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To get started in [[American Indian Genealogy|American Indian Research]]<br> | To get started in [[American Indian Genealogy|American Indian Research]]<br> | ||
== ''' | == '''History''' == | ||
The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation. | |||
The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation. | |||
Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | ||
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Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. Knowing one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans].<br> | Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. Knowing one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans].<br> | ||
== ''' | == '''Records''' == | ||
=== U.S. - Native Relations === | === U.S. - Native Relations === | ||
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The Navajo Nation's reservation boundaries has been changing since the original reservation boundaries were established in 1868. At the same time, governmental guardianship over these lands has changed. Currently, the Navajo Nation is divided into five agencies ([[Chinle Indian Agency (Arizona)|Chinle Agency]], [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (AZ), [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (NM), [[Western Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Western Navajo Agency]], [[Fort Defiance Indian Agency|Fort Defiance Agency]], and [[Shiprock Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Shiprock Agency]]) governing a specific geographical area, with the seat of government located in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona Window Rock, Arizona]. Each of these agencies are further divided into smaller political units called [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/chapters.htm Chapters], the number of Chapters have fluctuated over the years, but there are roughly 110 Chapters. Typically, Chapters do not carry documents containing family history information, and most will refer you to the Navajo Nation offices. In addition to this, many of the documents held at the agencies have also been transferred to National and Regional archives throughout the United States.<br> | The Navajo Nation's reservation boundaries has been changing since the original reservation boundaries were established in 1868. At the same time, governmental guardianship over these lands has changed. Currently, the Navajo Nation is divided into five agencies ([[Chinle Indian Agency (Arizona)|Chinle Agency]], [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (AZ), [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (NM), [[Western Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Western Navajo Agency]], [[Fort Defiance Indian Agency|Fort Defiance Agency]], and [[Shiprock Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Shiprock Agency]]) governing a specific geographical area, with the seat of government located in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona Window Rock, Arizona]. Each of these agencies are further divided into smaller political units called [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/chapters.htm Chapters], the number of Chapters have fluctuated over the years, but there are roughly 110 Chapters. Typically, Chapters do not carry documents containing family history information, and most will refer you to the Navajo Nation offices. In addition to this, many of the documents held at the agencies have also been transferred to National and Regional archives throughout the United States.<br> | ||
==== | ==== Contact ==== | ||
Contact information for the Navajo Nation: <br>The Navajo Nation <br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515 | Contact information for the Navajo Nation: <br>The Navajo Nation <br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515 | ||
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(928) 871-6000<br> | (928) 871-6000<br> | ||
==== | ==== Reservation ==== | ||
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br> | Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br> | ||
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Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | ||
[[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|frame|center|450x375px]]<br> | [[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|frame|center|450x375px|Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg]]<br> | ||
For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]<br> | For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]<br> | ||
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For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a Certificate Degree of Indian Blood or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records. | For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a Certificate Degree of Indian Blood or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records. | ||
==== | ==== Enrollment ==== | ||
For those interested in becoming an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation, contact: | For those interested in becoming an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation, contact: | ||
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(928) 871-6386 or (928) 729-4020 | (928) 871-6386 or (928) 729-4020 | ||
==== | ==== Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940 ==== | ||
The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. <br><br>Here is a sample of what is available for Indian census records:<br> | The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. <br><br>Here is a sample of what is available for Indian census records:<br> | ||
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When searching for individuals, your search should also include surrounding tribal records of the Apaches, Hopis (or Moqui), Paiutes, Pueblos, and Utes. <br> | When searching for individuals, your search should also include surrounding tribal records of the Apaches, Hopis (or Moqui), Paiutes, Pueblos, and Utes. <br> | ||
==== U.S. | ==== U.S. Population Census ==== | ||
The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around boarder towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors. <br> | The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around boarder towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors. <br> | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
== ''' | == '''Other Records''' == | ||
=== Education === | === Education === | ||
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*Gaamalii (Mormons: the fat ones)<br><br> | *Gaamalii (Mormons: the fat ones)<br><br> | ||
== ''' | == '''State Resources'''<br> == | ||
As stated before, the Navajo Reservation is located in three different states, covering a number of counties.Each of these areas have resources available to the public to search for ancestors.<br> | As stated before, the Navajo Reservation is located in three different states, covering a number of counties.Each of these areas have resources available to the public to search for ancestors.<br> | ||
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*[https://library.usu.edu/ Utah State University: Merrill-Cazier Library] | *[https://library.usu.edu/ Utah State University: Merrill-Cazier Library] | ||
== ''' | == '''References''' == | ||
Some of these references will include LDS Family History Library call numbers starting with FHL.{{Wikipedia|Navajo people}} | Some of these references will include LDS Family History Library call numbers starting with FHL.{{Wikipedia|Navajo people}} | ||
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*Brugge, David M. Navajo Bibliography with Subject Index {{FHL|79971|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 N227be}} | *Brugge, David M. Navajo Bibliography with Subject Index {{FHL|79971|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 N227be}} | ||
==== | ==== Code Talkers ==== | ||
*Bruchas, Joseph. ''Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of World War Two''. | *Bruchas, Joseph. ''Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of World War Two''. | ||
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*''They Talked Navajo: "diné bi-zaad choź-iid"; the United States Marine Corps Navajo Code Talkers of World War II''; a record of their reunion, July 9-10, 1971, Window Rock, Arizona {{FHL|577462|item|disp=FHL book 970.3 N227ti}}<br> | *''They Talked Navajo: "diné bi-zaad choź-iid"; the United States Marine Corps Navajo Code Talkers of World War II''; a record of their reunion, July 9-10, 1971, Window Rock, Arizona {{FHL|577462|item|disp=FHL book 970.3 N227ti}}<br> | ||
==== | ==== Education ==== | ||
*McCarty, Teresa L. ''A Place to Be Navajo:Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling''. | *McCarty, Teresa L. ''A Place to Be Navajo:Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling''. | ||
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*Thompson, Hildegard.''The Navajos Long Walk for Education a History of Navajo Education''. | *Thompson, Hildegard.''The Navajos Long Walk for Education a History of Navajo Education''. | ||
==== | ==== General History ==== | ||
*Acrey, Bill. Navajo History: ''The Land and the People''. | *Acrey, Bill. Navajo History: ''The Land and the People''. | ||
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*Wilkins, David E.''The Navajo Political Experience'' | *Wilkins, David E.''The Navajo Political Experience'' | ||
==== | ==== Land Dispute ==== | ||
*Benally, Malcolm. ''Bitter Water: Dine' Oral Histories of the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Peoples''. | *Benally, Malcolm. ''Bitter Water: Dine' Oral Histories of the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Peoples''. | ||
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*Young, Robert W. and William Morgan. ''The Navajo Language: a Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary''. '''FHL 497.2 Y86n''' <br> | *Young, Robert W. and William Morgan. ''The Navajo Language: a Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary''. '''FHL 497.2 Y86n''' <br> | ||
==== | ==== Long Walk ==== | ||
*Bailey, Lynn Robison. ''Long Walk: A History of the Navajo Wars, 1864-1868''. | *Bailey, Lynn Robison. ''Long Walk: A History of the Navajo Wars, 1864-1868''. | ||
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Summer, R.C. Map of Navajo Reservation. National Archives: Denver FRG RG 75 FRC 753242. '''FHL 1665840 index and 1670769 item 27'''<br> | Summer, R.C. Map of Navajo Reservation. National Archives: Denver FRG RG 75 FRC 753242. '''FHL 1665840 index and 1670769 item 27'''<br> | ||
==== | ==== Government ==== | ||
* Moore, William Haas. ''Chief, Agents and Soldiers: Conflict on the Navajo Frontier 1868-1882''. '''FHL 970.3 N227m''' | * Moore, William Haas. ''Chief, Agents and Soldiers: Conflict on the Navajo Frontier 1868-1882''. '''FHL 970.3 N227m''' | ||
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*Thompson, Gerald. ''The Army and the Navajo''. '''FHL 970.3 N227t'''<br> | *Thompson, Gerald. ''The Army and the Navajo''. '''FHL 970.3 N227t'''<br> | ||
==== | ==== Navajos: Autobiographies and Biographies ==== | ||
*Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | *Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | ||
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*Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''.<br> | *Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''.<br> | ||
==== | ==== Religion ==== | ||
*Bahr, Howard M.''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1898-1921''. | *Bahr, Howard M.''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1898-1921''. | ||
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*Reichard, Gladys A. ''Navaho Religion''. | *Reichard, Gladys A. ''Navaho Religion''. | ||
==== | ==== Traders ==== | ||
*Adams, William Y. ''Shonto: A Study of the Role of the Trader in a Modern Navaho Community''. | *Adams, William Y. ''Shonto: A Study of the Role of the Trader in a Modern Navaho Community''. | ||
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=== Websites === | === Websites === | ||
==== <span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> | ==== <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Family History: On-line examples</span> ==== | ||
*[http://www.angelfire.com/rock3/countryboy79/family_tree/index.html Countryboy79 (Terry Teller)]<br> | *[http://www.angelfire.com/rock3/countryboy79/family_tree/index.html Countryboy79 (Terry Teller)]<br> | ||
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*[https://sites.google.com/site/tabaaha/family-tree Ta'baaha' family tree]<br> | *[https://sites.google.com/site/tabaaha/family-tree Ta'baaha' family tree]<br> | ||
==== | ==== Government ==== | ||
*[http://www.navajo.org/ Navajo Nation Official Web Site] | *[http://www.navajo.org/ Navajo Nation Official Web Site] | ||
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*[http://www.archives.gov/research/genealogy/start-research/ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration] | *[http://www.archives.gov/research/genealogy/start-research/ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration] | ||
==== | ==== Information ==== | ||
*[http://www.gomyson.com/Clans.php List of Navajo Clans], and Show My Clan tool and Are We Related? tool.<br> | *[http://www.gomyson.com/Clans.php List of Navajo Clans], and Show My Clan tool and Are We Related? tool.<br> | ||
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*[http://ggsc.wnmu.edu/netc/traditions/24.html Navajo Clan and Extended Family Relationships]: Cultural Differences site<br> | *[http://ggsc.wnmu.edu/netc/traditions/24.html Navajo Clan and Extended Family Relationships]: Cultural Differences site<br> | ||
==== Bibliography ==== | |||
1. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/super.html "The New Nation, 1783-1815: Government Policy Toward Native Americans: Superintendent of Indian Affairs."] | 1. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/super.html "The New Nation, 1783-1815: Government Policy Toward Native Americans: Superintendent of Indian Affairs."] | ||