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| ◄ [https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/The_Netherlands Netherlands Homepage] <br>
| | {{CountrySidebar |
| Netherlands Language and Languages | | |Country=Netherlands |
| Most materials used in Dutch research are written in Dutch, but actually two languages are spoken in the Netherlands; in the province of Fryslân (Friesland) the Frisian language (not a dialect!)is spoken. You do not need to speak or read Dutch to do research in records of the Netherlands. However, you will need to know some key words and phrases to understand the records.
| | |Name=Netherlands |
| | |Type=Topic |
| | |Topic Type=Background |
| | |Background=Languages |
| | |Rating=Acceptable |
| | }}{{breadcrumb |
| | | link1=[[Netherlands Genealogy|Netherlands]] |
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| | | link5=[[Netherlands Languages|Languages]] |
| | }} |
| | == Netherlands Languages == |
| | ===Word Lists=== |
| | This list summarizes what languages are used in different records. For word lists and help with using Dutch in genealogical records, see [[Dutch Genealogical Word List]] |
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| Because of the presence of several different religions, including Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Walloon (French Reformed) and Portuguese Jewish, you will find several other languages in Dutch records. These include Latin, German, French, and Portuguese.
| | Click on the languages for a Word List: |
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| Dutch grammar and customs may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, your ancestor’s name may vary between records in Dutch. For help in understanding name variations, see the "[[Netherlands Names, Personal|Names, Personal]]" section. | | '''[[Dutch Genealogical Word List|Dutch]]''': Used in Dutch Reformed Church records and [[Netherlands Civil Registration|Civil Registration]] after 1813. Used for any other government records. In most of the country except Frisian it was the commonly spoken language. <br>'''Frisian''': This was the commonly spoken language in the province of Friesland and some neighbouring areas. Some records in those areas will use Frisian but more often Dutch will be used. <br>'''[[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]]''': Used in Catholic Church records <br>'''[[German Genealogical Word List|German]]''': Used in Lutheran Church records <br>'''[[French Genealogical Word List|French]]''': Used in Wallonia Reformed Church records, and in pre-1813 Civil Registration <br>'''[[Portuguese Genealogical Word List|Portuguese]]''': Used in some Sephardi Jewish records |
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| === Language Aids === | | For word lists and the basic grammar needed for genealogical research using documents of these languages, click on the links for each language, which will bring a page on the wiki devoted to that language. |
| | ===Classes and Handouts=== |
| | ====Dutch==== |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|93|'''Reading Dutch Handwritten Records Lesson 1: The Dutch Alphabet'''}}. |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|94|'''Reading Dutch Handwritten Records Lesson 2: Dutch Words and Dates'''}}. |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|95|'''Reading Dutch Handwritten Records Lesson 3: Reading Dutch Records'''}}. |
| | *[[Media:1-NL Civil Registration Birth Records-Instruction.pdf|Reading Dutch Birth Records]] |
| | *[[Media:1-NL Marriage Records in Paragraph Format-Instruction.pdf|Reading Dutch Marriage Records]] |
| | *[[Media:1-NL Civil Registration Death Records-Instruction.pdf|Reading Dutch Death Records]] |
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| The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Dutch, French, German, Latin, and Portuguese. The Dutch Word list is found below at the end of this section.
| | ====Latin==== |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists] |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists] |
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| The Family History Library’s separate Germany Research Outline includes an example of the German (Gothic) alphabet in print and handwriting. Also go to [[Germany Handwriting]]."
| | ====German==== |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-1 Old German Script Part 1] |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-2 Old German Script Part 2] |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-german-church-and-civil-records-part-3 Old German Script (German Church and Civil Records) Part 3] |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|38|'''Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 1: Kurrent Letters'''}} |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|39|'''Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 2: Making Words in Kurrent'''}} |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|40|'''Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 3: Reading Kurrent Documents'''}}. In this lesson, you will explore several types of German genealogical records, including birth, baptismal, marriage, and death records. |
| | *[https://script.byu.edu/german-handwriting/introduction '''German Script Tutorial'''] |
| | This converter will show you how any phrase or name might look in German script: |
| | *[http://www.kurrentschrift.net/index.php?s=schreiben: Kurrentschrift Converter] (enter German genealogical word, click on "convert", view your word in Kurrentschrift (Gothic handwriting) |
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| The following books and English–Dutch dictionaries can also aid your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries. | | ====French==== |
| | *Reading French Handwritten Records |
| | **[https://script.byu.edu/french-handwriting/alphabet/alphabet French Alphabet], |
| | **[https://script.byu.edu/french-handwriting/tools/genealogical-glossary Genealogical Glossary] |
| | *[https://cfhg-permanent-web-files.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Script/ExtractionGuides/French_Extraction_Guide/French+Records+Extraction+Guide-Full.pdf '''French Records Extraction Manual''']. The full manual or individual lesson chapters are downloadable from this webpage. A number of helpful lessons are available here, but the first five lessons are especially useful. |
| | **Chapter 1: Old Records |
| | **Chapter 2: Christening, Marriage, and Other Entries |
| | **Chapter 3: Marriage |
| | **Chapter 4: Other Entries |
| | **Chapter 5: French Handwriting and Spelling |
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| ''Cassell’s English–Dutch Dutch–English Dictionary.'' 36th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1981. (FHL book 439.31321 Ca272.)
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| Stierp–Impink, A. C. ''Practisijns Woordenboekje, of Verzameling van Meest alle de Woorden in de Rechtskunde Gebruikelijk (Lawyer’s Dictionary, or List of Most Words Used in Legal Documents).'' Alkmaar: A. C. Stierp–Impink, 1985. (FHL book 949.2 P26s.) This legal dictionary, originally created in 1785, identifies words found in court, land, notarial, and guardianship records.
| | [[Category:Netherlands_Language_and_Handwriting]] |
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| Verdam, J. ''Middelnederlandsch Handwoordenboek (Middle Dutch Dictionary).'' ’s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964. (FHL book 439.317 V582m; film 1045404 item 2.) This dictionary will help with most archaic words found in documents before 1811.
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| Additional language aids, including dictionaries of various dialects and time periods, are listed in the Place search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
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| NETHERLANDS – LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
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| NETHERLANDS, [PROVINCE] – LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
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| or in the "Subject Search" under:
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| DUTCH LANGUAGE – DICTIONARIES
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| === Dutch Word List ===
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| This list contains Dutch words with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Dutch-English dictionary. (See the "Additional Resources" section below.)
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| Dutch (like English and German), is a Germanic language derived from Old Saxon. Many of the words resemble English and German words. Latin also sometimes appears in older Dutch records. See the [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]] . For a time, Dutch records were written in French. See the [[France Language and Languages|France Language and Languages]].
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| Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium, the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean, and Suriname. Flemish, which is spoken in Belgium, is a major dialect (regional variation) of Dutch. It uses words similar to the words on this list. Africaans, which is spoken in South Africa, is an old form (from the 1500's and 1600's) of the Dutch language, mingled with German and English words. <br>
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| Frisian, which is spoken in the Dutch province of Friesland, is a different language from Dutch. <br>
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| The "Additional Resources" section below will tell you how to use the Family History Library Catalog to find dictionaries of the various dialects and related languages.
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| In addition, Dutch is found in some early records of the United States (mostly in New York, New Jersey, Michigan, and Iowa) and in South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Brasil and Taiwan.
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| === LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS ===
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| Dutch words for nouns (persons, places, and things) are classified as either common or neuter.
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| '''Variant Forms of Words'''
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| In Dutch, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who—whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives the standard form of each Dutch word. As you read Dutch records, you will need to be aware that some words vary with usage.
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| The prefix 't is equal to the Dutch word het, which means the. The prefix 's- is a part of many place-names and means des (of the). All prefixes are disregarded in alphabetized lists, except in Flemish records.
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| The endings of words in a document may differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word jonger, but you will find it in this word list as jong. In addition, the suffixes -je, -tje,-tien, or -ke are often added to words to indicate "little." These suffixes can also indicate the feminine version of a name. Therefore, the word zoontje means "little" or "young (tje) son (zoon)." The ending -sdr means "daughter of."
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| Plural forms of Dutch words usually add -en or -s to the singular word. Thus ''boer'' (farmer) becomes ''boeren'' (farmers), and ''tafel'' (table or index) becomes ''tafels'' (tables or indexes).
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| In Dutch, many words are formed by joining two or more words together. Very few of these compound words are included in this list. You will need to look up each part of the word separately. For example, ''geboortedag'' is a combination of two words, ''geboorte''(birth) and ''dag'' (day).
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| '''Alphabetical Order'''
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| In the Dutch language, the letter combination ij is considered a single letter. It has the same value as y, and it is usually alphabetized as if it were a y. Some Dutch dictionaries and indexes use the following alphabetical order:
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| a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, ij (or y), z
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| Some Dutch dictionaries alphabetize the letter ij under i then j. Just remember, when a name or town starts with the letter IJ, that you capitalize BOTH the I and the J.
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| In the Netherlands the IJ or ij is ONE letter, not 2 and seeing that you can hardly split one letter when you capitalize it, you really have to capitalize the whole letter - IJ not Ij!
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| This word list follows the standard English alphabetical order. However, when working with alphabetized Dutch records, use the Dutch alphabetical order.
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| When the Dutch alphabetize names of places or surnames, prefixes such as van der, de, or ter are not considered in the alphabetization.
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| Example:
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| ten Brock
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| van der Graf
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| 's- Gravenhage
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| van Hijden
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| de Jong
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| van Leeuwen
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| ter Pelkwijk
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| van IJlst
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| 't Zandt
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| '''Spelling'''
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| Spelling rules were not standardized in earlier centuries. Writers often failed to dot the ij, so that it looks like a y. The letter y was not used in older records. In Dutch, the following spelling variations are common.
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| y used for ij
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| g used for ch
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| d and t used interchangeably
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| j and i used interchangeably
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| Example:
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| echt spelled as egt
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| overlijden spelled as overlyden
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| Arie spelled as Arij
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| Marietje spelled as Marietie
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| === ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ===
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| This word list includes only the words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Dutch-English dictionary. Several Dutch-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library. These are in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 439.31321.
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| The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:
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| ''Dutch-English, English-Dutch Van Goor Dictionary''. 's-Gravenhage: G. B. Van Goor, 1938. (FHL film 1183584 item 2.)
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| Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject search of the Family History Library Catalog under DUTCH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES or in the Place search under NETHERLANDS - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES. These include dictionaries of various dialects and time periods.
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| === KEY WORDS ===
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| To find and use specific types of Dutch records, you will need to know some key words in Dutch. This section lists key genealogical terms in English and the Dutch words with the same or similar meanings.
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| For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriage. In the second column you will find Dutch words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined, and other words used in Dutch records to indicate marriage.
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| {| class="plain"
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| | '''English'''
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| | '''Dutch'''
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| | baptism
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| | dopen, doop, gedoopt
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| |-
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| | birth
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| | geboren, geboorte
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| |-
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| | burial
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| | begraven, begraaf
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| |-
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| | Catholic
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| | rooms katholiek, oud katholiek
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| |-
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| | census
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| | volkstelling, bevolking
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| |-
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| | child, children
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| | kind, kinderen
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| |-
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| | christening (see baptism)
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| |-
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| | civil registry
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| | burgerlijke stand
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| |-
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| | death
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| | overleden, overlijden, gestorven
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| |-
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| | father
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| | vader
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| |-
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| | husband
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| | echtgenoot, man
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| |-
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| | index
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| | tafel, klapper, fiche
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| |-
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| | Jewish
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| | joods
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| |-
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| | marriage(s)
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| | huwelijk(en), trouwen, echt, gehuwden, getrouwd
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| |-
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| | military
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| | militaire, landweer, krijgsmacht
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| |-
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| | month
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| | maand
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| |-
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| | mother
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| | moeder
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| |-
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| | name, given
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| | voornaam, eerste naam
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| |-
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| | name, surname
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| | achternaam, familienaam, bijnaam, toenaam
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| |-
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| | parents
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| | ouders
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| |-
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| | parish
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| | parochie, gemeente
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| |-
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| | Protestant
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| | protestant
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| |-
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| | supplement
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| | bijlage
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| |-
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| | town, village
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| | stad, gemeente, dorp
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| |-
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| | wife
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| | huisvrouw, vrouw, echtgenote
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| |-
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| | year
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| | jaar
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| |}
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| === NUMBERS ===
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| In some genealogical records, numbers are written out. This is especially true with dates. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and the ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) versions of each number. Days of the month are written in ordinal form.
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| Cardinal Ordinal
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| 1 een 1st eerste
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| 2 twee 2nd tweede
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| 3 drie 3rd derde
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| 4 vie 4th vierde
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| 5 vijf 5th vijfde
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| 6 zes 6th zesde
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| 7 zeven 7th zevende
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| 8 acht 8th achtste
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| 9 negen 9th negende
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| 10 tien 10th tiende
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| 11 elf 11th elfde
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| 12 twaalf 12th twaalfde
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| 13 dertien 13th dertiende
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| 14 veertien 14th veertiende
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| 15 vijftien 15th vijftiende
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| 16 zestien 16th zestiende
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| 17 zeventien 17th zeventiende
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| 18 achttien 18th achttiende
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| 19 negentie 19th negentiende
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| 20 twintig 20th twintigste
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| 21 eenentwintig 21st eenentwintigste
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| 22 tweeëntwintig 22th tweeëntwintigste
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| 23 drieentwintig 23th drieentwintigste
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| 24 vierentwintig 24th vierentwintigste
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| 25 vijfentwintig 25th vijfentwintigste
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| 26 zesentwintig 26th zesentwintigste
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| 27 zevenentwintig 27th zevenentwintigste
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| 28 achtentwintig 28th achtentwintigste
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| 29 negenentwintig 29th negenentwintigste
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| 30 dertig 30th dertigste
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| 31 eenendertig 31th eenendertigste
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| 40 veertig 40th veertigste
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| 50 vijftig 50th vijftigste
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| 60 zestig 60th zestigste
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| 70 zeventig 70th zevenstigte
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| 80 tachtig 80th tachtigste
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| 90 negentig 90th negentigste
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| 100 honderd 100th honderdste
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| 101 honderd(en)een 101st honderd(en)eerste
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| 200 tweehonderd 200th tweehonderdste
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| 1000 duizend 1000th duizendste
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| === <br>DATES AND TIME ===
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| In Dutch records, dates are often written out. For example:
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| Donderdag, drie en twintig maart in het jaar van onse heer een duizend acht hondert en zesendertig [Thursday, three and twenty March in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and six and thirty].
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| To understand Dutch dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.
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| <br>'''Months'''
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| '''English''' '''Dutch''' '''Archaic Form'''
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| January Januari louwmaand
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| February Februari sprokkelmaand
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| March Maart lentemaand
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| April April grasmaand
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| May Mei bloeimaand
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| June Juni zomermaand
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| July Juli hooimaand
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| August Augustus oogstmaand
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| September September (7ber) herfstmaand
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| October October (8ber) wijnmaand
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| November November (9ber) slachtmaand
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| December December (10ber) wintermaand
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| <br>'''Days of the Week'''
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| '''English''' '''Dutch'''
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| Sunday Zondag
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| Monday Maandag
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| Tuesday Dinsdag
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| Wednesday Woensdag
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| Thursday Donderdag
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| Friday Vrijdag
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| Saturday Zaterdag
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| <br>'''Times of the Day'''
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| Dutch birth and death records often indicated the time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.
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| '''Dutch''' '''English'''
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| des avonds ('s avonds) in the evening
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| des middags ('s middags) in the afternoon
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| des morgens ('s morgens) in the morning
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| des nachts ('s nachts) in the night
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| in de namiddag in the mid-afternoon
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| in de voormiddag in the mid-morning
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| === Alphabetical ===
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| ==== A ====
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| *'''aan''' - upon, to
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| *'''aangenomen naam - '''named, alias, also known as, assumed name, accepted surname
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| *'''angiften - '''intentions (marriage), declarations
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| *'''aannemen''' to adopt (a child), to assume, to take on aanneming confirmation aannemingsdag day of confirmation aanstaande next, toward, following, expectant, future, impending aanval stroke, attack aarde earth (buried in), ground aardrijkskundig woordenboek gazetteer acht eight achtenswaardig respectable, honorable achtentwintig twenty-eight achtentwintigste twenty-eighth achterkleindochter great-granddaughter achterkleinzoon great-grandson achternaam surname, last name achtste eighth achttien eighteen achttiende eighteenth adel nobility adellijk noble, titled aderlating bleeding, bloodletting adresboek directory advocaat notary, lawyer afkondigen to post banns afkondigingen proclamations, banns afschrift(en) extract, duplicate record, transcript, certified copy akte certificate, deed, license alhier here, at this place, locally alle all, every alleen alone, single, only altijd, steeds always ambt office ambtenaar official, registrar, civil servant, clerk ander(s) other anders genoemd alias, also known as apostolisch Apostolic April April arbeider laborer archief archive Augustus August avond ('s avonds) evening, (in the evening) Avondmaal communion, sacrament
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| ==== B ====
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| bad(plaats) - resort, spa, bath<br>baker dry nurse<br>bakker baker<br>bedelaar beggar<br>bedrag fee, amount (of money)<br>bedrijf trade, business, concern<br>begraafplaats cemetery<br>begrafenis funeral<br>begraven to bury<br>behoeftigden needy, indigent<br>behoren to belong to<br>beide both<br>bejaard aged<br>bekende acquaintance<br>belasting taxation<br>Belg(isch) Belgian<br>België Belgium<br>bemerking remarks<br>benadering approximation<br>berg mountain<br>beroep trade, occupation<br>beschrijving description<br>beslagnemen to seize<br>besnijdenis circumcision<br>bet-overgrootvader second great-grandfather<br>bet-bet-overgrootvader third great-grandfather<br>betrekking in relation to, relatives<br>betuiging declaration, expression<br>bevolking population<br>bevolkingsregister population register<br>bewaarder guardian, warden<br>bewijs certificate, proof<br>bewijs van overlijden death certificate, proof of death<br>bewijs van trouwen marriage certificate, proof of marriage<br>bidden to request, to pray<br>bijlagen supplemental documents<br>bijna almost, nearly<br>bijnaam surname, nickname<br>bijzit mistress, concubine<br>binnenkant inside<br>biografie biography<br>bisdom diocese<br>bladzijde (blz.) page<br>bloeimaand May (blossoming month)<br>boek book<br>boer farmer<br>boerenarbeider cottager, farmhand, worker<br>boerenknecht farm worker<br>bos woods, forest (new version of the word)<br>bosbaas forester<br>bosch woods, forest (old version of the word)<br>boswachter forester<br>boven above, over, upstairs<br>braaf honest, worthy, good<br>broeder, broer brother<br>brouwer brewer<br>brug bridge<br>bruid bride<br>bruidegom bridegroom<br>buiten(kant) outside<br>buitenechtelijk illegitimate<br>burgemeester mayor<br>burgelijke administralie civil administration<br>burger citizen<br>burgerboek citizenship book<br>burgerlijke ambtenaar civil registrar<br>burgerlijke stand civil registration, civil administration<br>burgerschap citizenship<br>buurman neighbor<br>buurtschap neighborhood<br><br>
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| ==== C ====
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| communicanten members, communicants<br>comparant one who appeared<br>compareerde appeared before<br>confirmatie confirmation<br><br>
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| ==== D ====
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| ==== E ====
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| ==== F ====
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| ==== G ====
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| ==== H ====
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| ==== I ====
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| ==== J ====
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| ==== K ====
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| ==== L ====
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| ==== M ====
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| ==== N ====
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| ==== O ====
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| ==== P ====
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| ==== Q ====
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| ==== R ====
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| ==== S ====
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| ==== T ====
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| ==== U ====
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| ==== V ====
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| ==== W ====
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| ==== X ====
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| ==== Y ====
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| ==== IJ ====
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| ==== Z ====
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| [[Category:Netherlands|Netherlands Language and Languages]] [[Category:Word_List|Netherlands Language and Languages]]
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