Alabama Indigenous Peoples: Difference between revisions

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== Online Resources ==
== Online Resources ==
*''See [[Native American Online Genealogy Records]] for more resources.''
*'''1722-1869''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=60583 U.S., Ratified Indian Treaties and Chiefs, 1722-1869] at Ancestry - Index ($)
*'''1824-1929''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2398 U.S., Cherokee Baker Roll and Records, 1924-1929] at Ancestry - Index ($)
*'''1848-1970''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61907/ U.S., Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation Rolls, 1848-1970] at Ancestry - index & images ($)
*[https://www.archives.gov/files/research/native-americans/communities/southeastern-nativecommunities-guide.pdf Native Communities Research Guides for Alabama] at National Archives
*[https://aiac.alabama.gov/ Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama] at State of Alabama Indian Affairs Commission


*[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=60583 U.S., Ratified Indian Treaties and Chiefs, 1722-1869]. Index.  
== Tribes and Bands of Alabama ==
*[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2398 U.S., Cherokee Baker Roll and Records, 1924-1929]. Index.
When a tribe or group is federally recognized it is eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).  When a state establishes state tribal recognition, it acknowledges the tribes status within the state, but does not guarantee funding from either the state or the federal government. When a tribe is recognized by the federal government, it can also be recognized by the state, but not all state recognized tribes are necessarily recognized by the federal government.<ref>Martha Salazar, ''State Recognition of American Indian Tribes'' National Conference of State Legislatures website (https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/state-recognition-of-american-indian-tribes.aspx#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Bureau%20of,relationship%20with%20the%20United%20States : accessed May 24, 2022).</ref><br><br>
For an current list of Federal and State Recognized Tribes, see [https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#federal NCLS List of Federal and State Recognized Tribes]
=== Tribes Recognized by the Federal Government  ===
*'''Muskogee Creek, Poarch Band of Creek:''' [https://pci-nsn.gov/ Official Tribe Website]


== Indians of Alabama ==
=== Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama ===
Learn about the Indigenous Peoples of Alabama, information on the tribes and bands living in Alabama, the State recognized tribes, list of agencies, and links to available records
*'''Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians or Cherokees of Southeast Alabama:''' [https://aiac.alabama.gov/tribes_cherocreek.aspx Official Tribe Website]
*'''Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama:''' [https://cherokeetribeofnortheastalabama.org/ Official Tribe Website]
*'''Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama:''' [https://echotacherokee.org/index.html Official Tribe Website]
*'''Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe of Alabama:''' [https://www.machistribe.net/ Official Tribe Website]
*'''Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians:''' [https://mowachoctawindians.com/ Official Tribe Website]
*'''Piqua Shawnee Tribe:''' [https://piquashawnee.gov/ Official Tribe Website]
*'''Southeastern Mvskoke Nation:''' [https://southeasternmvskokenation.org/ Official Tribe Website]
*'''United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation:''' [https://ucantribe.com/ Official Tribe Website]


The word '''Alabama''' is from a Choctaw word meaning "thicket-clearer" or vegetation-gatherers." <br><br>  
=== Tribes Formally in Alabama ===
=== '''Tribes and Bands of Alabama''' ===
*'''Cherokee:''' [https://www.cherokee.org/ Official Website], [[Cherokee Nation|Research Wiki Article]] - includes Echota Cherokee, Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama, Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians, and the United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation, Cherokees of Southeast Alabama<br>
*'''Chickasaw:''' [https://www.chickasaw.net/ Official Tribe Website]; [[Chickasaw Nation|Research Wiki Article]] 
*'''Choctaw:''' [https://www.choctawnation.com/ Official Tribe Website]; [[Choctaw Nation|including the MOWA Band, Mobile Choctaw, and Mukalsa Choctaw<br>
*'''Muscogee Creek:''' [https://www.muscogeenation.com/ Official Tribe Website]; [[Muscogee (Creek) Nation|Research Wiki Article]] - includes Poarch Band, Yuchi, the Ma-Chis Lower Creek, Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians, and Star Clan of Muskogee Creek
*'''Natchez:''' [https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-natchez-indians History of Tribe]; [[Natchez People|Research Wiki Article]]
*'''Piqua Shawnee:''' [https://piquashawnee.gov/ Official Tribe Website]; [[Shawnee Tribe|Research Wiki Article]]
*'''Yuchi:''' [https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=YU001 History of Tribe]; [[Yuchi People|Research Wiki Article]]


The following list of Native Americans who have lived in Alabama has been compiled from Hodge's ''Handbook of American Indians...''<ref>Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich Available online].</ref> and from Swanton's ''The Indian Tribes of North America''<ref>Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama/index.htm Available online].</ref>. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.
=== Tribes Not Recognized or No Longer are Active in Alabama ===
 
{| style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
'''Tribes:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihka Abihka],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_people Alabama,] [http://www.ehow.com/info_8620690_apalachee-indians.html Apalachee,] [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/apalachicola-tribe.htm Apalachicola], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_people Atasi], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/chatot-tribe.htm Chatot], [[Cherokee Indians|Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw Indians|Chickasaw,]] [[Choctaw Indians|Choctaw,]] [[Creek Indians|Creek]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/eufaula-tribe.htm Eufaula],  [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/fus-hatchee-tribe.htm Fus-hatchee], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/hilibi-tribe.htm Hilibi], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/hitchiti-tribe.htm Hitchiti], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_people Ispokogi], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kan-hatki-tribe.htm Kan-hatki], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kealedji-tribe.htm Kealedji], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/koasati-tribe.htm Koasati], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kolomi-tribe.htm Kolomi], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/mobile-tribe.htm Mobile], Mukalsa, [[Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma|Muskogee]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/napochi-indians.htm Napochi], [[Natchez Indians|Natchez, ]][http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/okchai-tribe.htm Okchai], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/okmulgee-tribe.htm Okmulgee], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/osochi-tribe.htm Osochi], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pakana-tribe.htm Pakana], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pawokti-indians.htm Pawokti], Pilthlako, [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/sawokli-tribe.htm Sawokli], [[Shawnee Indians|Shawnee,]] [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/taensa-tribe.htm Taensa], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tohome-tribe.htm Tohome], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tukabahchee-tribe.htm Tukabahchee], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tuskegee-tribe.htm Tuskegee], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_people Wakokai], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/wiwohka-tribe.htm Wiwohka], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/yamassi-indian-tribe.htm Yamasee], [[Yuchi Indians|Yuchi.]]
|-
 
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'''Bands:''' Echola Cherokee, Ma-Chis Lower Creek, Mowa Band Choctaw, Principle Creek, [[Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama|Poarch Creek]], Star Clan of Muskogee Creek, United Cherokee (Ani-Yum-Wiya Nation).  
<ul class="column-spacing-halfscreen" style="padding-right:5px;">
 
<li>'''Abihka:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihka Wikipedia]</li>
'''Cherokee Clans: '''Wolf, Paint, Deer, Bird, Wild Potato, Long Hair and Blue.  
<li>'''Alabama:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_people Wikipedia]</li>  
 
<li>'''Apalachee:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee Wikipedia]</li>
Four of the [[Five Civilized Tribes|'''Five Civilized Tribes''']] are of Alabama: [[Cherokee Indians|Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw Indians|Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw Indians|Choctaw]], and  [[Creek Indians|Creek]]. Some of the records unique to the Five Civilized Tribes are now available on line:  
<li>'''Apalachicola:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_people Wikipedia] </li>
 
<li>'''Atasi:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_people Wikipedia]</li>
*'''Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes''' ([[Dawes Commission Enrollment Records for Five U.S. Indian Tribes|'''Dawes Commission''']]) In 1893 Congress established a commission to exchange Indian tribal lands in the southeastern United States for land allotments to individuals in [[Indians of Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]. More than 250,000 people applied to the commission for enrollment and land. Just over 100,000 were approved.  The records include Applications for enrollment, Enrollment cards, and Letter logs. Indexes and images on line:
<li>'''Chatot:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatot Wikipedia]</li>
 
<li>'''Eufaula:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufaula_peopleEufaula Wikipedia]</li>
[http://go.fold3.com/results.php?category=dawes&links=0&xid=1153&vs=2 Fold3] [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/dawes-records.html National Archives]
<li>'''Fus-hatchee:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushatchee Wikipedia]</li>
 
<li>'''Hilibi:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillabee Wikipedia]</li>
*'''[[The U.S. Eastern Cherokee or Guion Miller Roll|Guion Miller Roll]]''' - Easter Cherokee In 1902 the Eastern Cherokee sued the United States to get the funds due then under the treaties of 1835, 1836, and 1845. In 1906, the court awarded more than $1 million to be split among the Eastern Cherokees. There were 45,847 applications filed, representing some 90,000 individuals.Indexes and Images on line:
<li>'''Hitchiti:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchiti Wikipedia]</li>
 
<li>'''Ispokogi:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_people Wikipedia]</li>
[http://go.fold3.com/results.php?category=guion-miller&links=0&xid=1153 Fold 3]<br>[http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html National Archives ](Index)<br>[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/guion.php AccessGenealogy] (Index)
<li>'''Kan-hatki:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushatchee Wikipedia]</li>
 
<li>'''Kealedji:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufaula_people Wikipedia]</li>
=== Alabama State Recognized Tribes  ===
<li>'''Koasati:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coushatta Wikipedia]</li>
 
<li>'''Kolomi:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushatchee Wikipedia]</li>
*Alabama Indian Affairs Commission [http://aiac.state.al/us/ http://aiac.state.al/us/]  
<li>'''Napochi:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages Wikipedia]</li>  
*[http://aiac.state.al.us/Tribal-Map.aspx To view Geographic map of Tribal Locations]
<li>'''Okchai:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okchai Wikipedia] </li>
*[http://aiac.state.al.us/tribes.aspx Tribes recognized by the state of Alabama]
<li>'''Okmulgee:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchiti Wikipedia]</li>  
 
<li>'''Osochi:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands Wikipedia]</li>  
'''[http://pci-nsn.gov/wordpress/ Poarch Band of Creek Indians] '''(also recognized by the Federal Government) <br>5811 Jack Springs Road <br>Atmore, Al 36502 <br>Phone: 1-251-368-9136<br>  
<li>'''Pakana:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pakana-tribe.htm Access Genealogy]</li>  
 
<li>'''Pawokti:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pawokti-indians.htm Access Genealogy]</li>
'''Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians''' <br>P.O. Box 717 <br>Dothan, AL 36302 <br>E-Mail: [mailto:vit_hamilton@yahoo.com vit_hamilton@yahoo.com]<br>  
<li>'''Sawokli:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/sawokli-tribe.htm Access Genealogy]</li>
 
<li>'''Taensa:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/taensa-tribe.htm Access Genealogy]</li>  
'''Cherokee of Southeast Alabama,'''<br>
<li>'''Tohome:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tohome-tribe.htm Access Genealogy]</li>  
 
<li>'''Tukabahchee:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tukabahchee-tribe.htm Access Genealogy]</li>  
'''[http://www.cherokeetribeofnortheastalabama.com/ Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama]''' <br>113 Parker Drive<br>Huntsville, Al 35811 <br>Phone: 1-256-858-0191 <br>E-mail: [mailto:jstanleylong@bellsouth.net jstanleylong@bellsouth.net]<br>
<li>'''Tuskeggee:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tuskegee-tribe.htm Access Genealogy] </li>
 
<li>'''Wakokai:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_people Wikipedia]</li>
'''[http://echotacherokeetribe.homestead.com/ Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama]''' <br>630 County Road1281 <br>Falkville, AL 35622-3346<br>Phone: 1-256-734-7337 <br>E-Mail: [mailto:echotacherokeetribeofal@yahoo.com echotacherokeetribeofal@yahoo.com]
<li>'''Wiwohka:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/wiwohka-tribe.htm Access Genealogy]</li>
 
<li>'''Yamasee:''' [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/yamassi-indian-tribe.htm Access Genealogy]</li>
'''Langley Band of Chickamogee Cherokee Indians in the Southeastern U.S'''., <br>
<br>
 
</ul>
[http://www.mowa-choctaw.com/ '''Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians'''] <br>1080 Red Fox Road <br>Mount Vernon, Al 36560 <br>Phone: 1-251-829-5500 <br>E-Mail: [mailto:framonoweaver@yahoocom framonoweaver@yahoocom] <br>
|}
 
[http://www.piquashawnee.com/ '''Piqua Shawnee Tribe'''] <br>3412 Wellford Circle <br>Birmingham, AL 35226 <br>E-Mail: [mailto:okema@Live.com okema@Live.com] <br>  
 
'''Star Clan of Muskogee Creeks''' <br>242 County Road 2254 <br>Troy, AL 36079 <br>Phone: 1-334-399-3612 <br>E-Mail: [mailto:osahwv@charter.net osahwv@charter.net] <br>
 
'''[http://www.ucan-online.org/ United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation]''' (formerly United Cherokee Intertribal) <br>P.O. Box 754 <br>Guntersville, Al 35976 <br>Phone: 1-256-582-2333 <br>E-Mail: [mailto:ginawilliamson2099@gmail.com ginawilliamson2099@gmail.com] <br>
 
[http://www.machistribe.com/ '''Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe of Alabama'''] <br>202 North Main <br>Kinston, Al 36453 <br>Phone:1-334-565-3038 <br>E-Mail: [mailto:chiefjames@centurytel.net chiefjames@centurytel.net]
 
=== Cherokees  ===
 
There are many sources with information about the Cherokees. For example, see:
 
*Allen, Maud Bliss. ''Census Records and Cherokee Muster Rolls''. Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1935. {{FSC|45151|item|disp=FS Library film 908999 item 2; book 970.3 C424am}} This source contains the Cherokee census of 1835 of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
 
Two publications listing Cherokees east of the Mississippi in 1835 are:  
 
*Tyner, James W. ''Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835''. N.p.: Chi-ga-u, 1974. {{FSC|438530|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424tj}} Non-Cherokee census takers in 1835 made lists of Cherokees in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. There are some errors because they did not understand the native languages. The government defined a person as an Indian if he or she had one-quarter degree of Indian blood. The book is indexed and has excellent maps for that period.
 
This book provides the name of the head of the household and the number of whites and full-, half-, or quarter-blood Indians in the home. It also shows occupations, number of slaves owned, whether the people read English or Cherokee, and may mention if they owned a home, farm, or mill.
 
*United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. ''Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, T0496. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1960. {{FSC|284332|item|disp=FS Library film 833322}}
 
A list is available of the Cherokees living in Alabama in 1851:  
 
*Siler, David W. ''The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851.'' Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. {{FSC|60983|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424sd}} This list contains the names of each person’s father, mother and children, with their ages and relationship (De Kalb, Jackson, and Marshall Counties). An index is included.
 
For a history of the Cherokees to about 1835, and a map showing the Cherokee towns in the Alabama area, see:
 
*Malone, Henry Thompson. ''Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition''. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1956. {{FSC|81182|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424ma}} See the maps before the preface. At the end of the book there is a bibliography.
 
==== Additional Cherokee Records  ====
 
*United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. [[Cherokee Indian Agency (Tennessee)|Cherokee Agency]]. ''Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee, 1801–1835.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, M0208. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1952. {{FSC|285733|item|disp=FS Library films 1024418–31}} These records deal with the entire Cherokee Nation. They contain information about passes given to people during 1801 to 1804 allowing them to go through the Cherokee lands. These records also mention claims filed 1816 to 1833 and include the names of Army officers at posts; unauthorized settlements on Indian lands; land office records; and names of traders, settlers, missionaries, chiefs, and members of the tribe. See the introduction at the beginning of the first film to learn about the contents of these records. Many individuals are listed, however there is no index.
*United States. Office of Indian Affairs. ''Letters Received, 1824–1881; Registers of Letters Received, 1824–1880.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, M0018, M0234. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1942, 1956. {{FSC|403528|item|disp=FS Library film 1638620 (first of 1088 films)}} There are letters in this collection pertaining to each of the major tribes, but they are not indexed.
 
=== Chickasaw  ===
 
For a history of the [[Chickasaw Indians|Chickasaw nation]], see:  
 
*Malone, James H. ''The Chickasaw Nation: A Short Sketch of A Noble People''. Louisville, Kentucky: John P. Morton, 1922. {{FSC|572741|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C432m}} A map at the end of the book shows the Mississippi and Alabama lands ceded by the Chickasaws in 1835.
 
=== Choctaw  ===
 
A 1831 list of [[Choctaw Indians|Choctaws]] in Alabama and Mississippi is in:
 
*''American State Papers: {{FSC|309454|item|disp= FS Library film 1631827 (first of 32 films); fiche 6051323}}, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States'' cited under the subheading France (1710–1763) in [[Alabama Land and Property]]. Volume Seven, on FS Library film 944499 item 2, pages 1–140, has the 1831 Armstrong roll of Choctaws owning farms who were entitled to receive land under the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek of 1830. The volume is indexed. These records are like a census, listing head of family, the number of males over 16, number of males and females under 10, number of acres, and location.
 
=== Creek  ===
 
Some published sources with information about the [[Creek Indians|Creek]] People are:  
 
*Snider, Billie Ford. ''Full Name Indexes, Eastern Creek Indians East of the Mississippi.'' Pensacola, Florida: Antique Compiling, 1993. {{FSC|700946|item|disp=FS Library fiche 6126087; book 970.3 C861sb}} This source lists ancestors of the Eastern Creeks living in 1814 and descendants to about 1972. The final chapter contains a detailed history of the Creeks from the 1600s to 1973 and offers suggestions for Eastern Creek Indian ancestral research.
*Stiggins, George. ''Creek Indian History: A Historical Narrative of the Genealogy, Traditions and Downfall of the Ispocoga or Creek Indian Tribe of Indians''. Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Public Library Press, 1989. {{FSC|483336|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861s}} A bibliography is found on pages 166–70.
*Eggleston, George Cary. ''Red Eagle and the Wars with the Creek Indians.'' New York: Dodd, Mead and Company Publishers, 1878. Digital version at [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/533302-red-eagle-and-the-wars-with-the-creek-indians-of-alabama?offset=1 FamilySearch Digital Library] - free.
 
Rolls were prepared in 1832 of the Lower Creeks and the Upper Creeks. They contain the names of principal chiefs and heads of households, where they resided, number of people in the household and whether they owned slaves:
 
*Abbott, Thomas J. ''Creek Census of 1832 (Lower Creeks).'' Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. {{FSC|571201|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861a}} This is indexed by name.
*Parsons, Benjamin S. Creek Census of 1832 (Upper Creeks). Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. {{FSC|613309|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861pa}} This is indexed by name.
 
=== Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs  ===


The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the [[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|agencies]]'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>
== Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Alabama ==
*See [[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs]] for more resources.


===Agency Records===
[[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters. The BIA agency for Alabama is the [https://www.bia.gov/regional-offices/eastern Eastern Regional Office,  BIA].<br>
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]  
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]  
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]  
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]  
Line 134: Line 96:
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]


The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Washington has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. {{FSC|247426|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H551o}}</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. {{FSC|207428|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H551g}}</ref>, and others.
== Reservations in Alabama ==
*See [[Indigenous Peoples of the United States Reservations|Indigenous Peoples of the United States Reservations]] for more resources.
*[[Creek Indians|Creek Reservation]]
*[[Poarch Band of Creek Indians|Poarch Band of Creek]] - State, under jurisdiction of [[Choctaw Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Choctaw Agency]] Tribe: Poarch Band of Creek


*[[Choctaw Indian Agency (Mississippi)|Choctaw Agency]], 421 Powell, Philadelphia, MS, 39350
== Indian Censuses==
*See [[United States Special Inquiries Relating to Indians|United States Special Inquiries Relating to Indians]] for more resources.
*See [[American Indian Census Rolls|American Indian Census Rolls]] for more resources.
*'''1848-1970''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61907/ U.S., Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation Rolls, 1848-1970] Ancestry - index & images ($)
* ''Creek Census of 1832 (Lower Creeks),'' by Thomas J. Abbott. Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. {{FSC|571201|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861a}}; {{WorldCat|866264010|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - This is indexed by name.
*''Creek Census of 1832 (Upper Creeks),'' by Benjamin S. Parsons. Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. {{FSC|613309|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861pa}}; {{WorldCat|866013133|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - This is indexed by name.


=== Some Important Historical Events  ===
== Alabama Indian Schools==
*See [[Indigenous Peoples of the United States School Records|Indigenous Peoples of the United States School Records]] for more resources.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_boarding_schools List of Native American Boarding Schools]


Most American Indians in Alabama were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of [[Oklahoma, United States Genealogy|Oklahoma]]) in the 1830s. A few remained in Alabama.  
==Land Allotment Records==
*See [[Allotment Records for Indigenous Peoples of the United States|Allotment Records for Indigenous Peoples of the United States]] for more resources.


General histories with information about the events involving the American Indians in Alabama are:
==Alabama Map of Indian Lands==
*See [[Indigenous Peoples of the United States Maps|Indigenous Peoples of the United States Maps]] for more resources.


*Pickett, Albert James. ''History of Alabama and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, From the Earliest Period''. Sheffield, Alabama: R.C. Randolph, 1896. {{FSC|192476|item|disp=FS Library film 924406; book 976.1 H2p}} This book gives a chronological history of the events affecting the American Indians to about 1820.  
== Alabama Native Americans Historical Background ==
*Young, Mary Elizabeth. ''Redskins, Ruffle shirts and Rednecks: [[American Indian Allotment Records|Indian Allotments]] in Alabama and Mississippi 1830–1860.'' The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Norman. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. {{FSC|404569|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 Y86r}} This book describes the opening up and sale of Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek Indian lands until about the 1840s. An excellent bibliography is found at the end of the book.
*[[United_States_Indigenous_Peoples_For_Further_Reading|For Further Reading of Native Americans]]
*[[Alabama Military Records|Alabama Military]] for a list of forts.  
*[[Alabama History|Alabama History]] (calendar) for information on land ceded by the Indians.  
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands Indigenous Peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands] at Wikipedia


=== Reservations  ===
The word '''Alabama''' is from a Choctaw word meaning "thicket-clearer" or "vegetation-gatherers." Most American Indians in Alabama were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of [[Oklahoma, United States Genealogy|Oklahoma]]) in the 1830s. A few remained in Alabama.
*[[Alabama Military Records|Alabama Military]] for a list of forts.
*[[Alabama History|Alabama History]] (calendar) for information on land ceded by the Indians.


From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.  
'''Histories:'''<br>
* ''History of Alabama and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, From the Earliest Period,'' by Albert James Pickett. Sheffield, Alabama: R.C. Randolph, 1896. {{FSC|192476|item|disp=FS Library film 924406; book 976.1 H2p}}; '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|545612}}; This book gives a chronological history of the events affecting the American Indians to about 1820.
*''Redskins, Ruffle shirts and Rednecks: [[Allotment Records for Indigenous Peoples of the United States|Indian Allotments]] in Alabama and Mississippi 1830–1860,'' by Mary Elizabeth Young. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. {{FSC|404569|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 Y86r}}; {{WorldCat|866267411|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; This book describes the opening up and sale of Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek Indian lands until about the 1840s.


Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.  
Four of the [[Five Civilized Tribes|'''Five Civilized Tribes''']] are of Alabama: [[Cherokee Nation|Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw Nation|Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw Nation|Choctaw]], and [[Creek Indians|Creek]]. Some of the records unique to the Five Civilized Tribes are now available on line:


The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.  
*'''Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes''' [[Dawes Commission Enrollment Records for Five U.S. Indian Tribes|Dawes Commission]]. In 1893 Congress established a commission to exchange Indian tribal lands in the southeastern United States for land allotments to individuals in [[Indians of Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]. More than 250,000 people applied to the commission for enrollment and land. Just over 100,000 were approved. The records include Applications for enrollment, Enrollment cards, and Letter logs. Indexes and images on line:
*[https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/dawes-records.html National Archives]
*'''[[The U.S. Eastern Cherokee or Guion Miller Roll|Guion Miller Roll]]''' - Easter Cherokee In 1902 the Eastern Cherokee sued the United States to get the funds due then under the treaties of 1835, 1836, and 1845. In 1906, the court awarded more than $1 million to be split among the Eastern Cherokees. There were 45,847 applications filed, representing some 90,000 individuals. Indexes and Images on line:
*'''1908-1910''' [https://www.fold3.com/publication/81/us-guion-miller-roll-1908-1910 US, Guion Miller Roll, 1908-1910] at Fold3 - index & images ($)
*'''1906–1911''' [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/guion-miller-rolls Guion Miller Roll, 1906–1911, Eastern Cherokee Applications] at the National Archives - index
*[https://www.allthingscherokee.com/guion-miller-roll/ Cherokee Rolls: Guion Miller Roll] at All Things Cherokee - index


The following list of reservations has been compiled from the ''National Atlas of the United States of America''<ref>National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations [https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/fedlands3.pdf Available online.]</ref>, the ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''<ref>Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.</ref>, and other sources. Those reservations named in '''bold''' are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.  
=== Cherokee  ===
*See [[Cherokee Nation|Cherokee Nation]] for more resources.
*''Census Records and Cherokee Muster Rolls,'' by Maud Bliss Allen. Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1935. {{FSC|45151|item|disp=FS Library film 908999 item 2; book 970.3 C424am}}; {{WorldCat|866085914|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|568464}} - This source contains the Cherokee census of 1835 of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
* ''Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia,'' by United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. National Archives Microfilm Publications, T0496. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1960. {{FSC|284332|item|disp=FS Library film 833322}}; {{WorldCat|865980453|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; '''''Online at:''''' {{FSC|284332|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}(*)
*''Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition,'' by Henry Thompson Malone. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1956. {{FSC|81182|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424ma}}; {{WorldCat|1384923|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851,'' by David W. Siler. Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. {{FSC|60983|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424sd}}; {{WorldCat|1191111860|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - This list contains the names of each person’s father, mother and children, with their ages and relationship (De Kalb, Jackson, and Marshall Counties)
*''Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835,'' by James W. Tyner. N.p.: Chi-ga-u, 1974. {{FSC|438530|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424tj}}; {{WorldCat|3185823|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - Non-Cherokee census takers in 1835 made lists of Cherokees in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. There are some errors because they did not understand the native languages. The government defined a person as an Indian if he or she had one-quarter degree of Indian blood.


:[[Creek Indians|Creek Reservation]]  
=== Chickasaw  ===
:[[Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama|Poarch Band of Creek]] - State, under jurisdiction of [[Choctaw Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Choctaw Agency]] Tribe: Poarch Band of Creek
*See [[Chickasaw Indians|Chickasaw Nation]] for more resources.
*''The Chickasaw Nation: A Short Sketch of A Noble People,'' by James H. Malone. Louisville, Kentucky: John P. Morton, 1922. {{FSC|572741|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C432m}} - Has  map that shows the Mississippi and Alabama lands ceded by the Chickasaws in 1835.


Map - [https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/AL.pdf Alabama- Indian Reservations]- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. by the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.
=== Choctaw  ===
*See [[Choctaw Indians|Choctaw Nation]] for more resources.
*1831 list of Choctaw in Alabama and Mississippi:<br>
{{Block indent|1=*''American State Papers: {{FSC|309454|item|disp= FS Library film 1631827 (first of 32 films); fiche 6051323}}, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States'' cited under the subheading France (1710–1763) in [[Alabama Land and Property]]. Volume Seven, on FS Library film 944499 item 2, pages 1–140, has the 1831 Armstrong roll of Choctaws owning farms who were entitled to receive land under the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek of 1830. The volume is indexed. These records are like a census, listing head of family, the number of males over 16, number of males and females under 10, number of acres, and location.|2=1}}


=== References ===
=== Creek ===
 
*See [[Creek Indians|Creek Nation]] for more resources.
''Redskins Ruffle shirts and Rednecks-Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi 1830-1860. ''by Mary Elizabeth Young. C. 1961 University of Oklahoma Pres. Norman, Oklahoma. Library of Congress number: 61-15150. {{FSC|404569|item|disp=FS Catalog book970.1 Y86r}}  
*''Full Name Indexes, Eastern Creek Indians East of the Mississippi,'' Billie Ford Snider. Pensacola, Florida: Antique Compiling, 1993. {{FSC|700946|item|disp=FS Library fiche 6126087; book 970.3 C861sb}}; {{WorldCat|866232275|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - This source lists ancestors of the Eastern Creeks living in 1814 and descendants to about 1972. The final chapter contains a detailed history of the Creeks from the 1600s to 1973 and offers suggestions for Eastern Creek Indian ancestral research.
 
*''Creek Indian History: A Historical Narrative of the Genealogy, Traditions and Downfall of the Ispocoga or Creek Indian Tribe of Indians,'' by George Stiggins. Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Public Library Press, 1989. {{FSC|483336|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861s}}; {{WorldCat|19514297|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - A bibliography is found on pages 166–70.
::This book contains maps showing: Location of Creek allotments and original counties of the Creek Cession Land Offerings.
*Eggleston, George Cary. ''Red Eagle and the Wars with the Creek Indians.'' New York: Dodd, Mead and Company Publishers, 1878. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDB|533302}}
 
*Rolls were prepared in 1832 of the Lower Creeks and the Upper Creeks. They contain the names of principal chiefs and heads of households, where they resided, number of people in the household and whether they owned slaves:
=== See also  ===
{{Block indent|1=*Abbott, Thomas J. ''Creek Census of 1832 (Lower Creeks),'' by Thomas J. Abbott. Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. {{FSC|571201|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861a}}; {{WorldCat|866264010|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - This is indexed by name. |2=1}}
 
{{Block indent|1=*''Creek Census of 1832 (Upper Creeks),'' by Benjamin S. Parsons. Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. {{FSC|613309|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C861pa}}; {{WorldCat|866013133|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - This is indexed by name.|2=1}}
[[Alabama Military Records|Alabama Military]] for a list of forts.  
 
[[Alabama History|Alabama History]] (calendar) for information on land ceded by the Indians.  
 
FamilySearch Catalog [https://familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titlehitlist&columns=*%2C0%2C0&keyword=Alabama+Native+races&prekeyword=Alabama+Native+races Alabama Native Races]
 
=== Bibliography of Published Books and Articles  ===
 
*The book ''Alabama History: An Annotated Bibliography'' by Lynda W. Brown mentioned in [[Alabama History|Alabama History]] contains sections on the American Indian tribes of Alabama
 
=== Research Facilities  ===
 
'''FamilySearch Library'''  
 
The [[American Indian Research in the FamilySearch Library|FamilySearch Library]] in Salt Lake City has a large collection of American Indian sources, including:
 
*Copies of many of the microfilmed records of the National Archives.  
*Copies of some records of agencies and other offices, obtained through their own records preservation program.  
*A book collection of histories, biographies, guides, etc. for American Indian research.
 
To determine the full extent of their holdings, search their catalog, using their Keyword Search, Place Search, and Subject Search, looking for names of tribes and offices. Also, many of their holdings are under the Subject Search for:
 
:NATIVE RACES
:CHEROKEE INDIANS
:CHICKASAW INDIANS
:CHOCTAW INDIANS
:CREEK INDIANS
 
Records of American Indians can also be found in the Place Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:
 
:[https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&query=%2Bkeywords%3Aalabama%20%2Bkeywords%3Anative%20%2Bkeywords%3Araces ALABAMA — NATIVE RACES]
 
=== Major Research Facilities for American Indian Research  ===
 
=== National Archives  ===
 
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is responsible for the preservation of the records of historical importance created by federal offices in the United States of America, including those of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessor, the Office of Indian Affairs. ([[American Indian Research in the National Archives of the United States|Read more]]...)
 
=== Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) ===
 
Many of the Regional Archives have collected records of the federal offices in their region, including those of the field jurisdictions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Some of the field jurisdictions are the superintendencies, agencies, schools, factories and area offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.  
 
The Pacific Alaska Regional Archives (NARA) in Seattle has jurisdiction for the preservation of the records of federal offices in Idaho, including those of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.  
 
([[American Indian Research in the Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)|Read more]]...)
 
=== References  ===
 
<references />
 
==== Bibliography  ====


*"Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.
==Repositories==
*''American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications''. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.  
'''National Archives at Washington, D.C., Archives I'''<br>
*Gilbert, William Harlen, Jr. Surviving Indian Groups in the Eastern United States. Pp. 407-438 of the Smithsonian Report for 1948. [http://gilbert1948.webs.com/ Available online].
Pennsylvania Avenue at 8th Street, NW<br>Washington, D.C. 20408<br>Telephone: 202-501-5415<br>Fax: 301-713-6740<br>Email: [http://www.archives.gov/contact/inquire-form.html Contact Us]<br>[https://www.archives.gov/digitization/digitized-by-partners Digitized Records]<br>[http://www.nara.gov/ Website]<br>[[National Archives and Records Administration|Research Wiki Article]]
*Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.  
{{Block indent|*[https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/MERGE-11-4-10with-contentindex.html Native American Records at the National Archives]}}
*Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches''. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.  
{{Block indent|*[https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans American Indian and Alaska Native Records in the National Archives] - guide to records relating to Native Americans in the United States}}
*''Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880''. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
{{Block indent|*[https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Record Group 75, 1793-1989] - description of records in RG 75}}
*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich Available online].
{{Block indent|*''American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications''. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998. }}
* Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991
{{Block indent|1=*''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians,'' Edward E. Hill, comp. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. {{FSC|207428|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H551g}}<br>|2=1}}
*National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations [https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/AL.pdf Available online].
{{Block indent|*[https://www.archives.gov/files/research/native-americans/communities/southeastern-nativecommunities-guide.pdf Native Communities Research Guide for Alabama] at National Archives}}
*''Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~texlance/records/bia(dc)intro.htm Available online]  
<br>
*Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama/index.htm Available online]. ([http://public.csusm.edu/nadp/swanton/ ISBN 0-8063-1730-2 ]L of C 2002117802)
'''National Archives at Atlanta'''<br>
*Tiller, Veronica E. Velarde., ''American Indian Reservations and Trust Areas. ''C. 1996, Tiller Research Incorporated. FamilySearch Library {{FSC|1495765|title-id|disp=book 970.1 T463a No ISBN, or LC #}}
5780 Jonesboro Road<br>Morrow, Georgia 30260 USA<br>Phone: 770-968-2100<br>Email: [mailto:atlanta.archives@nara.gov atlanta.archives@nara.gov]<br>[http://www.archives.gov/southeast/ Website]<br>[[National Archives at Atlanta|Research Wiki Article]]
{{Block indent|*[https://www.archives.gov/atlanta/finding-aids/native-american.html Native American Records at the National Archives at Atlanta] - description of Native American records at NARA Atlanta}}
<br>
'''National Archives at Denver'''<br>17101 Huron Street<br>Broomfield, CO 80023<br>Phone: 303-604-4740<br>[mailto:denver.archives@nara.gov denver.archives@nara.gov]<br>[http://www.archives.gov/denver/ Website]<br>[[National Archives at Denver|Research Wiki Article]]  
{{Block indent|*[https://www.archives.gov/denver/genealogy Genealogy Research in Denver] - includes records of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek tribes}}


{{Native American nav}}  
==References==
{{reflist}}






[[Category:Alabama Cultural Groups]] [[Category:Alabama, United States|Albama]]
[[Category:Alabama Cultural Groups]] [[Category:Alabama, United States]]

Latest revision as of 02:40, 19 August 2025

Native American Topics
BuffaloHunters.jpg
Buffalo Hunt under the Wolf-Skin Mask
Beginning Research
Tribes
Record Types
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Other Topics
Choctaw Pisatuntema Native American in 1909.

Online Resources[edit | edit source]

Tribes and Bands of Alabama[edit | edit source]

When a tribe or group is federally recognized it is eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). When a state establishes state tribal recognition, it acknowledges the tribes status within the state, but does not guarantee funding from either the state or the federal government. When a tribe is recognized by the federal government, it can also be recognized by the state, but not all state recognized tribes are necessarily recognized by the federal government.[1]

For an current list of Federal and State Recognized Tribes, see NCLS List of Federal and State Recognized Tribes

Tribes Recognized by the Federal Government[edit | edit source]

Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama[edit | edit source]

Tribes Formally in Alabama[edit | edit source]

Tribes Not Recognized or No Longer are Active in Alabama[edit | edit source]

Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Alabama[edit | edit source]

Agency Records[edit | edit source]

Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters. The BIA agency for Alabama is the Eastern Regional Office, BIA.

Reservations in Alabama[edit | edit source]

Indian Censuses[edit | edit source]

Alabama Indian Schools[edit | edit source]

Land Allotment Records[edit | edit source]

Alabama Map of Indian Lands[edit | edit source]

Alabama Native Americans Historical Background[edit | edit source]

The word Alabama is from a Choctaw word meaning "thicket-clearer" or "vegetation-gatherers." Most American Indians in Alabama were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of Oklahoma) in the 1830s. A few remained in Alabama.

Histories:

Four of the Five Civilized Tribes are of Alabama: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek. Some of the records unique to the Five Civilized Tribes are now available on line:

  • Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes Dawes Commission. In 1893 Congress established a commission to exchange Indian tribal lands in the southeastern United States for land allotments to individuals in Oklahoma. More than 250,000 people applied to the commission for enrollment and land. Just over 100,000 were approved. The records include Applications for enrollment, Enrollment cards, and Letter logs. Indexes and images on line:
  • National Archives
  • Guion Miller Roll - Easter Cherokee In 1902 the Eastern Cherokee sued the United States to get the funds due then under the treaties of 1835, 1836, and 1845. In 1906, the court awarded more than $1 million to be split among the Eastern Cherokees. There were 45,847 applications filed, representing some 90,000 individuals. Indexes and Images on line:
  • 1908-1910 US, Guion Miller Roll, 1908-1910 at Fold3 - index & images ($)
  • 1906–1911 Guion Miller Roll, 1906–1911, Eastern Cherokee Applications at the National Archives - index
  • Cherokee Rolls: Guion Miller Roll at All Things Cherokee - index

Cherokee[edit | edit source]

Chickasaw[edit | edit source]

  • See Chickasaw Nation for more resources.
  • The Chickasaw Nation: A Short Sketch of A Noble People, by James H. Malone. Louisville, Kentucky: John P. Morton, 1922. FS Catalog book 970.3 C432m - Has map that shows the Mississippi and Alabama lands ceded by the Chickasaws in 1835.

Choctaw[edit | edit source]

  • See Choctaw Nation for more resources.
  • 1831 list of Choctaw in Alabama and Mississippi:
*American State Papers: FS Library film 1631827 (first of 32 films); fiche 6051323, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States cited under the subheading France (1710–1763) in Alabama Land and Property. Volume Seven, on FS Library film 944499 item 2, pages 1–140, has the 1831 Armstrong roll of Choctaws owning farms who were entitled to receive land under the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek of 1830. The volume is indexed. These records are like a census, listing head of family, the number of males over 16, number of males and females under 10, number of acres, and location.

Creek[edit | edit source]

  • See Creek Nation for more resources.
  • Full Name Indexes, Eastern Creek Indians East of the Mississippi, Billie Ford Snider. Pensacola, Florida: Antique Compiling, 1993. FS Library fiche 6126087; book 970.3 C861sb; At various libraries (WorldCat) - This source lists ancestors of the Eastern Creeks living in 1814 and descendants to about 1972. The final chapter contains a detailed history of the Creeks from the 1600s to 1973 and offers suggestions for Eastern Creek Indian ancestral research.
  • Creek Indian History: A Historical Narrative of the Genealogy, Traditions and Downfall of the Ispocoga or Creek Indian Tribe of Indians, by George Stiggins. Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Public Library Press, 1989. FS Catalog book 970.3 C861s; At various libraries (WorldCat) - A bibliography is found on pages 166–70.
  • Eggleston, George Cary. Red Eagle and the Wars with the Creek Indians. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company Publishers, 1878. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library
  • Rolls were prepared in 1832 of the Lower Creeks and the Upper Creeks. They contain the names of principal chiefs and heads of households, where they resided, number of people in the household and whether they owned slaves:
*Abbott, Thomas J. Creek Census of 1832 (Lower Creeks), by Thomas J. Abbott. Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. FS Catalog book 970.3 C861a; At various libraries (WorldCat) - This is indexed by name.
*Creek Census of 1832 (Upper Creeks), by Benjamin S. Parsons. Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. FS Catalog book 970.3 C861pa; At various libraries (WorldCat) - This is indexed by name.

Repositories[edit | edit source]

National Archives at Washington, D.C., Archives I
Pennsylvania Avenue at 8th Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20408
Telephone: 202-501-5415
Fax: 301-713-6740
Email: Contact Us
Digitized Records
Website
Research Wiki Article

*American Indian and Alaska Native Records in the National Archives - guide to records relating to Native Americans in the United States
*American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
*Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians, Edward E. Hill, comp. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. FS Catalog book 970.1 H551g


National Archives at Atlanta
5780 Jonesboro Road
Morrow, Georgia 30260 USA
Phone: 770-968-2100
Email: atlanta.archives@nara.gov
Website
Research Wiki Article

*Native American Records at the National Archives at Atlanta - description of Native American records at NARA Atlanta


National Archives at Denver
17101 Huron Street
Broomfield, CO 80023
Phone: 303-604-4740
denver.archives@nara.gov
Website
Research Wiki Article

*Genealogy Research in Denver - includes records of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek tribes

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Martha Salazar, State Recognition of American Indian Tribes National Conference of State Legislatures website (https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/state-recognition-of-american-indian-tribes.aspx#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Bureau%20of,relationship%20with%20the%20United%20States : accessed May 24, 2022).

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