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''[[Portal:United States of America|United States]] > [[Iowa|Iowa]] > Indians of Iowa''
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The name Iowa is derived from an Indian word meaning: "this is the place" or "the beautiful land".


To learn how to get started with American Indian research, find research facilities, and American Indian websites [[American Indian Genealogy|click here]].<br>


Various field offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs --&nbsp;[[Superintendencies of Indian Affairs|superintendencies]], agencies, [[American Indian School Records|Indian schools]], and&nbsp;others --created records of births, marriages, deaths, adoptions, censuses, schools, land allotments, probates, and other miscellaneous records. Many of these records are available only at the originating office, if that office is still operating. Some of the original records have been transferred to the [http://www.archives.gov/ National Archives] or to its regional archives.&nbsp; The [[Family History Library|Family History Library]] in Salt Lake City has microfilm copies of some of these records.  
Learn about the indigenous people of Iowa, the tribes and bands, agencies, reservations and records.  


== Tribes and Bands of Iowa ==
=== Information ===


The name Iowa is derived from an Indian word meaning: "this is the place" or "the beautiful land". [[Image:Iowa Indians in color.jpg|thumb|right|353x353px|Iowa Indians in color]] To learn how to get started with American Indian research, find research facilities, and American Indian websites see the [[American Indian Genealogy]] article.
Early indigenous people of Iowa built thousand of mounds, the mounds may have be for burial, ceremonial, religious and elite residence. <br><br>Various field offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs --[[Superintendencies of Indian Affairs|superintendencies]], agencies, [[American Indian School Records|Indian schools]], and others --created records of births, marriages, deaths, adoptions, censuses, schools, land allotments, probates, and other miscellaneous records. Many of these records are available only at the originating office, if that office is still operating. Some of the original records have been transferred to the [http://www.archives.gov/ National Archives] or to its regional archives. The [https://www.familysearch.org/en/library/ FamilySearch Library] in Salt Lake City has microfilm copies of some of these records.
=== Tribes and Bands of Iowa  ===
Many of these tribes or bands lived in or had only minimal association with the area now known as [http://www.aaanativearts.com/tribes-by-states/iowa_tribes.htm Iowa]. Some of them are only mentioned in treaties as parties to the cession of land in Iowa to the federal government.  
Many of these tribes or bands lived in or had only minimal association with the area now known as [http://www.aaanativearts.com/tribes-by-states/iowa_tribes.htm Iowa]. Some of them are only mentioned in treaties as parties to the cession of land in Iowa to the federal government.  


The following list of American Indians who have lived in Iowa has been compiled from Hodge's ''Handbook of American Indians...''<ref>Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/handbook_american_indians.htm Available online].</ref> and from Swanton's ''The Indian Tribes of North America''<ref>Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/iowa/index.htm Available online].</ref>. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.  
The following list of Native Americans who have lived in Iowa has been compiled from Hodge's ''Handbook of American Indians...''<ref>Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich Available online].</ref> and from Swanton's ''The Indian Tribes of North America''<ref>Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/iowa/index.htm Available online].</ref>. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.  


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" width="80%"
{| width="70%" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
| valign="top" |  
| valign="top" width="50%"|
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/chippewa/chippewahist.htm Chippewa]  
*[[Chippewa Indians|Chippewa]]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/siouan/dakotahist.htm Dakota]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/dakota-tribe.htm Dakota]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/fox/foxehist.htm Foxes]  
*[[Sac and Fox Tribe|Foxes]]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/illinois/illinoishist.htm Illinois]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/illinois/illinoishist.htm Illinois]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/iowa/iowahist.htm Iowa] Musquacki (also known as [[Sac and Fox Tribe|Sac and Fox]])  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/iowa/iowahist.htm Iowa] Musquacki (also known as [[Sac and Fox Tribe|Sac and Fox]])  
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*[http://www.aaanativearts.com/tribes-by-states/mississippi_tribes.htm Mississippi]  
*[http://www.aaanativearts.com/tribes-by-states/mississippi_tribes.htm Mississippi]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/illinois/moingwenahist.htm Moingwena] *[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/omaha/omahahist.htm Omaha]
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/illinois/moingwenahist.htm Moingwena] *[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/omaha/omahahist.htm Omaha]
 
| valign="top" width="50%"|  
| valign="top" |  
*[[Oto Indians|Oto]]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/oto/otohist.htm Oto]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ottawa/ottawahist.htm Ottawa]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ottawa/ottawahist.htm Ottawa]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/illinois/peoriahist.htm Peoria]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/illinois/peoriahist.htm Peoria]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ponca/poncaindianhist.htm Ponca]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ponca/poncaindianhist.htm Ponca]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/pottawatomie/pottawatomiehist.htm Potawatomi]  
*[[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi]]  
*[http://history.howstuffworks.com/native-american-history/sioux-indians.htm Sioux]  
*[[Sioux Indians|Sioux]]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/sauk/saukhist.htm Sauk]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/sauk/saukhist.htm Sauk]  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/winnebago/winnebagohist.htm Winnebago]
*[[Winnebago Indians|Winnebago]]
 
|}
|}


== Reservations  ==
=== Reservations  ===


From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.  
From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the Native Americans was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.  


Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.  
Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.  
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The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.  
The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.  


The following list of reservations has been compiled from the ''National Atlas of the United States of America''<ref>National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations [http://www.nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/ia.pdf Available online.]</ref>, the ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''<ref>Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.(Family History Library book {{FHL|433280|title-id|disp=973 E5}})</ref>, and other sources. Those reservations named in '''bold''' are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.  
For a current reservation map, see [https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/12_bia_regions.pdf Map of Indian Lands in the United States], U.S. Department of the Interior.


*Keokuk Reservation (or Keokuk Reserve) -- a small reserve for the Sac and Fox Indians, 1832-1836, following the [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2d.html Black Hawk War], after which they were removed to later reservations.
The following list of reservations has been compiled from the ''National Atlas of the United States of America''<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/79654043/ National Atlas of the United States, 1970], Federal Lands and Indian Reservations.</ref>, the ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''<ref>Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.(FS Library book {{FSC|433280|title-id|disp=973 E5}})</ref>, and other sources. Those reservations named in '''bold''' are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.  


*[http://www.eda.gov/imagecache/edapublic/documents/pdfdocs/18iowa_2epdf/v1/18iowa.pdf '''Sac and Fox Reservation''']-- established in 1867 -- Federal reservation located in Tama County, Iowa, under the jurisdiction of the Sac &amp; Fox Agency. Tribe: Sac and Fox (also known as Mesquakie).
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve Keokuk Reservation] (or Keokuk Reserve) -- a small reserve for the Sac and Fox, 1832-1836, following the [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2d.html Black Hawk War], after which they were removed to later reservations.


*'''Omaha Reservation -- '''primarily located in the southern part of Thurston County, Nebraska, but a portion extends into Monona County, Iowa. See [[Indians of Nebraska|Indians of Nebraska]] for additional information.
*'''[[Sac and Fox Reservation, Iowa|Sac and Fox Reservation]]'''-- established in 1867 -- Federal reservation located in [[Tama County, Iowa Genealogy|Tama County]], Iowa, under the jurisdiction of the [[Sac and Fox Indian Agency (Iowa)|Sac and Fox Agency]]. Tribe: Sac and Fox (also known as Mesquakie).


*'''Winnebago Reservation -- '''mostly located in Thurston County, Nebraska but there is a small segment in Woodbury County, Iowa, just east of the Missouri River. See [[Indians of Nebraska|Indians of Nebraska]] for additional information.
*'''[[Omaha Indian Reservation (Nebraska)|Omaha Reservation ]]-- '''primarily located in the southern part of [[Thurston County, Nebraska Genealogy|Thurston County]], [[Indians of Nebraska|Nebraska]], but a portion extends into [[Monona County, Iowa Genealogy|Monona County]], Iowa. See [[Indians of Nebraska|Indians of Nebraska]] for additional information.


== Agencies  ==
*'''[[Winnebago Indian Reservation (Nebraska)|Winnebago Reservation ]]-- '''mostly located in Thurston County, Nebraska but there is a small segment in [[Woodbury County, Iowa Genealogy|Woodbury County,]] Iowa, just east of the Missouri River. See [[Indians of Nebraska|Indians of Nebraska]] for additional information.
<nowiki>**</nowiki> ''Marion Resolution 1852''. A petition of Whites in Linn County, Iowa to allow Native Americans to remain. FS Library 989445 Item 10
 
=== Agencies  ===


[[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.  
[[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.  


The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Iowa has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library {{FHL|247426|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551o}}.)</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL {{FHL|207428|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551g}}.)</ref>, and others.  
The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Iowa has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (FamilySearch Library {{FSC|247426|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551o}}.)</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FS Library {{FSC|207428|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551g}}.)</ref>, and others.  


*[[Council Bluffs Subagency (Iowa)|Council Bluffs Subagency]]  
*[[Council Bluffs Subagency (Iowa)|Council Bluffs Subagency]]  
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*[[Turkey River Indian Subagency (Iowa)|Turkey River Subagency]] 1842-1846  
*[[Turkey River Indian Subagency (Iowa)|Turkey River Subagency]] 1842-1846  
*[[Upper Missouri Indian Agency|Upper Missouri Agency]]  
*[[Upper Missouri Indian Agency|Upper Missouri Agency]]  
*Winnebago Agency
*[[Winnebago Indian Agency (Iowa)|Winnebago Agency]]


== Half-Breed Tract  ==
=== Half-Breed Tract  ===


In the early 1800s, a tract of land was set aside by the federal government in Lee County, Iowa for the descendants of French fur trappers and other Europeans who had inter-married with Native Americans. These individuals were called "half-breeds." Thus the tract of land came to be known as the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Breed_Tract Half-Breed Tract]." Similar tracts were established in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation Nebraska], Minnesota, and Wisconsin.  
In the early 1800's, a tract of land was set aside by the federal government in Lee County, Iowa for the descendants of French fur trappers and other Europeans who had inter-married with Native Americans. These individuals were called "half-breeds." Thus the tract of land came to be known as the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Breed_Tract Half-Breed Tract]." Similar tracts were established in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation Nebraska], [[Indians of Minnesota|Minnesota]], and [[Indians of Wisconsin|Wisconsin]].  


== Indian Health Facilities  ==
=== Indian Health Facilities  ===


*[[Sac and Fox Sanatorium (Iowa)|Sac and Fox Sanatorium]]  
*[[Sac and Fox Sanatorium (Iowa)|Sac and Fox Sanatorium]]  
*[[Tama Indian Sanatorium (Iowa)|Tama Sanitorium]]
*[[Tama Indian Sanatorium (Iowa)|Tama Sanitorium]]


== Records  ==
=== Records  ===
 
The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>
 
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]]
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]]
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]
 
Records of the indigenous tribes of Iowa may be found in the [http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html National Archives] or in the [http://www.archives.gov/central-plains/lenexa/ Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Lenexa, Kansas].
 
===Allotment Records===
 
The General Allotment Act was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1887, marking the establishment of the allotment of land to individuals as the official and widespread policy of the federal government toward the Native Americans. Under this policy, land (formerly land held by the tribe or tribal land) was allotted to individuals to be held in trust until they had shown competency to handle their own affairs. The [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] was the trustee.
 
Individual Native Americans were given a prescribed amount of land on a reservation based upon what land was available and the number of tribal members living on that reservation. Generally, the amount of land allotted was 160 Acres for each head of family, 80 Acres for each single person over eighteen years of age, 80 Acres for each orphan child under eighteen years of age, and 40 Acres for each single person under eighteen years of age. This was dependent upon there being sufficient land available on the existing reservation. If the total acreage on the reservation was insufficient, the amounts of land were pro-rated accordingly.
 
Not all tribes and reservations were allotted.
 
Allotted Iowa Tribes


Records of the Indian Tribes of Iowa may be found in the [http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html National Archives] or in the [http://www.archives.gov/central-plains/lenexa/ Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Lenexa, Kansas].
*Sac and Fox


== Records Depositories  ==
=== Records Depositories  ===


The primary records holders are the originating offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and of the respective tribes. Some of those records have been transferred to the National Archives or its Regional Archives. Some original and/or microcopied records have been collected by universities, historical societies, museums, and individuals.  
The primary records holders are the originating offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and of the respective tribes. Some of those records have been transferred to the National Archives or its Regional Archives. Some original and/or microcopied records have been collected by universities, historical societies, museums, and individuals.  


==== Family History Library  ====
==== FamilySearch Library  ====


Many Indian records have been microfilmed and copies are housed at the [http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Library/FHLC/frameset_fhlc.asp Family History Library] in Salt Lake City. To find American Indian records in the Family History Library Catalog look in the Subject Search under the name of the tribe, such as:  
Many native American records have been microfilmed and copies are housed at the [https://www.familysearch.org/en/library/ FamilySearch Library] in Salt Lake City. To find American Indian records in the FamilySearch Catalog look in the Subject Search under the name of the tribe, such as:  


{{FHL|Iowa fox indians|title|disp=Fox Indians}} | {{FHL| Potawatomi|title|disp=Potawatomi Indians}} | {{FHL|312451|subject-id|disp=Sauk Indians}}  
{{FSC|Iowa fox indians|title|disp=Fox Indians}} | {{FSC| Potawatomi|title|disp=Potawatomi Indians}} | {{FSC|312451|subject-id|disp=Sauk Indians}}  


For further information on American Indians, see:  
For further information on indigenous people in the United States, see:  


''Iowa History Reference Guide'' <ref>Petersen, William John. Iowa History Reference Guide. Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1952. (FHL book 977.7 A3p; computer number 241027.) This bibliography includes sections about American Indians, immigration, land, government, courts, military, schools, churches, businesses, history, and biographies. It is arranged by subject and has an index. </ref>Pages 22–31 list books and articles about the various American Indian tribes, agents, treaties, and the half-breed tract in Iowa.  
''Iowa History Reference Guide'' <ref>Petersen, William John. Iowa History Reference Guide. Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1952. (FS Library book 977.7 A3p; computer number 241027.) This bibliography includes sections about American Indians, immigration, land, government, courts, military, schools, churches, businesses, history, and biographies. It is arranged by subject and has an index. </ref>Pages 22–31 list books and articles about the various American Indian tribes, agents, treaties, and the half-breed tract in Iowa.  


You can also look in the Locality Search in the [[Family History Library Catalog Title Search|Family History Library Catalog]] under:  
Use the Keyword Search feature on catalog drop down menu of the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog FamilySearch Catalog] to find more records under::  


::*IOWA - NATIVE RACES  
::*I[https://familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titlehitlist&columns=*%2C0%2C0&keyword=Iowa++Native+races&prekeyword=Iowa++Native+races OWA - NATIVE RACES ]
::*IOWA, [COUNTY]- NATIVE RACES
::*IOWA, [COUNTY]- NATIVE RACES


{{FHL|Iowa Superintendency 1838-1849|keywords|disp=Iowa Superintendency 1838-1849}}  
{{FSC|Iowa Superintendency 1838-1849|keywords|disp=Iowa Superintendency 1838-1849}}  


== Online&nbsp;Links  ==
=== Online Links  ===


*[http://books.google.com/books?id=rswSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA245&dq=iowa+history+indians&lr=&ei=__zGSImzOYPsswOs-pzXDA#PPA245,M1 ''French Expedition Against The Sac And Fox Indians In The Iowa Country''] by State Historical Society of Iowa - 1914 page 245; addresses the relationship between the French and the Sac and Fox Tribes for the years 1734 -1735.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=rswSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA245&dq=iowa+history+indians&lr=&ei=__zGSImzOYPsswOs-pzXDA#PPA245,M1 ''French Expedition Against The Sac And Fox Indians In The Iowa Country''] by State Historical Society of Iowa - 1914 page 245; addresses the relationship between the French and the Sac and Fox Tribes for the years 1734 -1735.
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*[[Iowa Military Records|Iowa - Military - Forts]]
*[[Iowa Military Records|Iowa - Military - Forts]]


== References ==
=== Sources and Footnotes ===


<references />
<references />  


==== Bibliography  ====
==== Bibliography  ====
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*Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches''. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.  
*Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches''. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.  
*''Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880''. National Archives Microcopy T1105.  
*''Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880''. National Archives Microcopy T1105.  
*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/handbook_american_indians.htm Available online].  
*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich Available online].  
*Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.  
*Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.  
*National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations [http://www.nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/IA.pdf Available online].  
*[https://www.loc.gov/item/79654043/ National Atlas of the United States, 1970], Federal Lands and Indian Reservations.
*''Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~texlance/records/bia(dc)intro.htm Available online]  
*''Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~texlance/records/bia(dc)intro.htm Available online]  
*Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/iowa/index.htm Available online].
*Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/iowa/index.htm Available online].


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[[Category:Iowa]] [[Category:Indians_of_the_United_States]]
[[Category:Indigenous Tribes of Iowa]] [[Category:Indigenous Tribes of the United States]]
[[Category:Iowa Cultural Groups]]

Latest revision as of 14:55, 11 December 2023

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Learn about the indigenous people of Iowa, the tribes and bands, agencies, reservations and records.

Information

The name Iowa is derived from an Indian word meaning: "this is the place" or "the beautiful land".

Iowa Indians in color

To learn how to get started with American Indian research, find research facilities, and American Indian websites see the American Indian Genealogy article.

Early indigenous people of Iowa built thousand of mounds, the mounds may have be for burial, ceremonial, religious and elite residence.

Various field offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs --superintendencies, agencies, Indian schools, and others --created records of births, marriages, deaths, adoptions, censuses, schools, land allotments, probates, and other miscellaneous records. Many of these records are available only at the originating office, if that office is still operating. Some of the original records have been transferred to the National Archives or to its regional archives. The FamilySearch Library in Salt Lake City has microfilm copies of some of these records.

Tribes and Bands of Iowa

Many of these tribes or bands lived in or had only minimal association with the area now known as Iowa. Some of them are only mentioned in treaties as parties to the cession of land in Iowa to the federal government.

The following list of Native Americans who have lived in Iowa has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians...[1] and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America[2]. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.

Reservations

From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the Native Americans was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

For a current reservation map, see Map of Indian Lands in the United States, U.S. Department of the Interior.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America[3], the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America[4], and other sources. Those reservations named in bold are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.

  • Keokuk Reservation (or Keokuk Reserve) -- a small reserve for the Sac and Fox, 1832-1836, following the Black Hawk War, after which they were removed to later reservations.

** Marion Resolution 1852. A petition of Whites in Linn County, Iowa to allow Native Americans to remain. FS Library 989445 Item 10

Agencies

Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Iowa has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs...[5], Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians[6], and others.

Half-Breed Tract

In the early 1800's, a tract of land was set aside by the federal government in Lee County, Iowa for the descendants of French fur trappers and other Europeans who had inter-married with Native Americans. These individuals were called "half-breeds." Thus the tract of land came to be known as the "Half-Breed Tract." Similar tracts were established in Nebraska, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

Indian Health Facilities

Records

The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:

Records of the indigenous tribes of Iowa may be found in the National Archives or in the Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Lenexa, Kansas.

Allotment Records

The General Allotment Act was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1887, marking the establishment of the allotment of land to individuals as the official and widespread policy of the federal government toward the Native Americans. Under this policy, land (formerly land held by the tribe or tribal land) was allotted to individuals to be held in trust until they had shown competency to handle their own affairs. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was the trustee.

Individual Native Americans were given a prescribed amount of land on a reservation based upon what land was available and the number of tribal members living on that reservation. Generally, the amount of land allotted was 160 Acres for each head of family, 80 Acres for each single person over eighteen years of age, 80 Acres for each orphan child under eighteen years of age, and 40 Acres for each single person under eighteen years of age. This was dependent upon there being sufficient land available on the existing reservation. If the total acreage on the reservation was insufficient, the amounts of land were pro-rated accordingly.

Not all tribes and reservations were allotted.

Allotted Iowa Tribes

  • Sac and Fox

Records Depositories

The primary records holders are the originating offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and of the respective tribes. Some of those records have been transferred to the National Archives or its Regional Archives. Some original and/or microcopied records have been collected by universities, historical societies, museums, and individuals.

FamilySearch Library

Many native American records have been microfilmed and copies are housed at the FamilySearch Library in Salt Lake City. To find American Indian records in the FamilySearch Catalog look in the Subject Search under the name of the tribe, such as:

Fox Indians | Potawatomi Indians | Sauk Indians

For further information on indigenous people in the United States, see:

Iowa History Reference Guide [7]Pages 22–31 list books and articles about the various American Indian tribes, agents, treaties, and the half-breed tract in Iowa.

Use the Keyword Search feature on catalog drop down menu of the FamilySearch Catalog to find more records under::

Iowa Superintendency 1838-1849

Online Links

See Also

Sources and Footnotes

  1. ↑ Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online.
  2. ↑ Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
  3. ↑ National Atlas of the United States, 1970, Federal Lands and Indian Reservations.
  4. ↑ Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.(FS Library book 973 E5)
  5. ↑ Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches, Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (FamilySearch Library book 970.1 H551o.)
  6. ↑ Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FS Library book 970.1 H551g.)
  7. ↑ Petersen, William John. Iowa History Reference Guide. Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1952. (FS Library book 977.7 A3p; computer number 241027.) This bibliography includes sections about American Indians, immigration, land, government, courts, military, schools, churches, businesses, history, and biographies. It is arranged by subject and has an index.

Bibliography

  • "Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.
  • American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
  • Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.
  • Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
  • Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
  • Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online.
  • Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.
  • National Atlas of the United States, 1970, Federal Lands and Indian Reservations.
  • Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. Available online
  • Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
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