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__TOC__
==Description==
===Word Lists===
The languages spoken in Poland are <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland#:~:text=Polish%20is%20the%20official%20and%20predominant, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Polish language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref>
Most materials used in Polish research are written in Polish. You do not need to speak or read Polish to do research in Polish records, but you should know some key words and phrases to understand the records. Because the Roman Catholic Church was the predominant religion in Poland, many records&nbsp; are in Latin. Other languages in Polish records include German, Russian, Hebrew, Ukrainian, and Old Church Slavonic.  
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language '''Polish'''] - the official and predominant spoken language. 97% of the population declare Polish as their mother language. 37 million (2011).
** one of the official languages of the European Union, also a second language in parts of neighboring Lithuania.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_language '''Silesian'''] - spoken by 529,377 (2011).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language '''Kashubian'''] - a recognized regional language spoken by 100,000 people in the northern regions of Kashubia and Pomerania on a daily basis. 108,140 (2011).
* '''English''' - about 32% of Polish citizens are knowledgeable with English. Spoken by 103,541 (2011).


The Minority Languages spoken in Poland are <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland#National_minority's_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland#Household_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language '''Armenian''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language '''Belarusian'''] - spoken by 26,448 (2011).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language '''Czech''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language '''German'''] - spoken by 96,461 (2011).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish '''Yiddish''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language '''Hebrew''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language '''Lithuanian'''] - spoken by 5,303 (2011).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language '''Russian'''] - spoken by 19,805 (2011).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language '''Slovak''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language '''Ukrainian'''] - spoken by 24,539 (2011).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaim_language '''Karaim''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language '''Rusyn'''] - also referred to as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemkos#Language/dialect '''Lemko''']. Spoken by 6,279 (2011).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Roma '''Polska Roma''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergitka_Roma '''Bergitka Roma''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language '''Tatar'''] -  also known as '''Tartar'''.
==Word List(s)==
* Allen, Will and Piotr Czajkowski. ''Polish : phrasebook & dictionary.'' n.p.: Lonely Planet, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1083165884 WorldCat].
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/polish.php#:~:text=Useful%20Polish%20phrases Useful Polish phrases] - Omniglot
* [https://www.polishpod101.com/blog/2022/01/28/polish-beginner-phrases/ Most Useful Polish Phrases] - PolishPod101
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/kashubian.htm#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Kashubian Useful phrases in Kashubian] - Omniglot
Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.
* In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.
* In German Poland, most records were kept in German or [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]], though some were kept in Polish.
* In Austrian Poland, most records were kept in [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]]. Some records were kept in German and some in Polish.
Most materials used in Polish research are written in Polish. You do not need to speak or read Polish to do research in Polish records, but you should know some key words and phrases to understand the records. Because the Roman Catholic Church was the predominant religion in Poland, many records&nbsp; are in Latin. Other languages in Polish records include German, Russian, Hebrew, Ukrainian, and Old Church Slavonic.<br>
For word lists and help researching in Polish records, see:
For word lists and help researching in Polish records, see:
*[[Polish Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Polish Genealogical Word List|Polish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[German Genealogical Word List]]
* [[German Genealogical Word List|German Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Russian Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Latin Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]]
 
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
'''Alphabet'''
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm#:~:text=Polish%20alphabet Polish alphabet] - Omniglot
** [https://omniglot.com/conscripts/polishcyrillic2.htm#:~:text=Polish%20Cyrillic Polish Cyrillic] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/silesian.php#:~:text=Silesian%20alphabet Silesian alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm#:~:text=Kashubian%20alphabet Kashubian alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet Kashubian alphabet] - Wikipedia
 
'''Pronunciation'''
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm#:~:text=Polish%20alphabet%20and%20pronunciation Polish pronunciation] - Omniglot
** [https://forvo.com/languages/pl/ Polish pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/silesian.php#:~:text=Silesian%20alphabet%20and%20pronunciation Silesian pronunciation]-Omniglot
** [https://forvo.com/languages/szl/ Silesian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm#:~:text=Kashubian%20alphabet%20(kasz%C3%ABbscz%C3%A9%20abecad%C5%82o)%20and%20pronunciation Kashubian pronunciation] - Omniglot
** [https://forvo.com/languages/csb/ Kashubian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet#Pronunciation Kashubian Pronunciation] - Wikipedia
 
'''''Pronunciation Guide'''''<br>
:c = ts
:ch,h = kh
:ć,cz,ci = ch
:ś,sz,si = sh
:ż,zi,rz = zh
:ą = om, on
:ę = em, en
:j = y
:dz = j
:ł = w
:w = v
 
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Dictionaries'''
* Phillips, Janet. ''Oxford essential Polish dictionary : Polish-English, English-Polish.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/647230988 WorldCat].
* Gavira, Angeles and Angela Wilkes. ''Polish English visual bilingual dictionary.'' New York: DK Publishing, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1021246265 WorldCat].
* Grzebieniowski, Tadeusz. ''Langenscheidt's pocket Polish dictionary : English-Polish, Polish-English.'' New York: Langenscheidt, 1985. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/13186430 WorldCat].
* Roczniok, Andrzej. ''A Polish-Silesian dictionary.'' Zabrze: Narodowa Oficyna Śląska, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/214282915 WorldCat].
* Frymark, Stanisław. ''English-Polish- Kashub dictionary.'' Wilno, Ontario: Wilno Heritage Society, 2008. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/865875369 WorldCat].
* Jeliński, Marian and David Shulist. ''Kashubian-English-Polish dictionary.'' Żukowo: Fundacja Skansenu Pszczelarskiego, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/870335567 WorldCat].
* Kierst, Wadysaw. ''Concise dictionary, English Polish and Polish-English.'' Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1957. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/32044384 WorldCat].
* Kierst, W. ''English-Polish and Polish-English dictionary.'' New York, N.Y.: Saphrograph, 1956. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1663913 WorldCat].
* Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish dictionary.'' New York: Hippcrene Books, 1985. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/866012067 WorldCat].
* Stanisławski, Jan. ''McKay's English-Polish/Polish-English dictionary.'' New York: Random House, 1988. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/17353421 WorldCat].
 
'''Online Dictionaries'''
* [https://glosbe.com/pl/en Dictionary Polish - English] - Glosbe
* [https://glosbe.com/en/szl Dictionary English - Silesian] - Glosbe
** [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Silesian/Dictionary Silesian Dictionary] - WikiBooks
* [https://glosbe.com/en/csb Dictionary English - Kashubian] - Glosbe
 
'''Language Aids'''
* Fokker, A. A. and Emilia Smolikowska. ''Anatomy of a word-class : A chapter of Polish grammar.'' Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1076466607 WorldCat].
* Bartonlini-Salimbeni, Beth. ''Italian grammar for dummies.'' Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/853548813 WorldCat].
* Makurat H. ''The Grammar of the Kashubian Language.'' n.p.: n.p., 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/7991879682 WorldCat].
 
==Additional Resources==
* ''Polish for beginners : a comprehensive guide for learning the Polish language fast.'' n.p.: n.p., 2020. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1251927460 WorldCat].
* Miłkowski, Marcin, Georg Rehm, and Hans Uszkoreit. ''The Polish language in the digital age.'' Berlin: Springer, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/808123448 WorldCat].
* Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian language documents from Russian Poland : a translation manual for genealogists.'' Unlimited, Buffalo Grove, Ill.: Genun Publishers, 1989. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/21158243 WorldCat].
* [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]]


===Lessons on Handwriting===
'''''Lessons on Handwriting'''''
'''Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:'''<br>
'''Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:'''<br>
*'''[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar - 10 classes]'''
*'''[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar - 10 classes]'''
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*'''Reading Russian Handwriting'''
*'''Reading Russian Handwriting'''
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/reading-russian-documents-the-russian-alphabet Reading Russian Documents: The Russian Alphabet]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/reading-russian-documents-the-russian-alphabet Reading Russian Documents: The Russian Alphabet]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/russian-alphabet-language-and-handwriting-part-1 Russian Alphabet, Language and Handwriting, part 1]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/russian-alphabet-language-and-handwriting-part-2 Russian Alphabet, Language and Handwriting, part 2]
*'''Additional Russian Paleography Classes'''
*'''Additional Russian Paleography Classes'''
**[http://www.russianforeveryone.com/RufeA/Lessons/Introduction/Alphabet/Alphabet.htm Russian for Everyone: The Russian Alphabet]
**[http://www.russianforeveryone.com/RufeA/Lessons/Introduction/Alphabet/Alphabet.htm Russian for Everyone: The Russian Alphabet]
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Polish grammar may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, names of your ancestors will vary from record to record in Polish.  
Polish grammar may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, names of your ancestors will vary from record to record in Polish.  


For help in understanding name variations, see [[Poland Names, Personal|Personal Names]].
For help in understanding name variations, see [[Poland Naming Customs|Naming Customs]].
 
=== Alphabet  ===
 
Aa Ąą Bb Cc Ćć Dd Ee Ęę Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ńń Oo Óó Pp Rr Ss Śś Tt Uu Ww Yy Zz Źź Żż
 
The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.
 
=== Pronunciation Guide  ===
 
c = ts<br>ch,h = kh<br>ć,cz,ci = ch<br>ś,sz,si = sh<br>ż,zi,rz = zh<br>ą = om, on<br>ę = em, en<br>j = y<br>dz = j<br>ł = w<br>w = v<br>
 
=== Language Aids  ===
 
The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:
 
Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FHL book 491.85321 K847e.)
 
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FHL book 491.85321P751p.)
 
Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:
 
Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to&nbsp;the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at Google Books: http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&amp;pg=PA154&amp;lpg=PA# .
 
To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use:
 
Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 D27.)
 
The Polish genealogical Word List published by the Family History Library is available at this link: [http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Poland_Genealogical_Word_List]
 
Learning:&nbsp;Polish Language, Common Word Translations is [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~atpc/learn/tools/commonwords.html available online].
 
=== Word List  ===
 
This list contains Polish words with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary.&nbsp;<br>
 
Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Slovak. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.
 
*In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.
*In German Poland, most records were kept in German or [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]], though some were kept in Polish.
*In Austrian Poland, most records were kept in [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]]. Some records were kept in German and some in Polish.
 
Polish is also used in the records kept in some Polish communities in the United States.
 
Polish records often contain Latin and German words. See the [[German Word List|German Genealogical Word List]], and the [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]]. Or at the following link:http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp
 
=== Language Characteristics  ===
 
Polish words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. Adjectives used to describe them must have the proper masculine, feminine, or neuter endings, for example:
 
stary mąż-- old man
 
stara kobieta-- old woman
 
stare miasto-- old city
 
The endings of past tense verbs also change depending on the gender of the person or thing being described or performing the action. For example:
 
umarł -- he died
 
umarła-- she died
 
umarło-- it [the child] died
 
==== Variant Forms of Words  ====
 
In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries- married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.
 
The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).
 
Certain endings, called genitive, give the meaning "of" to a word. The following endings are typical:
 
Nouns Endings Adjectives
 
-a (masculine) -ego
 
-y or -i (feminine) -ej
 
-ów (plural) -ich or -ych
 
Thus, ojciec zmarłego means "father of the deceased."
 
Plural forms of Polish words usually change the singular word as follows:
 
Words ending in -a change to -y
 
Words ending in -o change to -a
 
A -y or -i is added to form the plural
 
The plural form may change the basic word, for example:
 
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| Singular
| Plural
|-
| miasto =city
| miasta= cities
|-
| powiat =district
| powiaty =districts
|-
| brat= brother
| bracia =brothers
|-
| żona=wife
| żony=wives
|}
 
=== Additional Resources  ===
 
This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]].<br>
 
The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:
 
Stanisławski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.''&nbsp; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FHL film 1,045,473, item 1)
 
Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under:
 
POLISH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES
 
Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:
 
POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
 
=== Key Words  ===
 
To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.
 
For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriage. In the second column you will find Polish words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined, and other words used to indicate marriage.
 
For a full genealogical word list, visit [[Polish Genealogical Word List|Polish Genealogical Word List]].
 
{| width="65%" class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| '''English'''
| '''Polish'''
|-
| birth
| urodzin, urodzony, urodził się, zrodzony
|-
| burial
| pogrzeb, pochówek
|-
| Catholic
| katolicki, rzymsko-katolicki
|-
| child
| dziecię, dziecko
|-
| christening
| chrzest, chrzciny, ochrzczone
|-
| death(s)
| zgon(ów), zejść, umarł , zmarł , śmierć (śmierci)
|-
| father
| ojciec
|-
| husband
| mąż, małżonek
|-
| index
| indeks, skorowidz, register, spis
|-
| Jewish
| żydowski, starozakonny, izraelici, mojżeszowy
|-
| marriage
| małżenstw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
|-
| marriage banns
| zapowiedzi
|-
| mother
| matka
|-
| name, given
| imię, imion
|-
| name, surname
| nazwisko
|-
| parents
| rodzice
|-
| parish
| parafia
|-
| Protestant
| ewangelicki, reformowany, protestancki, luterański
|-
| wife
| żona, małżonka, zamęża, kobieta
|-
| year
| rok, lat
|}
 
<br>
 
=== Numbers  ===
 
In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. In dates, ordinal numbers usually end with '''''-ego''''', for example:
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="40%" border="0" align="center" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| pierwszy
| the first
|-
| pierwszego
| on the first (of the month)
|}
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="10" width="432" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|
| '''Cardinal'''
|
| '''Ordinal'''
|-
| align="right" | 1 <br>2 <br>3 <br>4 <br>5 <br>6 <br>7 <br>8 <br>9 <br>10 <br>11 <br>12 <br>13 <br>14 <br>15 <br>16 <br>17 <br>18 <br>19 <br>20 <br>21 <br>22 <br>23 <br>24 <br>25 <br>26 <br>27 <br>28 <br>29 <br>30 <br>40 <br>50 <br>60 <br>70 <br>80 <br>90 <br>100 <br>200 <br>300 <br>400 <br>500 <br>600 <br>700 <br>800 <br>900 <br>1000
| jeden, jedna <br>dwa <br>trzy <br>cztery <br>pięć <br>sześć <br>siedem <br>osiem <br>dziewięć <br>dziesięć <br>jedenaście <br>dwanaście <br>trzynaście <br>czternaście <br>piętnaście <br>szesnaście <br>siedemnaście <br>osiemnaście <br>dziewiętnaście <br>dwadzieścia <br>dwadzieścia jeden <br>dwadzieścia dwa <br>dwadzieścia trzy <br>dwadzieścia cztery <br>dwadzieścia pięć <br>dwadzieścia sześć<br>dwadzieścia siedem <br>dwadzieścia osiem <br>dwadzieścia dziewięć<br>trzydzieści <br>czterdzieści <br>pięćdziesiąt <br>sześć dziesiąt <br>siedemdziesiąt <br>osiemdziesiąt <br>dziewiecdziesiąt <br>sto <br>dwieście <br>trzysta <br>czterysta <br>pięćset <br>sześćset <br>siedemset <br>osiemset <br>dziewięćset <br>tysiąc
| 1st <br>2nd <br>3rd <br>4th <br>5th <br>6th <br>7th <br>8th <br>9th <br>10th <br>11th <br>12th <br>13th <br>14th <br>15th <br>16th <br>17th <br>18th <br>19th <br>20th <br>21st <br>22nd <br>23rd <br>24th <br>25th <br>16th <br>27th <br>28th <br>29th <br>30th <br>40th <br>50th <br>60th <br>70th <br>80th <br>90th <br>100th <br>200th <br>300th <br>400th <br>500th <br>600th <br>700th <br>800th <br>900th <br>1000th
| pierwszy <br>drugi <br>trzeci <br>czwarty <br>piąty <br>szósty <br>siódmy <br>ósmy <br>dziewiąty <br>dziesiąty <br>jedenasty <br>dwunasty <br>trzynasty <br>czternasty <br>piętnasty <br>szesnasty <br>siedemnasty <br>osiemnasty <br>dziewiętnasty <br>dwudziesty, dwódziesty <br>dwudziesty pierwszy <br>dwudziesty drugi <br>dwudziesty trzeci <br>dwudziesty czwarty <br>dwudziesty piąty <br>dwudziesty szósty <br>dwudziesty siódmy <br>dwudziesty ósmy <br>dwudziesty dziewiąty <br>trzydziesty <br>czterdziesty <br>pięćdziesiąty <br>sześćdziesiąty <br>siedemdziesiąty <br>osiemdziesiąty <br>dziewięćdziesiąty <br>setny <br>dwóchsetny <br>trzysetny, trzechsetny <br>czterysetny, czterechsetny <br>pięćsetny <br>sześćsetny <br>siedemsetny <br>osiemsetny <br>dziewięćsetny <br>tysięczny
|}
 
=== Dates and Time&nbsp;  ===
 
In Polish records, dates are usually written out, for example:
 
:''roku tysiąc osemset trzydziestego szóstego dnia dwódziestego trzeciego marca'' [in the year one thousand eight hundredth thirtieth and sixth on the day twentieth third of March (23 March 1836] In some records, two dates are recorded:
 
:''dnia piątego/siedemnastego Maja'' [on the day 5th/17th of May] The two dates are usually 12 days apart. The first date is based on the Julian calendar (used by the Russian Empire). The second date is based on the present-day Gregorian calendar.
 
To understand Polish dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.
 
'''Months'''
 
Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as ''13.VI.1864 ''instead of ''13.czerwca.1864''.
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="40%" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|
| '''English'''
| '''Polish'''
|-
| I. <br>II. <br>III. <br>IV. <br>V. <br>VI. <br>VII <br>VIII. <br>IX <br>X. <br>XI. <br>XII.
| January <br>February <br>March <br>April <br>May <br>June <br>July <br>August <br>September <br>October <br>November <br>December
| stycznia <br>lutego <br>marca <br>kwietnia <br>maja <br>czerwca <br>lipca <br>sierpnia <br>września <br>pażdziernika <br>listopada <br>grudnia
|}
 
<br>'''Days of the Week'''
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="30%" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| '''English '''<br>Sunday <br>Monday <br>Tuesday <br>Wednesday <br>Thursday <br>Friday <br>Saturday
| '''Polish <br>'''niedziela <br>poniedzialek <br>wtorek <br>środa <br>czwartek <br>piątek <br>sobota
|}
 
<br>'''Times of the Day'''


Polish birth and death records often indicate the exact time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.
== References  ==
{{reflist}}


{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="40%" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| '''Polish '''<br>o godzinie drugiej <br>o godzinie siódmej <br>w nocy <br>południe/w południe <br>popołudniu/z południa <br>przed południem<br>północna godzina <br>rano/z rana <br>wieczorem/w wieczór
| '''English <br>'''at the 2nd hour <br>at the 7th hour <br>at night <br>noon <br>afternoon <br>forenoon <br>midnight <br>in the morning <br>in the evening&nbsp;
|}


<br>


[[pt:Línguas e Linguagem da Polônia]][[fr:Pologne Langue et Langages]]
[[pt:Línguas e Linguagem da Polônia]][[fr:Pologne Langue et Langages]]


[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]]
[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]]

Latest revision as of 20:10, 20 March 2024


Poland Wiki Topics
Flag of Poland
Poland Beginning Research
Record Types
Poland Background
Poland Genealogical Word Lists
Cultural Groups
Local Research Resources

Description

The languages spoken in Poland are [1] [2] [3]

  • Polish - the official and predominant spoken language. 97% of the population declare Polish as their mother language. 37 million (2011).
    • one of the official languages of the European Union, also a second language in parts of neighboring Lithuania.
  • Silesian - spoken by 529,377 (2011).
  • Kashubian - a recognized regional language spoken by 100,000 people in the northern regions of Kashubia and Pomerania on a daily basis. 108,140 (2011).
  • English - about 32% of Polish citizens are knowledgeable with English. Spoken by 103,541 (2011).

The Minority Languages spoken in Poland are [4] [5]

Word List(s)

Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.

  • In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.
  • In German Poland, most records were kept in German or Latin, though some were kept in Polish.
  • In Austrian Poland, most records were kept in Latin. Some records were kept in German and some in Polish.

Most materials used in Polish research are written in Polish. You do not need to speak or read Polish to do research in Polish records, but you should know some key words and phrases to understand the records. Because the Roman Catholic Church was the predominant religion in Poland, many records  are in Latin. Other languages in Polish records include German, Russian, Hebrew, Ukrainian, and Old Church Slavonic.
For word lists and help researching in Polish records, see:

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Alphabet

Pronunciation

Pronunciation Guide

c = ts
ch,h = kh
ć,cz,ci = ch
ś,sz,si = sh
ż,zi,rz = zh
ą = om, on
ę = em, en
j = y
dz = j
ł = w
w = v

Language Aids and Dictionaries

Dictionaries

  • Phillips, Janet. Oxford essential Polish dictionary : Polish-English, English-Polish. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Gavira, Angeles and Angela Wilkes. Polish English visual bilingual dictionary. New York: DK Publishing, 2018. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Grzebieniowski, Tadeusz. Langenscheidt's pocket Polish dictionary : English-Polish, Polish-English. New York: Langenscheidt, 1985. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Roczniok, Andrzej. A Polish-Silesian dictionary. Zabrze: Narodowa Oficyna Śląska, 2012. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Frymark, Stanisław. English-Polish- Kashub dictionary. Wilno, Ontario: Wilno Heritage Society, 2008. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Jeliński, Marian and David Shulist. Kashubian-English-Polish dictionary. Żukowo: Fundacja Skansenu Pszczelarskiego, 2011. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Kierst, Wadysaw. Concise dictionary, English Polish and Polish-English. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1957. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Kierst, W. English-Polish and Polish-English dictionary. New York, N.Y.: Saphrograph, 1956. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Practical Polish-English, English-Polish dictionary. New York: Hippcrene Books, 1985. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Stanisławski, Jan. McKay's English-Polish/Polish-English dictionary. New York: Random House, 1988. Available at: WorldCat.

Online Dictionaries

Language Aids

  • Fokker, A. A. and Emilia Smolikowska. Anatomy of a word-class : A chapter of Polish grammar. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Bartonlini-Salimbeni, Beth. Italian grammar for dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Makurat H. The Grammar of the Kashubian Language. n.p.: n.p., 2018. Available at: WorldCat.

Additional Resources

  • Polish for beginners : a comprehensive guide for learning the Polish language fast. n.p.: n.p., 2020. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Miłkowski, Marcin, Georg Rehm, and Hans Uszkoreit. The Polish language in the digital age. Berlin: Springer, 2012. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Shea, Jonathan D. Russian language documents from Russian Poland : a translation manual for genealogists. Unlimited, Buffalo Grove, Ill.: Genun Publishers, 1989. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

Lessons on Handwriting Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:

Polish grammar may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, names of your ancestors will vary from record to record in Polish.

For help in understanding name variations, see Naming Customs.

References

  1. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Poland," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland#:~:text=Polish%20is%20the%20official%20and%20predominant, accessed 24 May 2023.
  2. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Poland," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland, accessed 24 May 2023.
  3. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Polish language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language, accessed 24 May 2023.
  4. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Poland," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland#National_minority's_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.
  5. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Poland," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland#Household_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.
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