73,385
edits
bread crumb trail and category
m (Text replace - 'FamilySearchWiki' to 'FamilySearch Wiki') |
(bread crumb trail and category) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[ | ''[[United States|United States ]] > [[United States Census|U.S. Census ]] > [[Soundex|Soundex]]'' | ||
The Russell Soundex (a.k.a. American Soundex, and Miracode) and its usefulness to genealogists are explained, some online Soundex converters listed, and rules given for how to manually create a Soundex code. | The Russell Soundex (a.k.a. American Soundex, and Miracode) and its usefulness to genealogists are explained, some online Soundex converters listed, and rules given for how to manually create a Soundex code. | ||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
[[Image:Soundex1910.jpg|thumb|right|1910 census Soundex family card.]][[Image:Miracode.jpg|thumb|right|1910 Miracode for 4 households.]] Soundex is a phonetic index that groups together names that sound alike but are spelled differently, ''for example'', '''''Stewart''''' and '''''Stuart'''''. This helps searchers find names that are spelled differently than originally expected, a relatively common genealogical research problem. | [[Image:Soundex1910.jpg|thumb|right|1910 census Soundex family card.]][[Image:Miracode.jpg|thumb|right|1910 Miracode for 4 households.]] Soundex is a phonetic index that groups together names that sound alike but are spelled differently, ''for example'', '''''Stewart''''' and '''''Stuart'''''. This helps searchers find names that are spelled differently than originally expected, a relatively common genealogical research problem. | ||
The indexing system was developed by Robert C. Russell and Margaret K. Odell. It was patented in 1918 by Russell, and again in 1922 by Russell and Odell. It is formally called the Russell Soundex, and a variation used on the censuses is called the American Soundex.<ref>Rick Parsons, ''[http://west-penwith.org.uk/misc/soundex.htm Soundex - the True Story],'' (http://west-penwith.org.uk/misc/soundex.htm : accessed 30 July 2008).</ref> When a computer was used to generate a Soundex index card for a census it was called a Miracode, and the information listed was slightly different from handwritten Soundex cards for the same census. | The indexing system was developed by Robert C. Russell and Margaret K. Odell. It was patented in 1918 by Russell, and again in 1922 by Russell and Odell. It is formally called the Russell Soundex, and a variation used on the censuses is called the American Soundex.<ref>Rick Parsons, ''[http://west-penwith.org.uk/misc/soundex.htm Soundex - the True Story],'' (http://west-penwith.org.uk/misc/soundex.htm &amp;nbsp;: accessed 30 July 2008).</ref> When a computer was used to generate a Soundex index card for a census it was called a Miracode, and the information listed was slightly different from handwritten Soundex cards for the same census. | ||
The most well-known genealogical use of Soundex is on parts of the 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, and 1930 United States federal censuses. It is also used by the federal government for selected ship passenger arrival lists, certain Canadian border crossings, and some naturalization records. A few county governments have also used a version of Soundex for courthouse kinds of records. More recently, Ancestry.com and other Internet companies have featured a Soundex search for their huge online genealogical databases. | The most well-known genealogical use of Soundex is on parts of the 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, and 1930 United States federal censuses. It is also used by the federal government for selected ship passenger arrival lists, certain Canadian border crossings, and some naturalization records. A few county governments have also used a version of Soundex for courthouse kinds of records. More recently, Ancestry.com and other Internet companies have featured a Soundex search for their huge online genealogical databases. | ||
Many non-genealogical search engine algorithms borrow heavily from concepts first introduced by Soundex.<ref>Ibid.</ref> | Many non-genealogical search engine algorithms borrow heavily from concepts first introduced by Soundex.<ref>Ibid.</ref> | ||
= '''Online Soundex Converters''' = | = '''Online Soundex Converters''' = | ||
The easiest way to obtain the Soundex code for a name is to use one of several online Soundex converter programs. Simply type a name, and at the click of a button, the converter will divulge the corresponding Soundex code. There may be subtle differences between programs:<br> | The easiest way to obtain the Soundex code for a name is to use one of several online Soundex converter programs. Simply type a name, and at the click of a button, the converter will divulge the corresponding Soundex code. There may be subtle differences between programs:<br> | ||
*[http://bradandkathy.com/genealogy/yasc.html Yet Another Soundex Converter] | *[http://bradandkathy.com/genealogy/yasc.html Yet Another Soundex Converter] | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
Use these rules to manually create a Soundex code for an ancestor’s name. | Use these rules to manually create a Soundex code for an ancestor’s name. | ||
=== '''Basic Rules'''<ref>Based on rules in ''[http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/soundex.html The Soundex Indexing System],'' ''The National Archives'' (http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/soundex.html : accessed 30 July 2008).</ref> === | === '''Basic Rules'''<ref>Based on rules in ''[http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/soundex.html The Soundex Indexing System],'' ''The National Archives'' (http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/soundex.html &amp;nbsp;: accessed 30 July 2008).</ref> === | ||
*Every soundex code consists of a letter and three numbers, such as D432. | *Every soundex code consists of a letter and three numbers, such as D432. | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
*Zeroes are added at the end if necessary to produce a four-character code. Excess letters are disregarded if they would produce a code longer than four-characters. For example '''Lee''' = L000, and '''Christopherson''' = C623. | *Zeroes are added at the end if necessary to produce a four-character code. Excess letters are disregarded if they would produce a code longer than four-characters. For example '''Lee''' = L000, and '''Christopherson''' = C623. | ||
{| | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" align="center" width="225" class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders" | ||
|+ <u>'''Soundex Key Letter Codes'''</u> | |+ <u>'''Soundex Key Letter Codes'''</u> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | align="center" valign="middle" | '''''Number'''''<br> | ||
| | | | ||
| '''''Represents the Letters<br>''''' | | '''''Represents the Letters<br>''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | align="right" valign="middle" | 1<br> | ||
| | | | ||
| b, f, p, v <br> | | b, f, p, v <br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | align="right" valign="middle" | 2<br> | ||
| | | | ||
| c, g, j, k, q, s, x, z<br> | | c, g, j, k, q, s, x, z<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | align="right" valign="middle" | 3<br> | ||
| | | | ||
| d, t<br> | | d, t<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | align="right" valign="middle" | 4<br> | ||
| | | | ||
| l<br> | | l<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | align="right" valign="middle" | 5<br> | ||
| | | | ||
| m, n<br> | | m, n<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | align="right" valign="middle" | 6<br> | ||
| | | | ||
| r<br> | | r<br> | ||
| Line 81: | Line 81: | ||
*'''Names with prefixes''', such as Van, Con, De, Di, La, or Le, are coded both with and without the prefix because the name might be listed under either code. Note, however, that Mc and Mac are not considered prefixes. For example, '''Van Deusen''' = V532 or D250. | *'''Names with prefixes''', such as Van, Con, De, Di, La, or Le, are coded both with and without the prefix because the name might be listed under either code. Note, however, that Mc and Mac are not considered prefixes. For example, '''Van Deusen''' = V532 or D250. | ||
== '''More Soundex Examples'''<ref>Anne Bruner Eales, and Robert M. Kvasnicka, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44420788&referer=brief_results Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives, 3rd ed.]'' (Washington, D.C.: NARA, 2000), 22.</ref> == | == '''More Soundex Examples'''<ref>Anne Bruner Eales, and Robert M. Kvasnicka, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44420788&amp;referer=brief_results Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives, 3rd ed.]'' (Washington, D.C.: NARA, 2000), 22.</ref> == | ||
{| | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" align="center" width="572" class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Name'' | | ''Name'' | ||
| Line 160: | Line 160: | ||
''Figure 1. Sample 1930 Soundex index cards. Original image from the [http://1930census.archives.gov/searchStrategiesSoundex.html NARA 1930 Census Microfilm Locator]''. [[Image:SoundexCards1930.png]] | ''Figure 1. Sample 1930 Soundex index cards. Original image from the [http://1930census.archives.gov/searchStrategiesSoundex.html NARA 1930 Census Microfilm Locator]''. [[Image:SoundexCards1930.png]] | ||
<br> ''Figure 2. Half a page of the 1930 federal census of Bronx, New York, with more data showing than on Soundex cards.'' [[Image:1930CensusBronx.png]] | <br> ''Figure 2. Half a page of the 1930 federal census of Bronx, New York, with more data showing than on Soundex cards.'' [[Image:1930CensusBronx.png]] | ||
= '''Related Content''' = | = '''Related Content''' = | ||
| Line 169: | Line 169: | ||
*Gary Mokotoff, "[http://www.avotaynu.com/soundex.html Soundexing and Genealogy]," ''Avotaynu'' (http://www.avotaynu.com/soundex.html : accessed 30 July 2008). | *Gary Mokotoff, "[http://www.avotaynu.com/soundex.html Soundexing and Genealogy]," ''Avotaynu'' (http://www.avotaynu.com/soundex.html : accessed 30 July 2008). | ||
*[[United States Census Indexes|United States Census Indexes]] FamilySearch Wiki article. | *[[United States Census Indexes|United States Census Indexes]] FamilySearch Wiki article. | ||
*[[ | *[[Finding a Person in the 1930 Census (Even Without An Index)|Finding a Person in the 1930 Census (Even without and Index)]] FamilySearch Wiki article. | ||
=Sources= | = Sources = | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:United_States_Census]] | |||