency records pertaining to the Nez Perce Indians, see: | ||
::[[ | ::[[Nez Perce Indian Agency (Idaho)|Nez Perce Agency]], 1902-1933 | ||
::Colville Agency, 1879-present (Chief Joseph's Band and their descendants) | ::Colville Agency, 1879-present (Chief Joseph's Band and their descendants) | ||
::Northern Idaho Agency, 1875-present | ::Northern Idaho Agency, 1875-present | ||