French Republican Calendar

France

French Republican Calendar

Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789.Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789.

History of the Calendar

The French Republican calendar (also known as the Revolutionary calendar) was introduced during the French Revolution to replace the Gregorian calendar and begin a new era. The calendar was based on scientific rather than Christian principles.

This calendar was used for twelve years, from 24 October 1793 to 31 December 1805. (An attempt was made in 1871 to reinstate it, but this attempt failed.) However, it was back-dated to have begun on 22 September 1792. It was used for civil registration records, notarial records, and other government records throughout France and other areas under French rule, including modern Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. It also affected records in other areas ruled by the French government, such as Egypt, Malta, Reunion, Louisiana, Guiana, and some Caribbean islands.

Principles of the New Calendar

Each year began on the autumn equinox, and the years were counted from the founding of the French Republic on 22 September 1792.

Each year had twelve months of thirty days each.

Five days, called complementary days, were added to the end of the year to bring the total to 365.

Every four years, beginning with the third year of the Republic, an extra complementary day was added. (Days were added to years 3, 7, 11, and so forth.) During this period, the standard calendar had only two leap years (in 1796 and 1804).

Localities that Used the French Republican Calendar from 1793 to 1805

• Torino, Italy

The Months

The twelve months of the French Republican calendar were based on the natural events of the seasons of the year. They do not correspond to the standard months of January through December.

In areas that were not French-speaking, the names of the months were often translated into the language of the record, as shown by the following chart:

Months of the French Republican Calendar

French	English Translation	German	Dutch	Italian	Latin
Vendémiaire	grape harvest month	Weinlesemonat	Wijnoogstmaand	vendemmaio	mensis vindemiarum
Brumaire	fog month	Nebelmonat	Mistmaand	brumaio	mensis brumarum
Frimaire	frost month	Reifmonat	Rijpmaand	frimaio	mensis frimarum
Nivôse	snow month	Schneemonat	Sneeuwmaand	nevoso	mensis nivium
Pluviôse	rain month	Regenmonat	Regenmaand	piovoso	mensis pluviarum
Ventôse	wind month	Windmonat	Windmaand	ventoso	mensis ventorum
Germinal	germination month	Keimmonat	Kiemmaand	germinale	mensis germinum
Floréal	flowering month	Blütenmonat	Blœmmaand	floreale	mensis florum
Prairial	pasture month	Wiesenmonat	Grasmaand	pratile	mensis prætorum
Messidor	harvest month	Erntemonat	Oostmaand	messidoro	mensis messium
Thermidor or Fervidor	heat month	Hitzemonat	Hittemaand	termidoro	mensis thermarum
Fructidor	fruit month	Fruchtmonat	Vruchtmaand	fruttidoro	mensis fructuum

Complementary or Feast Days

English	French	German	Dutch	Italian	Latin
Feast of...	Fête de...	Fest der...	Feest der...	giorno della...	Festum...
First day virtue	la vertu	Tugend	Deugd	virtù	virtutis
Second day genius	le génie	Geistes	Vernuft	genio	ingenii
Third day labor	le travail	Arbeit	Werkzaamheid	lavoro	laboris
Fourth day opinion	l’opinion	Meinung	Gezindheid	opinione	opinionis
Fifth day rewards	récompenses	Belohnungen	Beloning	ricompènse	pretiorum
Sixth day* revolution	la révolution	Umsturzes/ Revolution	Revolutie	rivoluzione	revolutionis

• Only used in leap years

Complementary Days

The extra days at the end of the year were called jours complémentaires (complementary days or holidays) or jours-sansculottides (days of the revolutionaries). The complementary days were feast days and each had a name. The above chart shows the names in each language where the calendar was used.

How Dates Were Recorded

Dates were usually written out in French or the local language. For example:

• Le treizième jour du mois de Pluviôse l’an sept de la République Française (The 13th of Pluviose in the seventh year of the French Republic).

The years of the Republic were often designated by Roman numerals. For example:

• 13 Pluviôse VII (13 Pluviose, seventh year of the Republic).

The complementary (feast) days were recorded in two ways:

• By the name of the feast. Example: the feast day of Labor in the ninth year of the French Republic.
• By the number (first, second, third, and so on) of the day.
• Example: the third complementary day of the ninth year of the French Republic.

How to Calculate the Standard Date for a French Republican Date

There are many websites that convert French Republican calendar dates to the modern Gregorian calendar. Among these are the following:

• Napoleon.org
  
• Fourmilab

Four calendars are on the following pages. Each calendar has the French Republican months across the top, and thirty days on the left-hand column.

Find the French Republican year for the date you are converting at the top of one of the four calendars.

Find the day (of the French month) in the left column, and move across the page to the French month (abbreviated at the top of the chart). This will give you the standard (Gregorian) month and day.

Return to the top of the calendar. The corresponding standard years are on the same horizontal line as the French Republican year. The correct standard year for the date you are converting is on the same side of the heavy black line as the month and day you found in step 2.

Example: 10 Vendémiaire de l’an IX

1. Year IX is on Calendar Three
2. On Calendar Three, find the number 10 in the left column and move across the page to the column for Vendémiaire. This box says 2 Oct.
3. Dates on the left side of the heavy black line for the ninth year of the Republic correspond to 1800.
4. Thus 10 Vendémiaire IX corresponds to 2 October 1800.

Calendar Conversion

Use napoleon.org to convert French Republican Calendar dates to their equivalent Gregorian Calendar dates.