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==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Dictionaries'''
'''Dictionaries'''
* Prakash A Raj, '''''Nepali practical dictionary : Nepali-English, English-Nepali''''', New York : Hippocrene Books, Inc., 2014 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/nepali-practical-dictionary-nepali-english-english-nepali/oclc/937841806&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Raj, Prakash A. ''Nepali practical dictionary : Nepali-English, English-Nepali.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/937841806 WorldCat].
* Iswaranand Sresthacharya, '''''A concise dictionary, Newar-English''''', Kathmandu, Nepal : Pilgrims Book House, 1995 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/concise-dictionary-newar-english/oclc/35151467&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Sresthacharya, Iswaranand. ''A concise dictionary, Newar-English.'' Kathmandu, Nepal: Pilgrims Book House, 1995. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/35151467 WorldCat].
* Ulrike Kölver & Ishwaranand Shresthacarya, '''''A dictionary of contemporary Newari Newari - English''''', Bonn VGH-Wiss.-Verl. 1994 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/dictionary-of-contemporary-newari-newari-english/oclc/311968187&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Kölver, Ulrike and Ishwaranand Shresthacarya. ''A dictionary of contemporary Newari Newari - English.'' Verl, Bonn: VGH-Wiss, 1994. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/311968187 WorldCat].
* Kamal Tuladhar, '''''English-Nepal Bhasa dictionary''''', Kathmandu : J.R. Tuladhar, 2003 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/english-nepal-bhasa-dictionary-inlisa-nepalabhasha-sabdakosa/oclc/52845720&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Tuladhar, Kamal. ''English-Nepal Bhasa dictionary.'' Kathmandu: J.R. Tuladhar, 2003. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/52845720 WorldCat].
* Shānulḥaq Ḥaqqī, '''''Oxford English- Urdu dictionary''''', Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-english-urdu-dictionary-oksfard-inglish-urdu-dikshanari/oclc/60865209&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Ḥaqqī, Shānulḥaq. ''Oxford English- Urdu dictionary.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/60865209 WorldCat].
* Gambhīradhoja Tumbāhāṅphe & Harkajaṅa Kurumbāṅa, '''''Limbu-English-Nepali dictionary''''', Limbuvāna : Limbuvāna Adhyayana Kendra, 2015 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/limbu-english-nepali-dictionary/oclc/1036775890&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Tumbāhāṅphe, Gambhīradhoja. ''Limbu-English-Nepali dictionary.'' Limbuvāna: Limbuvāna Adhyayana Kendra, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1036775890 WorldCat].
* Warren William Glover, Deu Bahadur Gurung & Jessie R Glover, '''''Gurung-Nepali-English dictionary''''', Canberra Dep. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian Nat. Univ. 1977 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/gurung-nepali-english-dictionary-with-english-gurung-and-nepali-gurung-indexes/oclc/251725250&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Glover, Warren William, Deu Bahadur Gurung, and Jessie R. Glover. ''Gurung-Nepali-English dictionary : with English-Gurung and Nepali-Gurung indexes.'' Australian Nat. Univ, Canberra: Dep. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, 1977. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/251725250 WorldCat].


'''Online Dictionaries'''
'''Online Dictionaries'''
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_grammar Nepali grammar] - Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_grammar Nepali grammar] - Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_grammar Maithili grammar] - Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_grammar Maithili grammar] - Wikipedia
* Christopher Jay Manders, '''''A foundation in Nepali grammar''''', Bloomington : AuthorHouse, 2007 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/foundation-in-nepali-grammar-nepali-vyakaranma-adhara/oclc/220418549&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Manders, Christopher Jay. ''A foundation in Nepali grammar.'' Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2007. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/220418549 WorldCat].
* Ramawatar Yadav, '''''A reference grammar of Maithili''''', Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1996 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/reference-grammar-of-maithili/oclc/32970826&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Yadav, Ramawatar. ''A reference grammar of Maithili.'' Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/32970826 WorldCat].
* Shaligram Shukla, '''''Bhojpuri grammar''''', Washington : Georgetown univ. Press, 1981 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/bhojpuri-grammar/oclc/610913098&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Shukla, Shaligram. ''Bhojpuri grammar.'' Washington: Georgetown univ. Press, 1981. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/610913098 WorldCat].
* Gopāla Dahita, '''''Tharu grammar''''', Bardiyā : Yunika Nepāla, Kendriya Pariyojanā Kāryālaya, 2013 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/tharu-byakarana-tharu-grammar/oclc/858914667&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Dahita, Gopāla. ''Tharu grammar.'' Kendriya Pariyojanā Kāryālaya, Bardiyā: Yunika Nepāla, 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/858914667 WorldCat].
* David James Young, '''''Urdu grammar''''', California : Createspace, USA 2014 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/urdu-grammar/oclc/1257976630&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Young, David James. ''Urdu grammar.'' California: Createspace, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1257976630 WorldCat].
* Govindabahādura Tumbāhāṅa & Nepāla ra Eśiyālī Anusandhāna Kendra, '''''A grammar of Limbu''''', Kathmandu : Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University, 2011 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/grammar-of-limbu/oclc/812120466&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* Tumbāhāṅa, Govindabahādura and Nepāla ra Eśiyālī Anusandhāna Kendra. ''A grammar of Limbu.'' Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/812120466 WorldCat].
* Kristine A Hilderbrant, '''''Grammar of Gurung''''', De Gruyter Mouton, 2019 - [https://www.worldcat.org/title/grammar-of-gurung/oclc/1053998592&referer=brief_results Available at WorldCat]
* HILDEBRANDT, KRISTINE A. ''GRAMMAR OF GURUNG.'' n.p.: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1053998592 WorldCat].


==Additional Resources==
==Additional Resources==
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== References  ==
== References  ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
===Language Background===
The national language of Nepal is known as "Nepali". According to the most recent official [http://www.cbs.gov.np/ census], conducted by [http://www.nepalhmg.gov.np/index_eng.php His Majesty's Government of Nepal] (HMG) in 2001, Nepal is home to around 20 million speakers of Nepali. Nepali is the mother tongue for 11 million people, and a ''lingua franca'' for many more. Outside of Nepal, Nepali is also spoken in northeast India and in much of Bhutan. On account of its widespread use in the states of West Bengal (particularly in the district of Darjeeling) and Sikkim, the [http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html Indian Constitution] recognizes Nepali as a major language of India. In Bhutan, while Dzongkha is the national language, Nepali is widely spoken by people from diverse ethnic backgrounds.
Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language, and thus part of a linguistic grouping which includes other South Asian languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati. Modern Indo-Aryan languages are related to Sanskrit, much as modern European languages are related to Latin. To find out more about South Asian languages, visit the [http://www.southasiabibliography.de/index.html South Asian Linguistics] website maintained by Dr. John Peterson. Nepali is written in the Devanagari (or 'Nagari') script, which is also used for Hindi, Marathi and Sanskrit. Nepali Devanagari has 11 vowels and 33 consonants. The script is essentially phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation closely resembles the writing system. The script is written from left to right, with a top line indicating the word boundaries. In order to view or input the Devanagari script in a digital context, it is necessary to have a Devanagari font installed on one's computer or to have a computer which is [http://www.unicode.org/ Unicode] compliant.
===Hindi Language Resources===
Some parts of Nepal speak Hindi. Below are online resources for the Hindi language.
*[http://www.lexilogos.com/english/hindi_dictionary.htm Online Hindi language resources]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm Hindi Script]
*[http://hindi-english.org/ Hindi online dictionary]
*[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf Hindi transliteration information]
*[http://mylanguages.org/hindi_romanization.php Hindi Romanization converter]
*[http://mylanguages.org/learn_hindi.php Hindi basics and grammar]
*[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/hindi Hindi language overview]
===Nepali Language Resources===
*[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/nepali Nepali language overview]
*[http://learn101.org/nepali.php Nepali basics and grammar]
*[http://mylanguages.org/nepali_romanization.php Nepali Romanization converter]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nepali.htm Nepali alphabet]
*[http://www.lexilogos.com/english/nepali_dictionary.htm Nepali language resources]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/ Nepali online dictionary]




[[Category:Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepal]]

Latest revision as of 19:35, 20 March 2024


Nepal Wiki Topics
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Nepal Background
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Description

All languages spoken as the mother tongues in Nepal are the languages of the nation. Many of the languages also have various dialects.
The 2011 National census lists 123 languages spoken as a mother tongue (first language) in Nepal.
The official working language at federal level is Nepali, but the constitution provisions each province to choose one or more additional official working languages. A total of 14 official languages have been designated. [1]

According to the 2011 national census, the number of native speakers per spoken language is as follows: [2]

Word List(s)

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Alphabet

Pronunciation

Language Aids and Dictionaries

Dictionaries

  • Raj, Prakash A. Nepali practical dictionary : Nepali-English, English-Nepali. New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc, 2014. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Sresthacharya, Iswaranand. A concise dictionary, Newar-English. Kathmandu, Nepal: Pilgrims Book House, 1995. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Kölver, Ulrike and Ishwaranand Shresthacarya. A dictionary of contemporary Newari Newari - English. Verl, Bonn: VGH-Wiss, 1994. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Tuladhar, Kamal. English-Nepal Bhasa dictionary. Kathmandu: J.R. Tuladhar, 2003. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Ḥaqqī, Shānulḥaq. Oxford English- Urdu dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Tumbāhāṅphe, Gambhīradhoja. Limbu-English-Nepali dictionary. Limbuvāna: Limbuvāna Adhyayana Kendra, 2015. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Glover, Warren William, Deu Bahadur Gurung, and Jessie R. Glover. Gurung-Nepali-English dictionary : with English-Gurung and Nepali-Gurung indexes. Australian Nat. Univ, Canberra: Dep. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, 1977. Available at: WorldCat.

Online Dictionaries

Language Aids

  • Nepali grammar - Wikipedia
  • Maithili grammar - Wikipedia
  • Manders, Christopher Jay. A foundation in Nepali grammar. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2007. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Yadav, Ramawatar. A reference grammar of Maithili. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Shukla, Shaligram. Bhojpuri grammar. Washington: Georgetown univ. Press, 1981. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Dahita, Gopāla. Tharu grammar. Kendriya Pariyojanā Kāryālaya, Bardiyā: Yunika Nepāla, 2013. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Young, David James. Urdu grammar. California: Createspace, 2014. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Tumbāhāṅa, Govindabahādura and Nepāla ra Eśiyālī Anusandhāna Kendra. A grammar of Limbu. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2011. Available at: WorldCat.
  • HILDEBRANDT, KRISTINE A. GRAMMAR OF GURUNG. n.p.: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 2019. Available at: WorldCat.

Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages with official status in Nepal," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Nepal, accessed 11 Apr 2022.
  2. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Nepal," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal#:~:text=Languages%20in%20Nepal%20by%20numbers%20of%20speakers, accessed 11 Apr 2022.
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