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'''Irish''': Something or someone from Ireland; the Goedelic Celtic language of Ireland (also known as Gaelic). | '''Irish''': Something or someone from Ireland; the Goedelic Celtic language of Ireland (also known as Gaelic). | ||
'''Irish Civil War''' (1919-1922): A | '''Irish Civil War''' (1919-1922): A conflict was waged between two opposing groups of Irish nationalists: the forces of the new Free State, who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty under which the state was established, and the Republican opposition, for whom the Treaty represented a betrayal of the Irish Republic. Following the Treaty's ratification, a "Provisional Government", headed by Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith, was set up to transfer power from the British administration to the Irish Free State. The Irish were sharply divided over this issue, and civil war broke out. In August 1922, Michael Collins was killed by anti-treat Republicans. The conflict ended in 1923 when the Republicans surrendered to the forces of the Irish Free State. The Irish Free State remained part of the British Commonwealth until 1948, when the country cut all ties with the United Kingdom and was renamed the Republic of Ireland. | ||
'''Irish potato famine''': A famine caused when the Irish potato crops planted between 1845 and 1847 failed because of a plant disease. Ireland's population had increased dramatically during the early 1800s. Most of the people lived on small farms that produced little income or rented farms from wealthy landowners. Potatoes had become a staple food for the impoverished population. When the crops failed, over 750,000 people died of starvation, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world. Many thousands more Irish came to Canada during the 1830s for land and economic opportunities than during the potato famine. | '''Irish potato famine''': A famine caused when the Irish potato crops planted between 1845 and 1847 failed because of a plant disease. Ireland's population had increased dramatically during the early 1800s. Most of the people lived on small farms that produced little income or rented farms from wealthy landowners. Potatoes had become a staple food for the impoverished population. When the crops failed, over 750,000 people died of starvation, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world. Many thousands more Irish came to Canada during the 1830s for land and economic opportunities than during the potato famine. | ||
''''Irish War of Independence''': From January 1919 to July 1921 the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a civilian army, mounted a war against the British government in Ireland in a bid to gain independence from the United Kingdom. A republic was declared during the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916. In 1920 the British Parliament passed the 'Government of Ireland Act' which split Ireland into two countries, each with limited self-government but remaining within the United Kingdom, and was not acceptable to the Republicans. Peace talks between the Republicans and the British government led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. The treaty created the Irish Free State but allowed counties in the north of Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom and led to the Irish Civil War. | |||
Iroquois, Native Americans: A federation of American Indian tribes who occupied upper New York during the 1600s. The federation was comprised of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. The Tuscarora joined the federation in 1722. The Iroquois called themselves Ongwanonhsioni, meaning "we long house builders." The Iroquois Federation was the most efficient Indian organization in North America. All of the Iroquois except the Oneida and the Tuscarora sided with the British in the French and Indian Wars and in the American Revolution. In 1779 American General John Sullivan destroyed the Iroquois villages in retaliation. After the war the Cayuga, Mohawk, and some Tuscarora moved to reservations in Canada. Most of the Oneida moved to Wisconsin, and the Onondaga and most of the Seneca and Tuscarora moved to five reservations in New York state. | Iroquois, Native Americans: A federation of American Indian tribes who occupied upper New York during the 1600s. The federation was comprised of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. The Tuscarora joined the federation in 1722. The Iroquois called themselves Ongwanonhsioni, meaning "we long house builders." The Iroquois Federation was the most efficient Indian organization in North America. All of the Iroquois except the Oneida and the Tuscarora sided with the British in the French and Indian Wars and in the American Revolution. In 1779 American General John Sullivan destroyed the Iroquois villages in retaliation. After the war the Cayuga, Mohawk, and some Tuscarora moved to reservations in Canada. Most of the Oneida moved to Wisconsin, and the Onondaga and most of the Seneca and Tuscarora moved to five reservations in New York state. | ||