Melungeons: Difference between revisions

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To get started in [[American_Indian_Genealogy|American Indian Research]]
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| link1=[[United States Genealogy|United States]]
| link2=[[Indigenous Peoples of the United States Genealogy]]
| link3=[[Indigenous Peoples of North Carolina|Indigenous Peoples of North Carolina]]
| link4=
| link5=[[Melungeons|Melungeons]]
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[[Image:{{GoinsA}}]]
== History==


=== History and Tidbits  ===
The Melungeons are a mixed-race people whose origin is associated with the general region of [[Indians_of_Tennessee|Tennessee]], [[Indians_of_Virginia|Virginia]], North Carolina, [[Indians_of_South_Carolina|South Carolina]], and [[Indians_of_Kentucky|Kentucky]] in the United States; particularly concentrated in the areas of Eastern Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, and Northwest North Carolina. References are also made to Melungeon groups in [[Indians_of_Ohio|Ohio]] and [[Indians_of_Louisiana|Louisiana]].


The term "Melungeon" has generally been applied to a widely distributed group of people associated with the general region of Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Kentucky in the United States, but perhaps concentrated in the general area of Eastern Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, and Northwest North Carolina. Although definitions of what exactly constitute a Melungeon differ, these are a mixed-race people.  
==DNA Studies==
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/coremelungeon/default.aspx Melungeon Core DNA Project] (FamilyTree DNA). This site is self-explanatory about the DNA projects hosted and currently underway. The site has list of known surnames.  


Some have been described as being "swarthy" or at least somewhat dark-skinned appearance, but the physical characteristics of Melungeons differ greatly. Because this is a mixed race group of people, and because the exact racial characteristics vary, it is impossible to pin down a precise Melungeon appearance.
== Records ==


Melungeon identity is assumed to involve a mixture of some combination of Western European, Native American, and African ancestry, with early assertions of "Portuguese" or "Portuguese Indian" background being widely claimed. The term "tri-racial isolate" has been academically applied to this group, but this term is problematic in that not all Melungeons claim a tri-racial identity and, in many cases, these families appear to be anything but "isolates."
The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>


Stories and claims abound as to how this group of people descend from Portuguese, or Turks and/or Moors who navigated to the American shores with the Portuguese, and who intermarried with Native Americans prior to English settlement.
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]]
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]]
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]


Some of the most prominent surnames that have been claimed as potentially associated with a Melungeon identity include&nbsp;Bowling (Bolin), Bunch, Chavis (Chavez), Collins, Francisco, Gibson, Gill, Goins, Goodman, Minor, Mise, Moore, Mullins, Ridley (Riddle), Rodrigues, Stowers, Williams, and Wise.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Melungeon," ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia'' at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melungeon (accessed January 31, 2009).</ref>
== Resources  ==


=== Resources ===
=== Websites ===


==== Cemeteries  ====
*[https://blackbygod.org/articles/community-and-culture/melungeon-heritage/ Melungeon Heritage]
*[https://melungeon.org/ Melungeon Heritage Association]


==== DNA Project ====
== Bibliography ==


This site is self-explantatory about the DNA projects hosted and currently underway. The site has larger list of known surnames.  
*Alther, Lisa. ''Kinfolks - Falling off the Family Tree: The Search for My Melungeon Ancestors''. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2007. {{WorldCat|77011539|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} 
*Ball, Bonnie Sage. ''The Melungeons: Their Origin and Kin''. Virginia Book Company, 1977.  {{FSC|147058|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2}}
*Bible, Jean Patterson. ''Melungeons Yesterday and Today''. Tennessee, 1975.  {{FSC|640697|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2}}; {{WorldCat|2188551|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Callahan, Jim. ''Lest We Forget: The Melungeon Colony of Newman's Ridge''. Tennessee: Over Mountain Press, 2000. {{FSC|1175785|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2}}; {{WorldCat|46335390|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Crowe, Elizabeth Powell. "Melungeon Genealogy" (section), ''Genealogy Online'', 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 332-334.
*DeMarce, Virginia Easley. "Review Essay: The Melungeons," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 84, No. 2 (June 1996):134-139. {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 B2ng}}
*DeMarce, Virginia Easley. "Looking at Legends - Lumbee and Melungeon: Applied Genealogy and the Origins of Tri-racial Isolate Settlements," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 81, No. 1 (March 1993):24-45. {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 B2ng}}
*Elder, Pat Spurlock. ''Melungeons: Examining an Appalachian Legend''. Tennessee: Continuity Press, 1999. {{FSC|1267941|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2}}; {{WorldCat|866650662|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Goins, Jack Harold. ''Melungeons and Other Pioneer Families''. Tennessee: J.H. Goins, 2000. {{FSC|969189|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2}}; {{WorldCat|866480228|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Heinegg, Paul. ''Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina from the Colonial Period to About 1820'', 5th ed. Baltimore: Clearfield Company by Genealogical Publishing Company, 2005. {{FSC|4379981|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2}}; {{WorldCat|1262998889|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Hicks, Theresa M., and Wes Taukchiray. ''South Carolina Indians, Indian Traders, and Other Ethnic Connections: Beginning in 1670''. South Carolina: The Reprint Company, 1998. {{FSC|719079|item|disp=FS Library Book 970.1 H529}}; {{WorldCat|866132495|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Hirschman, Elizabeth. ''Melungeons: The Last Lost Tribe in America''. Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2005.  {{FSC|1174526|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2}}; {{WorldCat|55738108|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Hornbeck, Shirley Elro. "Melungeons" (section), ''This and That Genealogy Tips''. Maryland: Clearfield Company by Genealogical Publishing Company, 2000, pp. 7-10.  {{FSC|1174526|item|disp=FS Library Book 929.1 H783}}; {{WorldCat|44991473|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Kennedy, N. Brent and Robyn Vaughan Kennedy. ''The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People: An Untold Story of Ethnic Clensing in America''. Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1997. {{FSC|830836|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 F2kn}} {{WorldCat|36213698|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Schreiner, Dee Armstrong. "Are You a Descendant of the Mysterious Melungeons?" Ancestry, Inc., Mar-Apr 1995, pp. 21-23. '''''Online at:''''' [http://books.google.com/books?id=3i-lHq0AmG8C&pg=PT22&dq=melungeon&hl=en&ei=xVaTTaiUJ5G6tgf5-vQ9&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books]
== References  ==


[http://www.melungeons.com/articles/melungeondnaproject.htm The Melungeon DNA Surname Project.]
<references />


=== References  ===


==== Bibliography  ====


*Kennedy, Robyn Vaughan. ''The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People.'' 180 pp.
[[Category:Indigenous Tribes of North Carolina]] [[Category:Indigenous Tribes of Tennessee]] [[Category:Virginia, United States]] [[Category:Kentucky Cultural Groups]] [[Category:Melungeons]] [[Category:Indigenous Tribes of the United States]]
 
A very useful review of Kennedy's book was published in:
 
*DeMarce, Virginia Easley. "Review Essay: The Melungeons," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 84, No. 2 (June 1996):134-139. {{FHL|39597|item|disp=FHL Book 973 B2ng}}
 
Dr. DeMarce, former President of the National Genealogical Society, casts serious doubt on some of Kennedy's conclusions. Other scholarly articles DeMarce has published on the subject&nbsp;include:
 
*DeMarce, Virginia Easley. "Looking at Legends - Lumbee and Melungeon: Applied Genealogy and the Origins of Tri-racial Isolate Settlements," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 81, No. 1 (March 1993):24-45. {{FHL|39597|item|disp=FHL Book 973 B2ng}}
 
==== Genealogy and History Websites  ====
 
#[http://www.melungeon.org/node/2 Melungeon Heritage Association]
#[http://www.melungeons.com/ Melungeons]
 
=== Sources  ===
 
<references />
 
{{United States-stub}} {{Indians of North America-stub}}
 
[[Category:North_Carolina]] [[Category:Tennessee]] [[Category:Virginia]] [[Category:Kentucky]] [[Category:Melungeons]] [[Category:Indian_Tribes_of_the_United_States]]

Latest revision as of 09:32, 19 April 2024

Arch Goins family, Melungeons of Graysville, TN ca. 1920

History[edit | edit source]

The Melungeons are a mixed-race people whose origin is associated with the general region of Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Kentucky in the United States; particularly concentrated in the areas of Eastern Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, and Northwest North Carolina. References are also made to Melungeon groups in Ohio and Louisiana.

DNA Studies[edit | edit source]

  • Melungeon Core DNA Project (FamilyTree DNA). This site is self-explanatory about the DNA projects hosted and currently underway. The site has list of known surnames.

Records[edit | edit source]

The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:

Resources[edit | edit source]

Websites[edit | edit source]

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

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