African American Migration

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United States

African American Genealogy

Migration

African American Online Genealogy Records

A record of major migrations of African Americans and precipitating events.

American Revolution

American slaves migrated to Canada in search of freedom after the American Revolution See: Africans in Canada

Emigration to Canada

• Benjamin Drew. A north-side view of slavery : the refugee, or, The narratives of fugitive slaves in Canada related by themselves, with an account of the history and condition of the colored population of Upper Canada. Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1856. Digital Book
• George Hendrick. Black refugees in Canada : accounts of escape during the era of slavery. Jefferson, McFarland & Co., 2010. FS Library 971 H6h
• S.G. Howe. The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to the Freedmen's Inquiry Commission. Boston: Wright & Potter, printers, 1864.
• Freedmen's Inquiry Commission
• Adrienne Shadd, Afua Cooper, Karolyn Smardz Fros. The underground railroad : next stop, *Toronto! Toronto, Ontario : Natural Heritage Books, c2002. FS Library 971.3541 F2sa

Underground Railroad

• Underground Railroad National Historical Park - Selected Routes of the Underground Railroad. NAID 33754822 - National Archives
• National Scenic Byway- Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad (Maryland) NAID 68886418 - National Archives
• Freedom on the Move. A database of fugitives from American Slavery. Cornell University
• William Still.The underground rail road : a record of facts, authentic narratives, letters, &c., narrating the hardships, hair-breadth escapes, and death struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom, as related by themselves and others or witnessed by the author : together with sketches of some of the largest stockholders and most liberal aiders and advisers of the road. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.

Nework to Freedom - National Park Service

• Network to Freedom - Index
• Underground Timeline
• Underground Railroad Map
• People,Places,Stories
• Underground Railroad Terminology

• Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad - National Historical Park Maryland

Reference Sources

• J. Blaine Hudson. Encyclopedia of the underground railroad Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Co., 2006. FS Library 973 H26hj
• Levi Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed president of the underground railroad : being a brief history of the labors of a lifetime in behalf of the slave, with the stories of numerous fugitives, who gained their freedom through his instrumentality, and many other incidents. Cincinnati, Ohio : Western Tract Society, 1876
• Larry Gara. The liberty line : the legend of the Underground Railroad.Lexington, Kentucky : University of Kentucky Press, 1961. FS Library973 F2ag
• William Still. The Underground railroad reprint of 1871 ed. New York, New York : Arno Press, 1968. FS Library 973 F2asL
• Wilbur H. Siebert. The Underground railroad from slavery to freedom. reprint of 1898 ed. North Stratford, New Hampshire : Ayer Pub. Co., 2000. FS Library 973 F2siw
• Peter hinks and John McKivigan, eds., R. Owen Williams, assistant Ed., Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007. FS Library 326.803 H593e vols. 1-2

State and Local Source

District of Columbia

• Jerry M. Hynson. District of Columbia D.C. Department of Corrections runaway slave book, 1848-1863 : U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia fugitive slave cases, 1862-1863.Westminster, Maryland : Willow Bend Books,1999. FS Library975.3 F2hj

Illinois

• Glennette Tilley Turnr. " The Underground Railroad in Illinois." Glen Ellyn, Illinois: Newman Educational Pub., 2001. FS Library 977.3 H2tg
• Owen W. Muelder. " The Underground Railroad in western Illinois." Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2008. FS Library 977.3 H2mo

Kentucky

• J. Blaine Hudson. " Fugitive Slaves and the underground railroad in the Kentucky borderland." Jefferson,North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2002. FS Library 976.9 F2h

New Jersey

• Emma Marie Trusty. "The Underground railroad: ties that bound unveiled ; a history of the underground railroad in southern New Jersey from 1770 to 1861."Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Amed Literary Inc, 1999. FS Library 974.9 F2te

New York

• Tom Calarco. The underground railroad in the Adirondack region.Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, [2011?, ©2004. FS Library 974.75 H6c]
• Emerson Klees. Underground railroad tales with routes through the Finger Lakes region. Rochester, New York : Friends of the Finger Lakes Pub., c1997. FS Library 974.78 H2k
• Sydney H. Gallwey. Underground railroad in Tompkins County, (N.Y.) Ithaca, New York : S.H. Gallwey, 1963
• Marjory Allen Perez. Final stop, freedom! : the Underground Railroad experience in Wayne County, New York. S.l. : Herons Bend Productions, c2017. FS Library 974.787 H6p
• Susan Stessin-Cohn and Ashley Hurlburt-Biagini, In defiance : runaways from slavery in New York's Hudson River Valley, 1735-1831 Delmar, New York : Black Dome Press Corp., 2016 FS Library 974.7 H6c

Ohio

• Margaret A. Parker, written and compiled, The underground railroad of Meigs County, Ohio. Pomeroy, Ohio : Meigs County Historical Society, c2007. FS Library 977.199 H2p

Pennsylvania

• William J. Switala. "Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania." Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2001. FS Library 974.8 F2sw
• R.C. Smedley. " History of the Underground Railroad: in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania." reprint. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2005.
• Frances Cloud Taylor. The trackless trail : the story of the Underground Railroad in Kennett Square, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and the surrounding community. Kennett Square, Pennsylvania : F.C. Taylor, c1976. FS Library 974.813/K2 F2ta

Vermont

• Wilbur Henry Siebert. "Vermont's anti-slavery and underground railroad record, with a map and illustrations." reprint. (New York, 1969) FS Library 974.3 H2si

Archives and Libraries

Ohio Historical Society

• Wilbur H. Siebert Collection MSS 116 AV

Historical Society of Pennsylvania

• Uncovering William Still's Underground Railroad - Digital History Project

Harvard Library

• Wilbur Henry Siebert collection relating to the Underground Railroad and fugitive slaves. Collection Identifier MS AM 2420

Indiana Department of Natural Resources

• Wilbur Siebert Underground Railroad Index

Additional Sources

• Harriett Tubman was a woman of remarkable skill, determination, and dedication. She was a "conductor" for the Underground Railroad where she assisted runaway slaves to find freedom not only in the northern U.S. but all the way to Canada.
• Dorothy Sterling. Freedom train : the story of Harriet Tubman.Garden City, New York : Doubleday, 1954. FS Library 921.73 T79s

There was a notable community in Nova Scotia. Some of the newly free slaves would intermingle with Canadian Indians, as they often did in the U.S. Don't ignore Canada when looking for your African American ancestors! Check out this site about Harriet Tubman

For more, see: Canada First Nations Genealogy Research Community

• See routes to freedom taken by runaway slaves: Many Rivers to Cross, the African Canadian Experience

Fugitive Slave Laws

• Fugitive Slave Act of 1783
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

• Fugitive Slaves in the United States

• Stanley W. Campbell. The slave catchers : enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860. Chapel Hill,North Carolina:University of North Carolina Press, 970. FS Library 973 F2acm
• Judicial Cases

National Archives Catalog - US District & Circuit Courts Records of Fugitive Slaves Cases

• Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1851-1863. US District Court for the District of Columbia. NAID 4306299
• Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US District Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278775
• Fugitive Slave Record Book, 1850-1860. US District Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278889
• Law Case Files,1837-1911. U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern (Detroit) Division of the Eastern District of Michigan. NAID 2814290
• Fugitive Slave Claims, October 11, 1850–December 12, 1857 U.S. Circuit Court. for the District of Missouri NAID 7065148
• Records Relating to Fugitive Slaves, 10.17.1837-4.30.1860. U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York. NAID 278341
• Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. NAID 279005
• Stovall v. Archy, a Slave. US Circuit Court for the Northern District of California. NAID 295961

National Archives at New York City

• Fugitive Slave Case: Stephen Pembrook. National Archives at New York City

FamilySearch Wiki Coverage Table

• Fugitive Slave Law Court Records - Maryland - National Archives Catalog
• Fugitive Slave Law Court Records - New York and Pennsylvania - National Archives Catalog

FamilySearch Catalog

• Helen Honor Tunnicliff Catterall. Judicial cases concerning American slavery and the Negro. 5 volumes. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926 reprint. New York, New York : Negro Universities Press, 1968. FS Library Digital Books

Runaway Enslaved Advertisments

Online Websites

• North Carolina Slave Advertisments, 1751-1865
• Freedom on the Move - Cornell University
• Louisiana Runaway Slave Advertisments,1836-1865
• Geography of Slavery, in Virginia, 1736-1803
• Library of Congress - Fugitive Slvae Ads - Tpoics in Chronicling America
• Texas Runaway Slave Project - Stephen F. Austin State University

Publications

• John Hope Franklin ; Loren Schweninger. Runaway slaves : rebels on the plantation. Oxford, England : Oxford Univ. Press, 2000, ©1999.
• compiled by Lathan A. Windley, comp. Runaway slave advertisements : a documentary history from the 1730s to 1790. 4 volumes. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press, c1983. FS Library 975 F2wL
• Freddie L. Parker. Running for freedom : slave runaways in North Carolina, 1775-1840.New York, New York : Garland Pub. Co., 1993. FS Library 975.6 H6p

FamilySearch Catalog

• Alabama. Mobile County. Record book of run-away slaves; 1857-1865; index, 1857-1865.
• compiled by Helen Cox Tregillis River roads to freedom : fugitive slave notices and sheriff notices found in Illinois sources Bowie, Maryland : Heritage Books, Inc., 1988, c1988 977.3 H6t
• Billy G. Smith. Runaway slave advertisements of the Pennsylvania Gazette & index, 1740-1 776

Emigration to Liberia

Liberia History

• Recommended Website: 'African-Americans to Liberia, 1820-1904,' by Michael Hait, African American Genealogy Examiner.
• Liberia, Monrovia, Census, 1843 FamilySearch Historical Records
• U.S. Navy Department, Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, 1819-1844

American Colonization Society Sources

• Wikipedia. American Colonization Society

Library of Congress

• Library of Congress. American Colonization Society
• American Colonization Society Records
• Finding Aid: Collection Summary

State Sources

• Maryland Historical Society. American Colonization Society/Liberia Collection
• Maryland Historical Society. Maryland State Colonization Society Papers, 1827-1871. MS 571
• New York State Colonization Society Records, 1849-1968. New York Public Library - Archives & Manuscripts

National Archives

• Letters Received Relating to African Colonization, 1/5/1819 - 3/10/1841. National Archives Catalog. NAID 1786936
• Letters Sent Relating to African Colonization, 1/17/1820 - 1858, National Archives Catalog. NAID 1768603

Publications

• Early Lee Fox. The American Colonization Society, 1817-1840. 1919 reprint.New York, New York : AMS Press, 1971
• William Innes, Liberia, or, the early history and signal preservation of the American colony of free negroes on the coast of Africa : compiled by American documents Edinburgh, Scotland : Waugh and Innes, 1831 FS Library 966.62 H2i
• Tom W. Shick. Emigrants to Liberia, 1820 to 1843, an alphabetical listing. Newark, Delaware : University of Delaware Department of Anthropology & Liberian Studies Association in America, 1971. FS Library 966.62 W2e
• Tom W. Shick. Behold the promised land : a history of Afro-American settler society in nineteenth-century Liberia. Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. FS Library 966.62 H2s
• Eric Burin. Slavery and the peculiar solution : a history of the American Colonization Society. Gainesville, Florida : University Press of Florida, 2005. FS Library 973 C4be
• Richard L. Hall. "On Africa's Shore." A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857. Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Historical Society, 2003. FS Library 966.62 H2d
• Penelope Campbell. Maryland in Africa: the Maryland Colonization Society,1831-1857.Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois Press, 1971. FS Library 966.6 H2c
• Maryland. Report of the Select Committee, to Whom was Referred the Subject of the Removal of the Free Colored Population from Charles County.
• Marie Tyler-McGraw. An African republic : black & white Virginians in the making of Liberia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, c2007. FS Library 966.62 H2t
• Claude A. Clegg, III. The Price of Liberty : African Americans and the making of Liberia.Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, ©2004 FS Library 966.62 H2c

Migration within the United States

Slave Populations before the Civil War

By 1790, nearly all Africans to be imported to the United States had already arrived. They lived in primarily four states.

• Virginia—293,000
• South Carolina—107,000
• Maryland—103,000
• North Carolina—101,000
• No other state had more than 30,000 enslaved people.

Between 1820 and 1860, huge increases in slave population occurred across the South. Slave populations in 1860 are listed below:

• Virginia—491,000
• Georgia—462,000
• Mississippi—437,000
• Alabama—435,000
• South Carolina—402,000
• Louisiana—332,000
• North Carolina—331,000
• Tennessee—275,000
• Kentucky—225,000
• Texas—183,000
• Missouri—115,000
• Arkansas—111,000

Migration after the Civil War
Between 1790 and 1900, 90% of African Americans lived in the South.
By 1960, 50% of African Americans lived in the South.

• 100,000 African Americans moved to Kansas in late 1870's, early 1880's
• 500,000 African Americans left the south during WWI (1916-1919)
• 90,000 to Pennsylvania
• 73,000 to Illinois
• 43,000 to Michigan

• 1 million African Americans left the South in the 1920's
• 5 million African Americans left the South between 1940-1960
• During 1970's, African Americans started returning to the South, especially to larger, urban cities.
• By 1990, 84% of African Americans lived in urban areas.
• See Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration 1915-1940by Spencer Crew.

Enslaved in the North
By 1800, approximately 37,000 northern blacks were still reported in bondage. By 1830, most northern states had required freeing of slaves although 3,600 people remained in bondage, mostly in New Jersey.

Free Blacks
In 1860, there were 488,000 free blacks or about 10% of total African Americans in the U.S.

• 46% of free blacks (226,000) lived in North and West
• 46% lived in upper South (KY, MD, MO, TN, VA, NC, DC)
• 8% lived in deep South