Mongolia Languages: Difference between revisions

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== Mongolian (монгол) ==
{{CountrySidebar
|Country=Mongolia
|Name=Mongolia
|Type=Topic
|Topic Type=Background
|Background=Languages
|Rating=Standardized
}}{{breadcrumb
| link1=[[Mongolia Genealogy|Mongolia]]
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| link5=[[Mongolia Languages|Languages]]
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Mongolian is an Altaic language spoken by approximately 5 million people in Mongolia, China, Afghanistan and Russia. There are a number of closely related varieties of Mongolian: '''Khalkha''' or '''Halha''', the national language of Mongolia, and '''Oirat''', '''Chahar''' and '''Ordos''', which are spoken mainly in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.
==Description==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language '''Mongolian'''] is the official language of Mongolia and is spoken by 95% of the population.<br>
A variety of dialects of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirat_language '''Oirat'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_language '''Buryat'''] are also spoken across the country.<br>
There are also some speakers of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol '''Mongolic Khamnigan'''].<br>
In the west of the country, the Turkic languages of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language '''Kazakh'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language '''Tuvan'''] are also spoken.<br>
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language '''Mongolian Sign Language'''] is the dominate language of the deaf community.<br>
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language '''Russian'''] is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been slowly replacing Russian as the second language.<br>
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language '''Korean'''] has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work in South Korea. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Mongolia," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia#Languages, accessed 23 May 2023.</ref><br>
See [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Mongolia_Languages#:~:text=History%20of%20the%20alphabet%20and%20script%20used%20in%20Mongolia Alphabets and Scripts] for more information on the historical use in Mongolia.  


Other languages considered part of the Mongolian language family, but separate from Mongolian, include '''Buryat''' and '''Kalmyk''', spoken in Russia and '''Moghul''' or '''Mogul''', spoken in Afghanistan.
==Word List(s)==
*[[Russian Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Chinese Genealogical Word List]]


As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabet in 1931 and the Cyrillic alphabet in 1937. In 1941 the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Classical Mongol script, but since 1994 they have been trying to bring it back. It is now taught to some extent in schools, though is mainly used for decorative purposes by artists, designers, calligraphers and poets. The average person in Mongolia knows little or nothing about the Classical Mongol script, though there is high literacy in Cyrillic. In Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China the Classical Mongol script is still used.
'''Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian'''
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mongolian.php Useful Mongolian phrases (Omniglot)]
*[https://wikitravel.org/en/Mongolian_phrasebook Mongolian phrasebook (Wikitravel)]
 
'''Oirat'''
 
'''Buryat'''
*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/BXM/bxm_word-list_1991_01.html Buryat Word List (UCLA.edu)]
*[https://folkways.today/talking-buryat-phrasebook/ The Talking Buryat Phrasebook (Folkways.today)]
 
'''Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol'''
 
'''Kazakh'''
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/kazakh.php Useful Kazakh phrases (Omniglot)]
* Taranov, Andrey. ''Kazakh vocabulary for English speakers : 3000 words.'' n.p.: T & P Books Pub., 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/841980957 WorldCat].
 
'''Tuvan'''
*[https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tuvan_phrasebook Tuvan phrasebook (Wikivoyage)]
 
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
'''Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Phonology Khalkha Mongolian Phonology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar Khalkha Mongolian Grammar (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm Mongolian Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
*[http://learn101.org/mongolian.php Mongolian grammar and basics (Learn101)]]
* Ch, Battulga, Mika Laiho, Bat-Irėėdu̇ĭ Zh, and Mongol Ulsyn Ikh Surguulʹ. ''A student guide to Khalkha Mongolian pronunciation.'' Ulaanbaatar: T & U Print, 1999. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/610150283 WorldCat].
 
'''Oirat'''
 
'''Buryat'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_language#Phonology Buryat Phonology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_language#Grammar Buryat Grammar (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/buryat.htm Buryat Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
 
'''Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol'''
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/khamnigan.htm Khamnigan Mongol Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
 
'''Kazakh'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language#Phonology Kazakh Phonology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax Kazakh Morphology and syntax (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
 
'''Tuvan'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language#Phonology Tuvan Phonology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language#Grammar Tuvan Grammar (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tuvan.php Tuvan Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
 
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian'''
*[https://glosbe.com/en/mn English to Mongolian Dictionary (Glosbe)]
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/mongolian_dictionary.htm Mongolian dictionary (Lexilogos)]
*[https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/mongolian/ Mongolian (MustGo)]
*[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/mongolia.pdf Classical Mongolian Romanization]
 
'''Oirat'''
*[https://glosbe.com/en/xwo English to Written Oirat Dictionary (Glosbe)]
* ''Oirat people : cultural uniformity and diversification.'' Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/877906437 WorldCat].
 
'''Buryat'''
 
'''Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol'''
* Janhunen, Juha. ''Khamnigan Mongol.'' Munchen: Lincom Europa, 2005. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/860519618 WorldCat].
 
'''Kazakh'''
*[https://glosbe.com/en/kk English to Kazakh Dictionary (Glosbe)]
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/kazakh_dictionary.htm Kazakh dictionary (Lexilogos)]
 
'''Tuvan'''
* Krueger, John Richard. ''Tuvan manual : area handbook, grammar, reader, glossary, bibliography.'' Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1977. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/5252062 WorldCat].
 
==Additional Resources==
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia Mongolia (Britannica)]
*[https://wikitravel.org/en/Mongolia Mongolia (Wikitravel)]
* Rupen, Robert A. and Arpad Von Lazar. ''Mongolian area handbook.'' Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, 1963. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/10658201 WorldCat].
 
'''History of the alphabet and script used in Mongolia''':<br>
As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabet in 1931 and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets '''Cyrillic alphabet] in 1937.<br>
In 1941, the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Classical Mongol script, but since 1994 they have been trying to bring it back.<br>
It is now taught to some extent in schools, though is mainly used for decorative purposes by artists, designers, calligraphers and poets.<br>
The average person in Mongolia knows little or nothing about the Classical Mongol script, though there is high literacy in Cyrillic.<br>
In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, the Classical Mongol script is still used.<br>
The older, traditional alphabet was developed in the 1200s from the Turkic Uighur script.<br>
Unlike most vertical scripts, it begins at the left.<br>
In Mongolia, most older genealogical sources were written either in the classical Mongol script or in Chinese.<br>
Records from the 1900s are written in Russian, in Cyrillic Mongolian, or in the Kazakh language.<br>
 
==References==
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Mongolia]]

Latest revision as of 19:23, 20 March 2024


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Description[edit | edit source]

Mongolian is the official language of Mongolia and is spoken by 95% of the population.
A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are also spoken across the country.
There are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan.
In the west of the country, the Turkic languages of Kazakh and Tuvan are also spoken.
Mongolian Sign Language is the dominate language of the deaf community.
Russian is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been slowly replacing Russian as the second language.
Korean has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work in South Korea. [1]
See Alphabets and Scripts for more information on the historical use in Mongolia.

Word List(s)[edit | edit source]

Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian

Oirat

Buryat

Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol

Kazakh

Tuvan

Alphabet and Pronunciation[edit | edit source]

Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian

Oirat

Buryat

Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol

Kazakh

Tuvan

Language Aids and Dictionaries[edit | edit source]

Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian

Oirat

Buryat

Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol

  • Janhunen, Juha. Khamnigan Mongol. Munchen: Lincom Europa, 2005. Available at: WorldCat.

Kazakh

Tuvan

  • Krueger, John Richard. Tuvan manual : area handbook, grammar, reader, glossary, bibliography. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1977. Available at: WorldCat.

Additional Resources[edit | edit source]

History of the alphabet and script used in Mongolia:
As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabet in 1931 and the Cyrillic alphabet in 1937.
 In 1941, the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Classical Mongol script, but since 1994 they have been trying to bring it back.
It is now taught to some extent in schools, though is mainly used for decorative purposes by artists, designers, calligraphers and poets.
The average person in Mongolia knows little or nothing about the Classical Mongol script, though there is high literacy in Cyrillic.
In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, the Classical Mongol script is still used.
The older, traditional alphabet was developed in the 1200s from the Turkic Uighur script.
Unlike most vertical scripts, it begins at the left.
In Mongolia, most older genealogical sources were written either in the classical Mongol script or in Chinese.
Records from the 1900s are written in Russian, in Cyrillic Mongolian, or in the Kazakh language.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Mongolia," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia#Languages, accessed 23 May 2023.
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