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<!--{12090747748960} -->Most of the people in the Czech Republic speak the Czech language. Czech is a Slavic language related to Slovak, Polish and Russian. However, Czech was not recognized as an official language until 1877 in Bohemia and 1905 in Moravia. It was seldom used as a written language until the late 1800s. Except for modern records of the 1900s, records in the Czech Republic were written mostly in Latin and German. Other languages sometimes used in Czech records include Old Church Slavonic, Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish.  
==Description==
The languages spoken in Slovakia are <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slovakia," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia#:~:text=The%20official%20language, accessed 16 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slovak language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language, accessed 16 May 2023.</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language '''Slovak'''] is the official language and is part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic language family].
** Slovak is closely related to Czech and Polish. The Slovak vocabulary has been influenced by Latin, German, and other Slavic languages.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language '''Hungarian'''] is spoken in the southern regions.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language '''Rusyn'''] is spoken in parts of the Northeast.


Česká abeceda/The Czech Alphabet
More than 60% of the population in Slovakia speaks two or more foreign languages. They include
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language '''Czech'''] - most known in Slovakia.
* '''English''' - most used at a conversational level.
* '''German''' - second most used
* '''Russian''' - third used


NOTE: In municipalities where the minority population is more than 15% in two consecutive censuses, the minority language is considered co-official.


A, a, Á, á
Before 1918 the Slovak lands were part of the Kingdom of Hungary which, together with Austria, constituted the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Records written before 1918 may be in Hungarian, Latin, German, or Slovak. Slovak records often contain Hungarian, Latin, or German words.
B, b
C, c, Č, č
D, d, Ď, ď
E, e, É, é, ě
F, f
G, g
H, h
Ch, ch
I, i, Í, í
J, j
K, k
L, l
M, m
N, n, Ň, ň
O, o, Ó, ó
P, p
Q, q
R, r, Ř, ř
S, s, Š, š
T, t, Ť, ť
U, u, Ú, ú, ů
V, v
W, w
X, x
Y, y, Ý, ý
Z, z, Ž, ž


Map of Language Distribution in 1930<br>
[[File:Slovakia languages.png|600px]]


See the following sections:  
'''However, except for modern records of the 1900s, records in Slovakia were written mostly in Latin and Hungarian. Many records were also written in German.''' Other languages sometimes used in Slovak records include Ukrainian (Ruthene dialect), Czech, Slovak, [[Media:Old_Church_Slavonic_Numbers%2C_Dates%2C_and_Months_by_Matthew_Bialawa.pdf|Old Church Slavonic]], Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish.


&nbsp; [[Czech Word List|Czech Genealogical Word List]]
==Word List(s)==
* ''Slovak phrasebook.'' Bratislava: Lingea, 2016. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/965541580 WorldCat].
* Gálová-Lorinc, Sylvia and John M. Lorinc. ''Slovak-English, English-Slovak dictionary and phrasebook.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 1999. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/40895036 WorldCat].
* ''Hungarian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Carlton, Victoria: Lonely Planet Global Limited, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1054258465 WorldCat].
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/slovak.php#:~:text=Useful%20Slovak%20phrases Useful Slovak phrases] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/language/kinship/slovak.htm#:~:text=Family%20words%20in%20Slovak Family words in Slovak] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/hungarian.php#:~:text=Useful%20Hungarian%20phrases Useful Hungarian phrases] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/rusyn.htm#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Carpatho-Rusyn Useful phrases in Carpatho-Rusyn] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/czech.php#:~:text=Useful%20Czech%20phrases Useful Czech phrases] - Omniglot
* [[Slovak Genealogical Word List|Slovak Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Czech Genealogical Word List|Czech Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Hungarian Genealogical Word List|Hungarian Genealogical Word List]]
* [[German Genealogical Word List|German Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Poland Genealogical Word List|Polish Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]]  


&nbsp; [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]]  
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
'''Alphabet'''
The Slovak alphabet uses several letters in addition to the 26 letters used in the English alphabet. These are á, ä, č, ď, é, í, ĺ, ľ, ň, ó, ô, ŕ, š, ť, ú, ý, ž. The letter combinations dz, dž, and ch are also considered as single letters, dz and dž is alphabetized after d and ch is alphabetized after h. Letters q, w, and x are used only in words of foreign origin.
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm#:~:text=Slovak%20alphabet Slovak alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm#:~:text=Hungarian%20alphabet Hungarian alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/rusyn.htm#:~:text=Rusyn%20alphabet Rusyn alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm#:~:text=Czech%20alphabet Czech alphabet] - Omniglot


&nbsp;&nbsp;[[German Word List|German Genealogical Word List]]
Lemko language is described as a dialect of the Ukrainian language, a dialect of the Rusyn language and more recently sometimes described as a distinct dialect of the Slovak. In any case, the Lemko tongue and the Ukrainian language are akin but not always mutually intelligible. Rusyn (also referred to as the Ruthenian language) is similar to the Slovak language and Ukrainian language; Ukrainian scholars consider Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian.


&nbsp;  
{| style="width:30%; border:0px"
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
[[Image:Lemko Script.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Lemko Script.jpg]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
[[Image:Lemko Script 2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Lemko Script 2.jpg]]
|}


<br>
'''Pronunciation'''
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm#:~:text=Slovak%20alphabet%20(slovensk%C3%A1%20abeceda)%20%26%20pronunciation Slovak pronunciation] - Omniglot
* [https://forvo.com/languages/sk/ Slovak pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm#:~:text=Hungarian%20alphabet%20(magyar%20%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9)%20and%20pronunciation Hungarian pronunciation]- Omniglot
* [https://forvo.com/languages/hu/ Hungarian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/rusyn.htm#:~:text=Rusyn%20alphabet%20and%20pronunciation Rusyn pronunciation] - Omniglot
* [https://forvo.com/languages/rue/ Rusyn pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm#:~:text=Czech%20alphabet%20(%C4%8Desk%C3%A1%20abeceda)%20%26%20pronunciation Czech pronunciation] - Omniglot
* [https://forvo.com/languages/cs/ Czech pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo


==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Dictionaries'''
* Watson, Maria. ''My first picture dictionary. English - Slovak.'' Stanmore, United Kingdom: Biblio Bee Publications, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1124924474 WorldCat].
* Šimko, Ján. ''English Slovak dictionary.'' Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci, 1991. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/866601012 WorldCat].
* Trnka, Nina. ''Slovak-English, English-Slovak dictionary.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 1992. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/26108378 WorldCat].
* ''Hungarian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/809309424 WorldCat].
* Kelly, Nancy J. ''Rusin/Rusyn -- American Dictionary.'' Syracuse: Hale Mary Press, 2016. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/974792725 WorldCat].


Slovak dictionaries and indexes use the following alphabetical order:<br>
a,á,ä b c č d,ď dz,dž e,é f g h ch i,í j k l,ĺ,ľ m n,ň o,ó,ô p (q) r,ŕ s š t,ť u,ú v (w) ( x) y,ý z ž


[[Category:Slovakia]]
'''Online Dictionaries'''
* [https://glosbe.com/en/sk Dictionary English - Slovak] - Glosbe
* [https://glosbe.com/en/hu Dictionary English - Hungarian] - Glosbe
* [https://glosbe.com/en/rue Dictionary English - Rusyn] - Glosbe
* [https://glosbe.com/en/cs Dictionary English - Czech] - Glosbe
 
'''Language Aids'''
* Rubach, Jerzy. ''The lexical phonology of Slovak.'' Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/26931796 WorldCat].
* Zybatow, Gerhild, Petr Biskup, Marcel Guhl, and Claudia Hurtig. ''Slavic grammar from a formal perspective.'' Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Edition, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/924208544 WorldCat].
* Pugh, Stefan. ''The Rusyn language : a grammar.'' Muenchen: Lincom Europa, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/518040019 WorldCat].
* Alberti, Gábor and Tibor Laczkó. ''Syntax of Hungarian.'' Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1048103296 WorldCat].
* Alberti, Gábor and Tibor Láczko. ''Syntax of Hungarian Nouns and Noun Phrases, Volume 2.'' Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1347027902 WorldCat].
* Naughton, J. D. and Karen von Kunes. ''Czech : an essential grammar.'' Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2021. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1200037906 WorldCat].
 
==Additional Resources==
* Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. ''Historical Dictionary of Slovakia.'' Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/869373740 WorldCat].
* Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. ''The A to Z of Slovakia.'' Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/826652886 WorldCat].
* Vaňko, Juraj. ''The language of Slovakia's Rusyns.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/44801109 WorldCat].
 
'''Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:'''<br>
*'''[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar - 10 classes]'''
*[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar] - Lessons on German Handwriting
*Old German Script
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-1 Part 1]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-2 Part 2]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-german-church-and-civil-records-part-3 Part 3 (German Church and Civil Records)]
*'''Latin in German Church Records'''
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists]
 
== References  ==
{{reflist}}
 
 
 
[[Category:Slovakia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]]

Latest revision as of 20:43, 20 March 2024


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Description

The languages spoken in Slovakia are [1] [2]

  • Slovak is the official language and is part of the Slavic language family.
    • Slovak is closely related to Czech and Polish. The Slovak vocabulary has been influenced by Latin, German, and other Slavic languages.
  • Hungarian is spoken in the southern regions.
  • Rusyn is spoken in parts of the Northeast.

More than 60% of the population in Slovakia speaks two or more foreign languages. They include

  • Czech - most known in Slovakia.
  • English - most used at a conversational level.
  • German - second most used
  • Russian - third used

NOTE: In municipalities where the minority population is more than 15% in two consecutive censuses, the minority language is considered co-official.

Before 1918 the Slovak lands were part of the Kingdom of Hungary which, together with Austria, constituted the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Records written before 1918 may be in Hungarian, Latin, German, or Slovak. Slovak records often contain Hungarian, Latin, or German words.

Map of Language Distribution in 1930
Slovakia languages.png

However, except for modern records of the 1900s, records in Slovakia were written mostly in Latin and Hungarian. Many records were also written in German. Other languages sometimes used in Slovak records include Ukrainian (Ruthene dialect), Czech, Slovak, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish.

Word List(s)

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Alphabet The Slovak alphabet uses several letters in addition to the 26 letters used in the English alphabet. These are á, ä, č, ď, é, í, ĺ, ľ, ň, ó, ô, ŕ, š, ť, ú, ý, ž. The letter combinations dz, dž, and ch are also considered as single letters, dz and dž is alphabetized after d and ch is alphabetized after h. Letters q, w, and x are used only in words of foreign origin.

Lemko language is described as a dialect of the Ukrainian language, a dialect of the Rusyn language and more recently sometimes described as a distinct dialect of the Slovak. In any case, the Lemko tongue and the Ukrainian language are akin but not always mutually intelligible. Rusyn (also referred to as the Ruthenian language) is similar to the Slovak language and Ukrainian language; Ukrainian scholars consider Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian.

Lemko Script.jpg
Lemko Script 2.jpg

Pronunciation

Language Aids and Dictionaries

Dictionaries

  • Watson, Maria. My first picture dictionary. English - Slovak. Stanmore, United Kingdom: Biblio Bee Publications, 2018. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Šimko, Ján. English Slovak dictionary. Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci, 1991. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Trnka, Nina. Slovak-English, English-Slovak dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1992. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Hungarian phrasebook & dictionary. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2012. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Kelly, Nancy J. Rusin/Rusyn -- American Dictionary. Syracuse: Hale Mary Press, 2016. Available at: WorldCat.

Slovak dictionaries and indexes use the following alphabetical order:
a,á,ä b c č d,ď dz,dž e,é f g h ch i,í j k l,ĺ,ľ m n,ň o,ó,ô p (q) r,ŕ s š t,ť u,ú v (w) ( x) y,ý z ž

Online Dictionaries

Language Aids

  • Rubach, Jerzy. The lexical phonology of Slovak. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Zybatow, Gerhild, Petr Biskup, Marcel Guhl, and Claudia Hurtig. Slavic grammar from a formal perspective. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Edition, 2015. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Pugh, Stefan. The Rusyn language : a grammar. Muenchen: Lincom Europa, 2009. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Alberti, Gábor and Tibor Laczkó. Syntax of Hungarian. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Alberti, Gábor and Tibor Láczko. Syntax of Hungarian Nouns and Noun Phrases, Volume 2. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Naughton, J. D. and Karen von Kunes. Czech : an essential grammar. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2021. Available at: WorldCat.

Additional Resources

  • Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2014. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. The A to Z of Slovakia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2010. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Vaňko, Juraj. The language of Slovakia's Rusyns. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. Available at: WorldCat.

Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:

References

  1. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Slovakia," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia#:~:text=The%20official%20language, accessed 16 May 2023.
  2. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Slovak language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language, accessed 16 May 2023.
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