No edit summary |
m (Text replacement - " " to " ") |
||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
There are a number of important notarial records in China. Most of the documents listed below can be obtained from one of China's Notarial Offices (''Gong Zheng Chu'') at [http://www.sgs.gov.cn/sgs/en/news2.jsp?id=33 FOREIGN ENTERPRISES PERMANENT OIFFICE IN CHINA - Shanghai Administration of Industry & Commerce ]. All Chinese documentation to be used abroad is processed through the notary offices and issued in the form of notarial certificates. Notarial offices are located in all major Chinese cities and in rural county seats. These offices are part of the Ministry of Justice structure, but are separate from the people's court system. | There are a number of important notarial records in China. Most of the documents listed below can be obtained from one of China's Notarial Offices (''Gong Zheng Chu'') at [http://www.sgs.gov.cn/sgs/en/news2.jsp?id=33 FOREIGN ENTERPRISES PERMANENT OIFFICE IN CHINA - Shanghai Administration of Industry & Commerce ]. All Chinese documentation to be used abroad is processed through the notary offices and issued in the form of notarial certificates. Notarial offices are located in all major Chinese cities and in rural county seats. These offices are part of the Ministry of Justice structure, but are separate from the people's court system. | ||
Notaries in China do not perform the same functions as their American counterparts. Chinese notaries affix their signatures and office seal to certificates that attest to the probity of claims made by the applicants. | Notaries in China do not perform the same functions as their American counterparts. Chinese notaries affix their signatures and office seal to certificates that attest to the probity of claims made by the applicants. By regulation, notaries are empowered to issue certificates only after they conclude that the applicant's claims are true. Notarial certificates of birth, death, marriage, divorce, no criminal record, and pre-1981 adoptions are, at best, secondary evidence of the events they purport to document. Although these certificates are secondary evidence, they are used because primary evidence is not standardized, is easily forged, and difficult to evaluate. Notarial certificates are easier to interpret than primary evidence and theoretically represent an expert judgment on the part of the notarial official as to the facts documented. | ||
The certificates can be based upon primary evidence, secondary evidence, testimony of the applicant or other parties, or investigation by the notary. For most notarial certificates of birth or adoption, the primary underlying documentation is the household register (HHR), which appears to be extremely susceptible to fraud and manipulation, especially if the holder of the HHR lives outside of a major metropolitan area. Notarial certificates rarely cite the basis for their issuance. | The certificates can be based upon primary evidence, secondary evidence, testimony of the applicant or other parties, or investigation by the notary. For most notarial certificates of birth or adoption, the primary underlying documentation is the household register (HHR), which appears to be extremely susceptible to fraud and manipulation, especially if the holder of the HHR lives outside of a major metropolitan area. Notarial certificates rarely cite the basis for their issuance. | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
Therefore, a certificate in itself may not be adequate evidence of the facts claimed, and is best used in conjunction with primary and contemporaneous secondary evidence: Old land deeds and old family registers; letters or money receipts; family records from countries that have reliable public documents; school and medical records. In relationship cases, especially where the petitioner left China years before, the best evidence of relationship, or lack of it, would be the Hong Kong Certificate of Registered Particulars (for petitioners who lived in Hong Kong), or the petitioner's immigration and/or naturalization file. | Therefore, a certificate in itself may not be adequate evidence of the facts claimed, and is best used in conjunction with primary and contemporaneous secondary evidence: Old land deeds and old family registers; letters or money receipts; family records from countries that have reliable public documents; school and medical records. In relationship cases, especially where the petitioner left China years before, the best evidence of relationship, or lack of it, would be the Hong Kong Certificate of Registered Particulars (for petitioners who lived in Hong Kong), or the petitioner's immigration and/or naturalization file. | ||
Local conditions often do not permit consular officers to conduct on-site inquiries. However, if there is a reason to doubt the claims in a certificate issued by a Chinese notary, the American consular post in the issuing office's area may verify the information through the notarial office, or if possible, by field investigation. A copy of the document in question should be submitted, as well as detailed reasons for the suspicion. For suspected relationship fraud, the first step should be a check of the information contained in the INS file or Joint Voluntary Agency (JVA) files for former refugees. | Local conditions often do not permit consular officers to conduct on-site inquiries. However, if there is a reason to doubt the claims in a certificate issued by a Chinese notary, the American consular post in the issuing office's area may verify the information through the notarial office, or if possible, by field investigation. A copy of the document in question should be submitted, as well as detailed reasons for the suspicion. For suspected relationship fraud, the first step should be a check of the information contained in the INS file or Joint Voluntary Agency (JVA) files for former refugees. Given sufficient reason, notaries do investigate, and in some cases, revoke certificates. Several months should be allowed for a reply. | ||
Individuals residing outside of China may obtain notarial certificates from the notarial office with jurisdiction over the county of previous residence. | Individuals residing outside of China may obtain notarial certificates from the notarial office with jurisdiction over the county of previous residence. Chinese relatives or friends may request issuance of certificates on behalf of someone now living abroad. Relatives and friends should have specific written authorization from the interested party before they request certificates. Alternatively, persons in need of notarial documents may contact the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) Embassy or Consulate nearest to their residence abroad and ask that the request be forwarded to the appropriate notarial office. Obtaining a notarial certificate through a PRC Embassy or Consulate can require considerable time. | ||
== Birth Certificates == | == Birth Certificates == | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
Available in the form of notarial certificates, which are secondary evidence. Notarial certificates of birth (''Chu Sheng Gong Zheng Shu'' or ''Chu Sheng Zheng Ming Shu'') for persons living in or recently departed from China are generally reliable, but are best used in conjunction with other evidence. They are most often based upon an AHHR (Household Record), which is easily susceptible to fraud, especially in villages. Notarial birth certificates for persons long departed from China are most likely based merely upon the testimony of interested parties. | Available in the form of notarial certificates, which are secondary evidence. Notarial certificates of birth (''Chu Sheng Gong Zheng Shu'' or ''Chu Sheng Zheng Ming Shu'') for persons living in or recently departed from China are generally reliable, but are best used in conjunction with other evidence. They are most often based upon an AHHR (Household Record), which is easily susceptible to fraud, especially in villages. Notarial birth certificates for persons long departed from China are most likely based merely upon the testimony of interested parties. | ||
Although some notarial birth certificates will list stepparents or adoptive parents along with natural parents, this is not always the case. | Although some notarial birth certificates will list stepparents or adoptive parents along with natural parents, this is not always the case. In some cases, the certificates will list only the natural parents, which covers up an adoption. | ||
Some applicants will present notarial certificates of relationship (''Guan Xi Gong Zheng'' [or ''Zheng Ming''] ''Shu'') in lieu of notarial birth certificates. These certificates of relationship are unreliable and tend to be based solely upon the testimony of interested parties. Notarial birth certificates should be required. Care should be taken with any certificate that lists step relationships. These relationships are relevant as to the date of issuance of the certificate only. Marriage certificates should also be required. | Some applicants will present notarial certificates of relationship (''Guan Xi Gong Zheng'' [or ''Zheng Ming''] ''Shu'') in lieu of notarial birth certificates. These certificates of relationship are unreliable and tend to be based solely upon the testimony of interested parties. Notarial birth certificates should be required. Care should be taken with any certificate that lists step relationships. These relationships are relevant as to the date of issuance of the certificate only. Marriage certificates should also be required. | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
Care should be taken in cases where a petitioning parent departed China without the adoptive (then minor) child, especially if other natural children accompanied the parent. Most likely, this indicates the Chinese government did not recognize the adoption at the time the alleged adoptive parent departed. The INS file of the petitioner and/or the Hong Kong Certificate of Registered Particulars (for petitioners who transited Hong Kong) will generally be the most reliable evidence of the existence or nonexistence of the adoption in these cases. | Care should be taken in cases where a petitioning parent departed China without the adoptive (then minor) child, especially if other natural children accompanied the parent. Most likely, this indicates the Chinese government did not recognize the adoption at the time the alleged adoptive parent departed. The INS file of the petitioner and/or the Hong Kong Certificate of Registered Particulars (for petitioners who transited Hong Kong) will generally be the most reliable evidence of the existence or nonexistence of the adoption in these cases. | ||
A new China-wide adoption law was implemented on 1 April 1992. Under this law, notarial certificates of adoption are still required, and a written record dating from the time of the adoption should be available in these case of an adoption of an orphan. The Ministry of Civil Affairs must approve the adoption of a parentless or abandoned child who becomes the ward of the Chinese state. Adoptive parents must travel to China to complete the adoption of a Chinese child, and should receive three notarial certificates upon completion of the adoption process: | A new China-wide adoption law was implemented on 1 April 1992. Under this law, notarial certificates of adoption are still required, and a written record dating from the time of the adoption should be available in these case of an adoption of an orphan. The Ministry of Civil Affairs must approve the adoption of a parentless or abandoned child who becomes the ward of the Chinese state. Adoptive parents must travel to China to complete the adoption of a Chinese child, and should receive three notarial certificates upon completion of the adoption process: Birth, abandonment, and adoption. The notarial certificate of abandonment should state under what circumstances and when the child was either orphaned or abandoned. | ||
It is extremely rare in China for male children to be given up for adoption. Traditionally, the vast majority of orphaned children adopted in China by foreigners have been female. Cases involving the adoption of a male child, particularly if adopted by a relative, should be thoroughly documented. | It is extremely rare in China for male children to be given up for adoption. Traditionally, the vast majority of orphaned children adopted in China by foreigners have been female. Cases involving the adoption of a male child, particularly if adopted by a relative, should be thoroughly documented. | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
== Police Records == | == Police Records == | ||
Generally, police records are available and reliable. | Generally, police records are available and reliable. Persons should apply for a certificate of no criminal record at the local Public Security Bureau (PSB) at [http://www.bjgaj.gov.cn/eng/ Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau] (or certain types of employers such as state owned enterprises), then make application to the notary office for a certificate based on the PSB document. | ||
Persons without a criminal record will be able to obtain a certificate to that effect. Certificates for individuals with one or more criminal convictions will list all convictions for which records still exist. The certificates purport to reflect all criminal convictions during residence in China. Police records are generally not available for the period prior to 1949. Also, police records are not available for those who were in China in diplomatic status, including those working for international organizations such as the United Nations. | Persons without a criminal record will be able to obtain a certificate to that effect. Certificates for individuals with one or more criminal convictions will list all convictions for which records still exist. The certificates purport to reflect all criminal convictions during residence in China. Police records are generally not available for the period prior to 1949. Also, police records are not available for those who were in China in diplomatic status, including those working for international organizations such as the United Nations. | ||
edits