Choctaw Nation

Choctaw Indian-Pisatuntema in Partial Native Dress with Choctaw Indian Native Hairstyle1909.jpg

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Various Spellings: Choctaw, Chactaw, Chaktaw, Chatha

The Choctaw Tribe is primarily associated with the states of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and Oklahoma. See below for at least a partial lists of groups of Choctaw Indians and the reservations associated with each.

The Choctaw Tribe is one of the Five Civilized Tribes

Tribal Headquarters

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Box 1210
Durant, OK 74702-1210
Phone: 1.800.522.6170

• Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Official Website

History

A Muscogean based tribe, the Choctaw is similar to the Creek Confederation. The Choctaw evolved from multiple smaller tribes that shared similar language and culture. The Choctaw were early allies of the French, Spanish and British during the 18th century. In the 1750's the tribe was involved in a Civil War that decimated whole villages. The division was driven by factions affiliated with the Spanish and the other the French. In the 18th century the Choctaw were generally at war with the Creeks or theChickasaw Indians. The Choctaw like all of the Muscogean tribes was a matriarchal and clan culture.

Brief Timeline

1540: De Soto first recorded non Indian to encounter the tribe

1763: with the French surrendered to the British many moved west of Mississippi

1784: Treaty with Spain

1786: Treaty of Hopewell

1792: Treaty talks with Spain and United States

1801: Treaty of Fort Adams

1802: Treaty of Fort Confederation

1803: Treaty of Hoe Buckintoupa

1805: Treaty of Mount Dexter

1816: Treaty of Fort St. Stephens

1820: Treaty of Doak's Stand; ceded some land

1825: Treaty of Washington City

1825: Tribal population: 21,000 (Mississippi and Alabama) reported by T. C. Mc Kenny- Indian Office

1830: Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, * (Article 14 - removal)

1831-1833: First of Five Civilized Tribes forced from their homeland. Removed to Indian Territory.

• Part of the Tribe 5-6,000 individuals remained in Mississippi and became known as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw who were recognized in 1945.

1838: First testimonies taken in what is known as the Net Proceeds Case.

1844: Second set of testimonies taken in what is known as the Net Proceeds Case.

1855:Treaty with the Chickasaw, gives Chickasaw nation their own land from lands of the Choctaw.

1856: Choctaw Nation created with three districts: Apukshunnubbee District, Moshulatubbee District and Pushmataha District.

1856: Annuity Roll (Census) of the Choctaw and Chickasaw as a result of the treaty of 1855.

1867: Tribal population: 22,500; reported by Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

1875: Testimonies taken to determine heirs for the monies won from the Net Proceeds Case.

1889: Second set of testimonies to determine heirs for the monies from the Net Proceeds Case.

1903: 300 Choctaws left Mississippi for Oklahoma and the Choctaw Nation

1907: Oklahoma became the 46th State

• Choctaw Nation divided into eight counties: Choctaw, Atoka, Haskell, Latimer, Le Flore, Mc Curtain, Pittsburg and Pushmataha.

1910: Tribal population: 14,551 in Oklahoma, and 15,917 in other states

1918: Choctaw Indian Agency in Philadelphia, Mississippi established

1945: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Federally recognized

• 1953: U.S. Congress began a new policy of termination for the Indian tribes. The policy ended the protected trust status of all Indian-owned lands. The BIA began a voluntary urban relocation program. American Indians could move from their rural tribes to a metropolitan area. Many Indians relocated to Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas and Seattle.It is estimated that 750,000 Native American migrated to the cities between 1950-1980.
  

World War I and II: the U.S. Military used members of the Choctaw Nation for secure communications. They became the first code-talkers

Additional References to the History of the Tribe

Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Choctaw tribe, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. Additional details are given in John Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America.

Reservations

Oklahoma: Latimer and Pushmataha counties

Mississippi: Neshoba, Newton, Leake, Scott, Jones, Attala, Kemper, Winston counties

Groups or Parts of the Choctaw Tribe and Their Reservations

Choctaw Nation (Oklahoma)

Jena Band (Louisiana)

Mississippi Band

Records

Records From the Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, Oklahoma. (census, Cemetery Records, Church Records, Military and other records). FHL Film 1666451 (first of 90 microfilm reels)

Joe R. Goss. A Complete Roll of all Choctaw Claimants and their Heirs. Reprint. Originally published: St. Louis, MO: Robt. D. Patterson Stationary Co., 1889. FHL Book 970.3 C451g

Records

Allotment Records

Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians Homestead and Allotment Patents, 1903-1910 FHL Collection

Census Records

• 1830 www.accessgenealogy.comalso included in American State papers, Vol 7. This is in most libraries or is located online athttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwsp.html
• 1831 (Armstrong roll) Choctaw, records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, RG75 FHL Collection
• 1855 Cooper Roll of Eastern Choctaw www.accessgenealogy.comFamilies living East of the Mississippi River in the states of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. (roll contains: names of heads of families, place of residence, and numbers of men, women, and children in families)
• 1855 Annuity Roll, first census of all individuals within a household. Actually done in 1856. Located at the Oklahoma Historical Society.
• ''1868 ''''''Census of Cedar County, Choctaw Nation located within the Choctaw Nation Collection, University of Oklahoma. View online at digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/nam/manuscript.asp
  
• 1885 Census of the Choctaw Nation. Every name in household is included on this census. This can be viewed in two places online, both for a fee. It is found under the rolls U.S. Indian Census Rolls, and under the category of Union. It is searchable by name (be careful of spelling) on Ancestry.comand browseable only on Fold3.com. You can also order transcriptions by county from the Bryan County Heritage Association, Bryan, Oklahoma.
• 1893 Census/Annuity Roll (for both Choctaw and Chickasaw) for Leased District monies. Referred to in several Dawes files, I have been unable to locate this film. I have been told it may be in some counties (ie. Haskell)in Oklahoma, but it is not listed in the NARA or the OHS contents.
• 1896 Census (cemetery, church, and marriage1897-1901, 1907-1910)FHL Film: 1206500 second filming FHL Film:488191
• The Census of Atoka County, 1885, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory. by James P. Cummings. Mesquite, Texas, 1976. FHL Book 970.1 Al#86[1]
• There are miscellaneous censuses recorded on three rolls of microfilm from the OHS, included in the inventory for the Church of Ladder Day Saints and also at the Oklahoma Historical Society and Arkansas Historical Commission. All three rolls cover different counties of the Choctaw nation, and have the 1896 census transcribed, and in some cases the original. The other censuses on the rolls vary to undated or dated, and are heads of household only for the most part.
• NARA office Fort Worth has microfilm of Muster rolls for various dates prior to 1855.
• Indian Census Rolls, Choctaw, 1926-1939 containing births and deaths some marriages. FHL Collection

Tribe	Agency	Location of Original Records	Post - 1885 Census M595 RG 75 Rolls 693 Roll Number	FHL Film Number
Choctaw	Union Agency - Muskogee Area 1875-80	Washington D.C. and Fort Worth	Roll 685	-
Choctaw Mississippi	Choctaw, Philadelphia, Mississippi, 1926-39	Washington D.C.	Rolls 15, 41-42	FHL Films: 574200-574201

Correspondence

Tribe	Agency	Location of Original Records	Pre-1880 Correspondence M234 RG 75 Rolls 962 Roll Number	FHL Film Number
Choctaw	Choctaw Agency,1824-76	Washington D.C.	Rolls 169-96	1,660,899-926
Choctaw	Jones Academy, Hartshorne, 1901-53	Fort Worth	-	-
Choctaw	Union Agency-Muskogee Area, 1875-80	Washington D.C. and Fort Worth	Rolls 865-77	1,661,595-607
Choctaw, Mississippi	Choctaw, Philadelphia, Miss., 1926-39	Washington D.C.	-	-

Enrollment Records

The Family History Library

Applications and Enrollment of the Commission for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914. - Dawes Commission

Record	Record Group	NARA #	FHL First Film	Rolls
Applications for Enrollment	75	M1301	1439798	468
Applications, Muskogee Area Office M 1650 (RG75) FHL Collection index and applications for four of the Five civilized tribes. Seminole applications not included.	75	M1650	FHL first film 2445769	54
Enrollment of the Five Civilized Tribes	75	Original records in Muskogee, Oklahoma	1022497	-
Enrollment Cards	75	M1186	1490261	93
Index to Letters received by commission	75	M1314	1694814	23

Five Civilized Tribes and the Dawes Commission- Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole (Delaware adopted by Cherokee)

Tribe	Record Group	NARA #	FHL First Film	Rolls
Choctaw Application (M1650)  films 2445769-2445777 Final Rolls- first film: 830228 Enrollment-first film: 1022497 Enrollment cards Choctaw-first film: 1490299 Mississippi Choctaw -first film: 1022514-1022522 Application for enrollment (M1301) - first film: 1439798 Mississippi Choctaw - films: 1439879-1439967 Enrollment cards for Mississippi Choctaw-first film: 1490316 Choctaw-Chickasaw (Act of 1902) - first film: 1439969	48	T529	830228	232
Choctaw-Chickasaw - Fort Worth, Texas Applications(M1650)  film 2446501 Indexes to dockets and appearance dockets-first film:1730868 General dockets - first film:1730869	48	T529	1730868	2
	Final rolls-first film: 830228

On Line

• The Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory, 03/04/1907 (National Archives) - arranged by enrollment number; gives age, sex, blood degree, and census card number.

Indexes for the Dawes Rolls and the Enrollment Cards:

• Index to the Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory, 03/04/1907 (National Archives) - arranged alphabetically; gives only enrollment number. (Surname entries are not always in strict alphabetical order)

Searchable indexes:

• Dawes Final Rolls (Oklahoma Historical Society) - gives card number and enrollment number.
• Final Rolls (Accessgenealogy) - gives card number and enrollment number.

• Dawes Commission Enrollment Records

• Dawes files can be viewed online atwww.Fold3.com or on www. archive.org. While archive.org is free, they do not have a search function, it is browse only. There are two parts to each Dawes case. The enrollment card (Dawes Card) and the packet. In many cases the packet will be empty. In cases of some of the rejected files, there are numerous pages, but referenced information may be absent. Accessgenealogy has a transcription of the Dawes cards available to search and a list of final enrollee's listed on the Dawes Records.

Genealogy

Who Was Who Among the Southern Indians: a Genealogical notebook, 1698-1907 by Don Martini FHL Collection

History

Alokoli: the Choctaw Country bicentennial book by Choctaw County Bicentennial Commission FHL Collection

The Choctaws in Oklahoma: From Tribe to Nation, 1856-1970. by Clara Sue Kidwell. FHL 1396223

Oral History

Duke Indian Oral History Collection and Index., Duke University Library FHL Collection

Land Records

Choctaw certificates of ownership in Boone County, Arkansas. FHL Film: 1031068 item 33

The land records for Choctaw lands in Mississippi is found at the National Archives, in Washington, D.C. This collection is indexed by name and includes individuals for whom land was granted out of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.

Some cases of land that are disputed within Mississippi are located at county courthouses.

Allotments from the Dawes are found in the county the land was located in in Oklahoma.

Military Records

Genealogical Records on the Confederate Indian Troops by Sherman Lee Pompey FHL Collection

Union Indian Brigade in the Civil War. by Willey Britton. FHL Collection

Periodicals

Choctaw Community News, 1969-1973. FHL Film: 965784 item 5 and FHL Film: 979257 item 9

Bishnik, available on the website for the Choctaw Nation.

Removal Records

The Indian Removal Act was signed May 26, 1830 by President Andrew Jackson. The Act initiated a policy of removal of American Indians tribes living east of the Mississippi River to land west of the river.

The Choctaw were the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed. Many walked 800 KM Journery to Oklahoma

Many of the Choctaw traveled by steamboat: Talmar, Cleopatra, Walter Scott, Brandywine, and Raindeer

Nation	Removal Treaty	Years of Emigration	Population Before Removal	Number Emigrated	Deaths	Number stayed in Southeast	Information of Interest
Choctaw Chiefs: Nittakechi, Nail, Peter Pitchlynn, Mushulatubbe, Thomas (Greenwood) LeFlore, and George W. Hawkins, Shuk-ha-nat-cha, Punnubbee, St. Cross	Dancing Rabbit Creek September 27, 1830 Government Leaders over removal:Col. Childress, Maj. William Armstrong, John Coffee, Capt. J. B. Clark, Lt. Stephen Van Rensselaer Ryan, Capt. Jacob Brown, George S. Gaines, John H. Eaton, Wharton Rector, F.W. Armstrong, David Folsom,	1831-1836	19,554 including and 6,000 Black Slaves	12,500	2,000-4,000 (Cholera)	7,000	When the tribe reached Little Rock the Choctaw chief stated to the Arkansas Gazette that the removal was a "trail of tears and death" Some deaths due to Cholera

• 1847 Muster Roll of Big Black River Band (arrived at Fort Coffee)www.accessgenealogy.com
• 1847 Ha Cubbees Band Muster Roll (arrived at Fort Coffee) www.accessgenealogy.com
• There are two books by Monty Olsen (available from Bryant County Heritage Association) on Choctaw emigration muster rolls.
• Betty Wilshire also wrote a book on Choctaw muster rolls. It is available from various vendors.FHL Collection
• National Archives (NARA) has the information on emigration/muster rolls and not the Oklahoma Historical society. Check with the NARA to see if the holdings are in Fort Worth, Texas or Washington, D.C.
• The Removal of the Choctaw Indians by Arthur H. DeRosier, Jr FHL Book 970.3 C451da

School Records

The Choctaw Academy: official correspondence 1825-1841 by Joe R. Goss FHL Collection

Trade

Superintendent of Indian Trade. Records of the Choctaw Trading house 1803-1824. FHL Films: 1025085-1025090

Trade during the Spanish period 1781-1798 will be found in the Panton and Leslie papers, located at the University of West Florida. They also have a collection of the Papelas de Cubas, Spanish records of the period.

Records o the Choctaw Trading House, 1803-1824. Office of Indian Affairs. Superintendent of Indian Trade FHL Collection

Records of the Choctaw Trading Post: St. Stephens, Mississippi Territory by Ben and Jean Strickland. FHL Collection

Treaties

• 1783 January 3, at Hopewell
• 1796 June 29, with Creek &
• December 17, 1801, at Fort Adams
• 1802 October 17, at Fort Confederation
• 1803
• 1805 November 16, at Mount Dexter
• October 27, 1805, Chickasaw
• August 9, 1814,
• 1816October 24,
• 1820 October 18 near Doaks Stand
• 1825 January 20, at Washington
• February 12,1825, Creek
• May 6, 1828, - Cherokee
• 1830 September 27, at Dancing Rabbit Creek
• February 14, 1833,
• 1835 August 24, at Camp Holmes, with Comanche
• 1835 January 17, at Doaksville
• 1837- Chickasaw
• 1854 November 4, at Doaksville, with Chickasaw
• 1855 June 22, at Washington, with Chickasaw
• September 13, 1855, at Fort Smith-unratified
• 1865 Cherokee and other Tribes in Indian Territory with Comanche and Kiowa
• 1865
• July 4, 1866, with Delaware
• 1866
• August 28, 1866, at Washington

Vital Records

Oklahoma Marriage Records, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory., by Ellen Tiffee and Gloryann Hankins Young. 9 volumes. (Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, 1890. for Counties of McCurtain, Latimer, Hughes (part), LeFlore, Bryan (part), Pittsburg, Choctaw, Atoka, Haskell, Pushmataha, and Coal (part).FHL Book 976.6 V2t vol. 1-10 Film 1321223 itmes 11-16

Indian Pioneer Papers

In 1936, the Oklahoma Historical Society and University of Oklahoma requested a writer's project grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in which interviews would be conducted with early settlers in Oklahoma who had lived on Indian land. More than 100 writers conducted over 11,000 interviews and were asked to "call upon early settlers and (record) the story of the migration to Oklahoma and their early life here." The University of Oklahoma Western History Collection has digitized the Indian Pioneer Papers which consists of approximately 80,000 indexed entries arranged alphabetically by personal name, place name, or subject. An index to the Indian Pioneer Papers may also be found at OkGenWeb Oklahoma Genealogy. A separate index of Indians interviewed, including the Choctaw, may be viewed at: “Indians in the Indian Pioneer Papers” Some of the surnames from the Choctaw tribe found in the collection are: Anderson, Baker, Beam (Stevens), Bond, Homer/Homma (Latimer), Jones (Choate), Kemp, Labor (Airington), Moore, Miashintubbee.Family History Library microfiche number: FHL Collection (first fiche)

Family History Library Catalog

The Family History Library catalog has over 260 records of interest to the Choctaw Indians

Important Web Sites

• Constitution and By-laws of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
• Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Official Website
• Choctaw Native Americans http://choctawnativeamericans.blogspot.com
• Native American Research http://nativeamericanresearch.blogspot.com
• Indian Research http://researchindians.blogspot.com

Bibliography

• Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
• Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
• Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332; Family History Library book 970.1 R259e.
• Lennon, Rachal Mills. Tracing Ancestors Among the Five Civilized Tribes; Southeastern Indians Prior to Removal. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2002. FHL Book 970.1 L548t.
• Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. WorldCat 37475188; Family History Library book970.1 G131g.

Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean

Vol. 2 -- Great Basin, Southwest, Middle America

Vol. 3 -- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau

Vol. 4 -- California, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Islands

• Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 Vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978– .

  Volume 1 -- Not yet published

  Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751

  Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371

  Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914; Family History Library book 970.1 H191h v.4.

  Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808; Family History Library book 970.1 H191h v.5.

  Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742; Family History Library book 970.1 H191h v.6.

  Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311

  Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086; Family History Library book970.1 H191h v.8.

  Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053; Family History Library book970.1 H191h v.9.

  Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096; Family History Library book970.1 H191h v.10.

  Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416; Family History Library book970.1 H191h v.11.

  Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371; Family History Library book970.1 H191h v.12.

  Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vol. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643

  Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176

  Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503; Family History Library book970.1 H191h v.15.

  Volume 16 -- Not yet published

  Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746

  Volume 18 -- Not yet published

  Volume 19 -- Not yet published

  Volume 20 -- Not yet published

• Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #514 Available online.
• Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. WorldCat 14718193; Family History Library book970.1 W146e 2006.

National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C.

Family History Library (FHL); now called, FamilySearch Library (FSL)