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*Spanish Era (1492-1820)  
*Spanish Era (1492-1820)  
*Mexican Era (1821-1847)  
*Mexican Era (1821-1847)  
*Navajo Wars (1848-1868)
*Navajo Wars (1848-1868)<br>
*Reservation Era (1868-1927)


#Navajo Long Walk
*Reservation Era (1868-1927)
*Stock-Reduction (1928-1940)  
*Stock-Reduction (1928-1940)  
*Coming Out (1941-1969)  
*Coming Out (1941-1969)  
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Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. &nbsp;Knowning one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. &nbsp;For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans].<br>  
Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. &nbsp;Knowning one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. &nbsp;For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans].<br>  
== '''RECORDS'''  ==
=== U.S. - Native Relations  ===
When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes.&nbsp; The three main level of offices included are, Indian agents, Superintendents, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs.&nbsp; The following is a very brief explanation of what these offices entailed.&nbsp;
United States and American Indian relations began with the first acts of the Continental Congress in 1775 which passed several ordinances dealing with American Indians. &nbsp;The first was to divide administrative responsibility into three geographical districts (northern, central, and southern) with the creation of a superintendent to govern the affairs between Congress and the Native peoples.<sup>1</sup>&nbsp; It was often the case that&nbsp;''ex officio''&nbsp;superintendent of Indian affairs was usually held by Territorial governors who would help negotiate treaties and obtain titles to Indian lands. &nbsp;
Since multiple tribes lived in territorial boundaries, agents were created to govern one or more tribes or geographical areas. &nbsp;Indian agents were appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. Agents were to report to the Superintendent, but at times records were sent directly to Washington D.C.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was then created in 1824 as part of the War Department, to govern the affairs between settlers and Native peoples.&nbsp; Originally called, Heads of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, this title was later changed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs and has since been changed to Assistant Secretary of the Interior of Indian Affairs.&nbsp; When Natives were no longer considered to be a threat, the BIA was then transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849, and continues to this day.


=== <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Agencies</span>  ===
=== <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Agencies</span>  ===
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(928) 871-6000<br>  
(928) 871-6000<br>  


=== Reservation ===
==== RESERVATION ====


Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entites which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA Indian Allotee to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br>  
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entites which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA Indian Allotee to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br>  
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=== Superintendencies  ===
=== Superintendencies  ===
As stated previously, the superintendent of Indian affairs oversaw Indian agents.&nbsp; As for the Navajo Indians, at times superintendents were at odds as to whom held authority over areas occupied by the Navajos.&nbsp; Neighboring superitendents also assisted governing superintendents over the Navajos.&nbsp; Over time territorial boundaries also shifted and changed.&nbsp; The New Mexico and Arizona Superitendency are the main record holders for Navajo information.&nbsp;


*[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]]  
*[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]]  
*[[New Mexico Superintendency of Indian Affairs|New Mexico Superintenedency]]  
*[[New Mexico Superintendency of Indian Affairs|New Mexico Superintenedency]]  
*[[Colorado Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Colorado Superintendency]]<br>
*[[Colorado Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Colorado Superintendency]]<br>
See [[Navajo Nation, Arizona (Reservation)]]<br>
== '''RECORDS'''  ==
=== U.S. - Native Relations  ===
When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes.&nbsp; The three main level of offices included are, Indian agents, Superintendents, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs.&nbsp; The following is a very brief explanation of what these offices entailed.&nbsp;
United States and American Indian relations began with the first acts of the Continental Congress in 1775 which passed several ordinances dealing with American Indians. &nbsp;The first was to divide administrative responsibility into three geographical districts (northern, central, and southern) with the creation of a superintendent to govern the affairs between Congress and the Native peoples.<sup>1</sup>&nbsp; It was often the case that&nbsp;''ex officio''&nbsp;superintendent of Indian affairs was usually held by Territorial governors who would help negotiate treaties and obtain titles to Indian lands. &nbsp;
Since multiple tribes lived in territorial boundaries, agents were created to govern one or more tribes or geographical areas. &nbsp;Indian agents were appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. &nbsp;Agents were to report to the Superintendent, but at times records were sent directly to Washington D.C.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs was then created in 1824 as part of the War Department, to govern the affairs between settlers and Native peoples.&nbsp; Originally called, Heads of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, this title was later changed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs and has since been changed to Assistant Secretary of the Interior of Indian Affairs.&nbsp; When Natives were no longer considered to be a threat, the BIA was then transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849, and continues to this day.


=== Bureau of Indian Affairs  ===
=== Bureau of Indian Affairs  ===
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For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a Certificate of Indian Blood or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records.  
For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a Certificate of Indian Blood or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records.  
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==== ENROLLMENT  ====
==== ENROLLMENT  ====
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