Russian Genealogical Word List: Difference between revisions

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This list contains Russian word with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word (or some form of it) that you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Russian-English dictionary. A version of the  [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/images/8/86/Russian_Word_List.pdf Russian Genealogical Word List in PDF] is also available.  
This list contains Russian word with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word (or some form of it) that you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Russian-English dictionary. A version of the [https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/img_auth.php/8/86/Russian_Word_List.pdf Russian Genealogical Word List in PDF] is also available.


To best make use of the genealogical word list, please read [[Russia Languages]],  
To best make use of the genealogical word list, please read [[Russia Languages]],  
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In Russian, the endings of most words vary according to gender, number, and usage in a sentence. Who—Whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives only the basic forms of each Russian word, which usually also means the masculine. As you read Russian records, be aware that almost all word vary with usage, including names of people and places. It is important to recognize when a name is written in a different form and to not misinterpret it as another name.  
In Russian, the endings of most words vary according to gender, number, and usage in a sentence. Who—Whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives only the basic forms of each Russian word, which usually also means the masculine. As you read Russian records, be aware that almost all word vary with usage, including names of people and places. It is important to recognize when a name is written in a different form and to not misinterpret it as another name.  


=== Alphabetical Order ===
===Alphabetical Order===


Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ee Ёё Жж Зз Ии Йй Kk Лл Mм Нн Oo Пр Pp Сс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Юю Яя  
Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ee Ёё Жж Зз Ии Йй Kk Лл Mм Нн Oo Пп Pp Сс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Юю Яя  


No words begin with the hard sign (Ъъ) or the soft sign (Ьь), and very few with the letters Ёё, Йй, Щщ, or Ыы.<br>
No words begin with the hard sign (Ъъ) or the soft sign (Ьь), and very few with the letters Ёё, Йй, Щщ, or Ыы.


=== Transliteration Aid ===
Prior to 1918, when the current Russian spelling reforms were instituted, the alphabet included letters no longer used. These were updated and changed. These letters include:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|з
|Changed to (in certain positions)
|c
|-
|i
|Changed to
|и
|-
|ъ
|No longer used at the end of masculine words
|
|-
|ѣ
|Changed to
|e
|-
|θ
|Changed to
|ф
|-
|v
|Changed to
|и
|}
 
===Transliteration Aid===


Transliteration is a conversion of text from one script to another. For example, the Russian word бракосочетание in Cyrillic script would be transliterated to “brakosochetanie” the English Romanized script.   
Transliteration is a conversion of text from one script to another. For example, the Russian word бракосочетание in Cyrillic script would be transliterated to “brakosochetanie” the English Romanized script.   
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===Other Word Lists===
===Other Word Lists===
*[[Media:Russian Word List.pdf|FamilySearch Library Word List]]
*[http://www.doukhobor.org/names.html#Terms Doukhobor Genealogy] (under "Russian Terms." These are all transliterated and there is no Cyrillic)
*[http://www.doukhobor.org/names.html#Terms Doukhobor Genealogy] (under "Russian Terms." These are all transliterated and there is no Cyrillic)
*[https://www.lexiconbridge.com/ Cornell Lexicon Bridge] (a resource from Cornell University)
*[https://www.lexiconbridge.com/ Cornell Lexicon Bridge] (a resource from Cornell University)


=== Online Dictionaries ===
===Online Dictionaries===


*[http://gramota.ru/slovari/info/ Gramota] (online Russian dictionary in Russian)
*[http://gramota.ru/slovari/info/ Gramota] (online Russian dictionary in Russian)
*[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-russian/ Cambridge English-Russian Dictionary]
*[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-russian/ Cambridge English-Russian Dictionary]
*[https://www.dict.com/russian-english Dict.com Russian-English Dictionary]
*[https://www.dict.com/russian-english Dict.com Russian-English Dictionary]
*[https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 Викисловар (Russian Wiktionary)] this website is in Russian, but provides information regarding declension. Type a Russian word in the search box in the right hand corner (искать в Викисловаре) and press enter. Even if the word entered is declined (has a grammatical case ending), Wiktionary will redirect you to the original word (nominative case). A typical entry defines the word (if you are using Google Chrome, right click to translate the page to English to learn the definition of the word), as well as meanings, synonyms and often pronunciation. On the right hand side, you will find a table with the word declined in all cases. A translation of the table is included below. Using this table will allow you to easily determine which case your word is in.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Translation of Declension Table from Викисловарь
!падеж (case)
!ед. ч. (singular)
!мн. ч (plural)
|-
|Им.(nominative)
|
|
|-
|Р. (genitive)
|
|
|-
|Д. (dative)
|
|
|-
|В. (accusative)
|
|
|-
|Тв. (instrumental)
|
|
|-
|Пр. (prepositional)
|
|
|}
=== Variant forms of words ===
In Russian, the endings of most words vary according to gender, number, and usage in a sentence. ''Who—Whose—whom,'' or ''marry—marries—married'' are examples of words in English with variant forms. Many sources (word lists, dictionaries, etc.) give only the basic, or nominative and masculine form. As you read Russian records, be aware that almost all words vary with usage.
==== Gender ====
Russian words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as '''masculine''', '''feminine''', or '''neuter'''. For example, брат (brother) is a masculine word, дочь (daughter) is a feminine word, and свидетельство (certificate) is a neuter word.
Words that describe persons, places or things (adjectives) will have either masculine, feminine, or neuter endings depending on what noun they are describing. For example, in Russian you would write старый брат (old brother), старая сестра (old sister), and старое свидетельство (old certificate). In dictionaries and in the “Russian Genealogical Word List” generally only the '''masculine''' form is given.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!masculine
!feminine
!neuter
!found in word list as
|-
|старый
|старая
|старое
|старый (old)
|-
|глухой
|глухая
| -
|глухой (deaf)
|}
==== Plurals ====
Plural forms of Russian words usually end in ы, и, а, or я. They are usually only found in the singular in dictionaries or in the word list.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!singular
!plural
!translation
|-
|отец
|отцы
|father/fathers
|-
|муж
|мужья
|husband/husbands
|-
|жена
|жены
|wife/wives
|-
|книга
|книги
|book/books
|-
|место
|местa
|place/places
|}
==== Noun declensions ====
The endings of Russian words can also vary depending on the grammatical uses of the words. Russian grammar requires specific endings (called “cases”) on nouns used in the possessive, as the object of a verb, and with a preposition, among others.
Adjectives also must match the nouns they modify in gender, quantity, and grammatical form (case). Russian nouns fall into several classes, each with its own set of grammatical endings. Many dictionaries have grammatical sections which show complete noun and adjective endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Noun
!Use
!Translation
|-
|город
города
городе
|'''город'''
мер '''города'''
Я жул в '''городе'''
|City
Mayor of the city
I lived in the city
|-
|сын
сына
сыну
сыном
|'''сын'''
я крестил '''сына'''
я дал '''сыну'''
я ушёл с '''сыном'''
|Son
I christened the son
I gave to the son
I left with the son
|-
|жена
жены
жену
жене
женой


жене
|'''жена'''


=== Months of the Year ===
дом '''жены'''
 
я видел '''жену'''
 
я дал '''жене'''
 
я ушёл ц '''женой'''
 
я думал о '''жене'''
|Wife
 
Home of the wife
 
I saw the wife
 
I gave to the wife
 
I left with the wife
 
I thought about the wife
|}
The changing of word endings is called “declension” and there are six different cases in Russian.
 
==== Given names ====
An important note is that it is essential to recognize when a name is written in a different form, and to avoid misinterpreting it as another name. For example, “the child of Ivan” would be “ребенок ивана.” That only means that “иван” is in a different case. It does NOT mean that is a feminine form of the name, that his name is different, that he has variant names, or that “ивана” is a different person than “иван.”
 
==== Verbs ====
Words that show action (verbs) also vary depending on who and how many are doing the action and whether the action is past, present, or future. The variation for verbs is called “conjugation.” For example, the Russian word жить (to live) will appear with various endings. Note that most but not all verbs follow this pattern:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Russian conjugation
!English conjugation
|-
|я '''живу'''
|I live
|-
|ты '''живёшь'''
|you live (informal)
|-
|он/она/кто '''живёт'''
|he/she/who lives
|-
|мы '''живём'''
|we live
|-
|вы '''живёте'''
|you live (formal)
|-
|они '''живут'''
|they live
|-
|она '''жил'''
|he lived
|-
|она '''жила'''
|she lived
|-
|они '''жили'''
|they lived
|}
 
===Names and Places===
For words not typically found in dictionaries (place names and given/family names) try using the following resources:
 
'''Places:'''
 
[https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9 List of Gubernia in the Russian Empire]
 
[[Russia Gazetteers]]
 
[http://www.google.com Google]
 
'''Russian Names:'''
 
*[https://gufo.me/dict/surnames_ru Словарь русских фамилий (Dictionary of Russian Surnames)]
 
*[https://pomnirod.ru/assets/files/knigi/slovar-russ_imen_petrovski_1966.pdf Словарь Русских Личных Имен (Dictionary of Russian Given Names)]
 
*[https://azbyka.ru/deti/slovar-spravochnik-russkikh-lichnykh-imen-ilya-melnikov Словарь-справочник русских личных имен (Dictionary/Handbook of Russian Given Names)]
 
*[https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=aF5NAAAAcAAJ&rdid=book-aF5NAAAAcAAJ&rdot=1 French, German and Russian Name Dictionary]
 
'''Polish Names Written in Russian:'''
 
Use these resources to help you find the proper spelling of a Polish name. [https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/img_auth.php/7/75/Russian_Alphabet_Key.pdf This handout] will help you transliterate from Russian into Polish.
 
*[http://herby.com.pl/ Slownik Nazwisk (Dictionary of Surnames)] to learn how to use this website, see the instructions [https://jri-poland.org/slownik.htm here].
 
*[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Polish_given_names Polish Given Names with Dimunitives and English Equivalents]
 
*[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Polish_male_given_names Male Polish Names Wiktionary 1]
 
*[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Polish_given_names Male Polish Names Wiktionary 2]
 
*[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Polish_female_given_names Female Polish Names Wiktionary 1]
 
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_feminine_given_names Female Polish Names Wiktionary 2]
 
'''German Names Written in Russian:'''
 
[https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/img_auth.php/7/75/Russian_Alphabet_Key.pdf This handout] will help you transliterate from Russian into German.
 
*[https://www.sggee.org/research/rus_translate/Cyrillic_Handouts.pdf SGGEE handout], see page 7
*[https://volga.domains.unf.edu/surnames Germans from Russia Surnames (particularly the Volga Region)]
*[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:German_male_given_names Male German Names Wiktionary]
*[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:German_given_names#List_of_female_given_names Female German Names Wiktionary]
*[http://www.namenforschung.net/en/dfd/dictionary/list/ Digital Dictionary of Surnames in Germany]
 
===Months of the Year===
For months of the year in Cyrillic handwriting, see [https://www.sggee.org/research/rus_translate/Images/months_script.jpg SGGEE handout, '''"Examples of how the months are handwritten"''']
For months of the year in Cyrillic handwriting, see [https://www.sggee.org/research/rus_translate/Images/months_script.jpg SGGEE handout, '''"Examples of how the months are handwritten"''']
{| width="70%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Russian (nominative)!!Russian (Genitive)!!English
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''
|январь, Iенварь||января||January
| width="25%" | '''Pronunciation'''
| width="25%" | '''English'''
|-
|-
| январь
|февраль||февраля||February
| yeen-VAHR'
| January
|-
|-
| февраль
|март||марта||March
| fee-VRAHL'
| February
|-
|-
| март
|апрель||апреля||April
| mahrt
| March
|-
|-
| апрель
|май||мая||May
| ah-PRYEHL'
| April
|-
|-
| май
|июнь||июня||June
| mahy
| May
|-
|-
| июнь
|июль||июля||July
| ee-YOON'
| June
|-
|-
| июль
|август||августа||August
| ee-YOOL'
| July
|-
|-
| август
|сентябрь||сентября||September
| AHV-goost
| August
|-
|-
| сентябрь
|октябрь||октября||October
| seen-TYAHBR'
| September
|-
|-
| октябрь
|ноябрь||ноября||November
| ahk-TYAHBR'
| October
|-
|-
| ноябрь
|декабрь||декабря||December
| nah-YAHBR'
| November
|-
| декабрь
| dee-KAHBR'
| December
|}
|}


=== Cardinal Numbers ===
===Cardinal Numbers===
For numbers in cursive, see [https://www.sggee.org/research/rus_translate/Cyrillic_Handouts.pdf '''SGGEE Cyrillic Handouts.pdf.''']
For numbers in cursive, see [https://www.sggee.org/research/rus_translate/Cyrillic_Handouts.pdf '''SGGEE Cyrillic Handouts.pdf.''']
{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| width="25%" | '''Transliteration/Pronunciation'''  
| width="25%" |'''English'''
| width="25%" | '''English'''
|-
|-
| один  
|один
| odin [ah-DEEN]
|one
| one
|-
|-
| два  
|два
| dva [dvah]
|two
| two
|-
|-
| три  
|три
| tri [tree]
|three
| three
|-
|-
| четыре  
|четыре
| chetyre [che-TYH-ree]
|four
| four
|-
|-
| пять  
|пять
| pyat' [pyat']
|five
| five
|-
|-
| шесть  
|шесть
| shest' [shehst']
|six
| six
|-
|-
| семь  
|семь
| sem' [syehm]
|seven
| seven
|-
|-
| восемь  
|восемь
| vosem' [VOH-seem]
|eight
| eight
|-
|-
| девять  
|девять
| devyat' [DYEH-vit']
|nine
| nine
|-
|-
| десять  
|десять
| desyat' [DYEH-sit']
|ten
| ten
|-
|-
| одиннадцать  
|одиннадцать
| odinnadtsat' [ah-dee-nat-sat']
|eleven
| eleven
|-
|-
| двенадцать  
|двенадцать
| dvenadtsat' [dvi-nat-sat']
|twelve
| twelve
|-
|-
| тринадцать  
|тринадцать
| trinadtsat' [tree-nat-sat']
|thirteen
| thirteen
|-
|-
| четырнадцать  
|четырнадцать
| chetyrnadtsat' [chye-tir-nat-sat']
|fourteen
| fourteen
|-
|-
| пятнадцать  
|пятнадцать
| pyatnadtsat' [pyat-nat-sat']
|fifteen
| fifteen
|-
|-
| шестнадцать  
|шестнадцать
| shestnadtsat' [shes-nat-sat']
|sixteen
| sixteen
|-
|-
| семнадцать  
|семнадцать
| semnadtsat' [sim-nat-sat']
|seventeen
| seventeen
|-
|-
| восемнадцать  
|восемнадцать
| vosemnadtsat' [vahsim-nat-sat']
|eighteen
| eighteen
|-
|-
| девятнадцать  
|девятнадцать
| devyatnadtsat' [divit-nat-sat']
|nineteen
| nineteen
|-
|-
| двадцать  
|двадцать
| dvadtsat' [dvat-sat']
|twenty
| twenty
|-
|-
| тридцать  
|тридцать
| tridtsat' [treet-sat']
|thirty
| thirty
|-
|-
| сорок  
|сорок
| sorok [soh-rahk]
|forty
| forty
|-
|-
| пятьдесят  
|пятьдесят
| pyat'desyat [pit-dee-syat]
|fifty
| fifty
|-
|-
| шестьдесят  
|шестьдесят
| shest'desyat [shes-dee-syat]
|sixty
| sixty
|-
|-
| семьдесят  
|семьдесят
| sem'desyat [syem-dee-syat]
|seventy
| seventy
|-
|-
| восемьдесят  
|восемьдесят
| vosem'desyat [voh-sim-dee-syat]
|eighty
| eighty
|-
|-
| девяносто  
|девяносто
| devyanosto [di-vee-nohs-tah]
|ninety
| ninety
|-
|-
| сто  
|сто
| sto [stoh]
|one hundred
| one hundred
|-
|-
| двести  
|двести
| dvesti [dvyes-tee]
|two hundred
| two hundred
|-
|-
| триста  
|триста
| trista [tree-stah]
|three hundred
| three hundred
|-
|-
| четыреста  
|четыреста
| chetyresta [chye-ti-ryeh-stah]
|four hundred
| four hundred
|-
|-
| пятьсот  
|пятьсот
| pyat'sot [pit-soht]
|five hundred
| five hundred
|-
|-
| шестьсот  
|шестьсот
| shest'sot [shis-soht]
|six hundred
| six hundred
|-
|-
| семьсот  
|семьсот
| sem'sot [sim-soht]
|seven hundred
| seven hundred
|-
|-
| восемьсот  
|восемьсот
| vosem'sot [vah-sim-soht]
|eight hundred
| eight hundred
|-
|-
| девятьсот  
|девятьсот
| devyat'sot [dee-vit-soht]
|nine hundred
| nine hundred
|-
|-
| тысяча  
|тысяча
| tysyacha [ti-si-chah]
|one thousand
| one thousand
|-
|миллион
|one million
|}
|}


=== Ordinal Numbers ===
===Ordinal Numbers===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| width="25%" | '''Transliteration/Pronunciation'''  
| width="25%" |'''English'''
| width="25%" | '''English'''
|-
|-
| первый  
|первый
| pervyy
|first
| first
|-
|-
| второй  
|второй
| vtoroy
|second
| second
|-
|-
| третий  
|третий
| tretiy
|third
| third
|-
|-
| четвёртый  
|четвёртый
| chetvyortyy
|fourth
| fourth
|-
|-
| пятый  
|пятый
| pyatyy
|fifth
| fifth
|-
|-
| шестой  
|шестой
| shestoy
|sixth
| sixth
|-
|-
| седьмой  
|седьмой
| sed'moy
|seventh
| seventh
|-
|-
| восьмой  
|восьмой
| vos'moy
|eighth
| eighth
|-
|-
| девятый  
|девятый
| devyatyy
|ninth
| ninth
|-
|-
| десятый  
|десятый
| desyatyy
|tenth
| tenth
|-
|-
| одиннадцатый  
|одиннадцатый
| odinnadtsatyy
|eleventh
| eleventh
|-
|-
| двенадцатый  
|двенадцатый
| dvenadtsatyy
|twelfth
| twelfth
|-
|-
| тринадцатый  
|тринадцатый
| trinadtsatyy
|thirteenth
| thirteenth
|-
|-
| четырнадцатый  
|четырнадцатый
| chetyrnadtsatyy
|fourteenth
| fourteenth
|-
|-
| пятнадцатый  
|пятнадцатый
| pyatnadtsatyy
|fifteenth
| fifteeth
|-
|-
| шестнадцатый  
|шестнадцатый
| shestnadtsatyy
|sixteenth
| sixteenth
|-
|-
| семнадцатый  
|семнадцатый
| semnadtsatyy
|seventeenth
| seventeenth
|-
|-
| восемнадцатый  
|восемнадцатый
| vosemnadtsatyy
|eighteenth
| eighteenth
|-
|-
| девятнадцатый  
|девятнадцатый
| devyatnadtsatyy
|nineteenth
| nineteenth
|-
|-
| двадцатый  
|двадцатый
| dvadtsatyy
|twentieth
| twentieth
|-
|-
| двадцать первый  
|двадцать первый
| dvadtsat' pervyy
|twenty first
| twenty first
|-
|-
| тридцатый  
|тридцатый
| tridtsatyy
|thirtieth
| thirtieth
|-
|-
| тридцать первый  
|тридцать первый
| tridtsat' pervyy
|thirty first
| thirty first
|}
|}


== General Word List ==
==General Word List==


This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources.&nbsp; Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed.  
This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed.  


{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
|  
|
|}
|}


<br>  
<br>  


=== A ===
===A===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|август<br>
|August<br>
|-
|-
| август<br>  
|адвокат<br>
| August<br>
|lawyer<br>
|-
|-
| адвокат<br>  
|администратор<br>
| lawyer<br>
|administrator<br>
|-
|-
| администратор<br>  
|акт<br>
| administrator<br>
|document, record, certificate<br>
|-
|-
| акт<br>  
|акты гражданского состояния<br>
| document, record, certificate<br>
|vital statistics<br>
|-
|-
| акты гражданского состояния<br>  
|акушерка<br>
| vital statistics<br>
|midwife<br>
|-
|-
| акушерка<br>  
|алфавитный список<br>
| midwife<br>
|alphabetical list or index<br>
|-
|-
| алфавитный список<br>
|апоплексия
| alphabetical list or index<br>
|apoplexy
|-
|-
| апрель<br>  
|апрель<br>
| April<br>
|April<br>
|-
|-
| арендатор<br>  
|арендатор<br>
| tenant, leaseholder<br>
|tenant, leaseholder<br>
|-
|-
| армия<br>  
|армия<br>
| army<br>
|army<br>
|-
|-
| артиллерист<br>  
|артиллерист<br>
| artilleryman<br>
|artilleryman<br>
|-
|-
| архив<br>  
|архив<br>
| archive<br>
|archive<br>
|-
|-
| архивист, архивариус<br>  
|архивист, архивариус<br>
| archivist<br>
|archivist<br>
|}
|}


<br>  
<br>  


=== Б ===
===Б===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''Transliteration/English'''
|'''Transliteration/English'''
|-
|бакалейщик<br>
|Grocer<br>
|-
|-
| бакалейщик<br>  
|барышник<br>
| Grocer<br>
|horse dealer<br>
|-
|-
| барышник<br>  
|батрак<br>
| horse dealer<br>
|farm hand, hired hand<br>
|-
|-
| батрак<br>  
|башмачник<br>
| farm hand, hired hand<br>
|shoemaker<br>
|-
|-
| башмачник<br>  
|бедность<br>
| shoemaker<br>
|poverty<br>
|-
|-
| бедность<br>  
|бедный<br>
| poverty<br>
|poor<br>
|-
|-
| бедный<br>  
|бедняк<br>
| poor<br>
|pauper<br>
|-
|-
| бедняк<br>
|беженец
| pauper<br>
|refugee
|-
|-
| безземельный<br>  
|безземельный<br>
| landless<br>
|landless<br>
|-
|-
| Благороднй<br>  
|белое духовенство
|  
|clergy who have not taken a monastic vow (allowed to have a wife and children)
noble<br>  
|-
|Благороднй<br>
|
noble<br>


|-
|-
| благородство<br>  
|благородство<br>
|  
|
nobility<br>  
nobility<br>


|-
|-
| близнец<br>  
|близнец<br>
| twin<br>
|twin<br>
|-
|-
| близнецы<br>  
|близнецы<br>
| twins<br>
|twins<br>
|-
|-
| бобыль<br>  
|бобыль<br>
|  
|
poor landless peasant<br>  
poor landless peasant<br>


|-
|-
| богадельня<br>  
|богадельня<br>
| poor house<br>
|poor house<br>
|-
|-
| болезнь<br>  
|болезнь<br>
| illness, disease<br>
|illness, disease<br>
|-
|-
| болезнь лёгких<br>  
|болезнь лёгких<br>
| lung disease, lung illness<br>
|lung disease, lung illness<br>
|-
|-
| болница<br>  
|болница<br>
| hospital<br>
|hospital<br>
|-
|-
| болной<br>  
|болной<br>
| sick<br>
|sick<br>
|-
|-
| бондарь, бочар<br>
|боль
| cooper<br>
|illness, sickness, pain
|-
|-
| боярин<br>  
|бондарь, бочар<br>
| boyar (m.) pre1700 aristocrat<br>
|cooper<br>
|-
|-
| боярство<br>  
|боярин<br>
| the boyars<br>
|boyar (m.) pre-1700 aristocrat<br>
|-
|-
| боярыня<br>  
|боярство<br>
| boyar, nobleman's wife<br>
|the boyars<br>
|-
|-
| брак, бракосочетанние <br>  
|боярыня<br>
| brak, brakosochetannie<br>marriage<br>
|boyar, nobleman's wife<br>
|-
|-
| браконьер<br>  
|брак, бракосочетанние <br>
| poacher<br>
|brak, brakosochetannie<br>marriage<br>
|-
|-
| бракосочетание<br>  
|браконьер<br>
| marriage<br>
|poacher<br>
|-
|-
| брат
|бракосочетание<br>
| brother
|marriage<br>
|-
|-
| брачный обыски
|брат
| pre-marital search of records, proving pride and groom are not related
|brother
|-
|-
| брачный  
|брачный обыски
| marital (adj.) conjugal
|pre-marital search of records, proving bride and groom are not related
|-
|-
| бременная
|брачный
| pregnant
|marital (adj.) conjugal
|-
|-
| бродяга
|бременная
| vagabond
|pregnant
|-
|-
| булочник
|бродяга
| baker
|vagabond
|-
|-
| бухгалтер
|бронхит; бронхитис
| bookkeeper
|bronchitis
|-
|-
| бывший
|булочник
| former
|baker
|-
|-
| быть
|бухгалтер
| to be
|bookkeeper
|-
|-
| бюргер  
|бывший
| burgher
|former
|-
|быть
|to be
|-
|бюргер
|burgher
|}
|}


<br>  
<br>


=== В ===
===В===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''&nbsp;English'''
|''' English'''
|-
|в
|in, on, at
|-
|в час
|at one o'clock
|-
|вдова
|widow
|-
|вдовец
|widower
|-
|ведомость
|register, record, list
|-
|венчание
|wedding ceremony
|-
|веред
|boils
|-
|верность
|accuracy, correctness, truth
|-
|вероисповедание
|religion, faith, creed
|-
|-
| в<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
|весна
| in, on, at
|spring
|-
|-
| в час
|весной
| at one o'clock
|in the spring
|-
|-
| вдова
|весь
| widow
|all, whole, everything
|-
|-
| вдовец
|ветеринар
| widower
|veterinarian
|-
|-
| ведомость
|ветрянкя
| register, record, list
|chicken pox
|-
|-
| венчание
|ветрянкя опаса
| wedding ceremony
|chicken pox
|-
|-
| верность
|вечер
| accuracy, correctness, truth
|evening
|-
|-
| вероисповедание
|вечера
| religion, faith, creed
|in the evening
|-
|-
| весна
|вечером
| spring
|in the evening
|-
|-
| весной
|взрослый
| in the spring
|adult
|-
|-
| весь
|владелец
| all, whole, everything
|bearer, owner, propietor
|-
|-
| ветрянкя
|властный
| chicken pox
|authoritative
|-
|-
| ветрянкя опаса
|внебрачный ребёнок
| chicken pox<br>
|illegitimate child
|-
|-
| вечер
|внук
| evening
|grandson
|-
|-
| вечера
|внучка
| in the evening
|granddaughter
|-
|-
| вечером
|водянка
| in the evening
|dropsy
|-
|-
| взрослый
|водянка в голове
| adult
|dropsy of the head (likely Hydrocephalus)
|-
|-
| владелец
|военная служба
| bearer, owner, propietor
|military service
|-
|-
| властный
|военные документы
| authoritative
|military records
|-
|-
| внебрачный ребёнок
|военный
| illegitimate child
|military, soldier
|-
|-
| внук
|возраст
| grandson
|age
|-
|-
| внучка
|возчик
| granddaughter
|coachman, carter
|-
|-
| водянка
|воинский
| dropsy
|military
|-
|-
| военная слкжба&nbsp;
|война
| military service
|war
|-
|-
| военный
|волость
| military, soldier
|smaller, district, volost' (adm. unit)
|-
|-
| возраст
|волосы
| age
|hair
|-
|-
| возчик
|восемнадцатый
| coachman, carter
|eighteenth
|-
|-
| воинский
|восемнадцать
| military
|eighteen
|-
|-
| война
|восемьдесят
| war
|eighty
|-
|-
| волость
|восемьсот
| smaller, district, volost' (adm. unit)
|eight hundred
|-
|-
| волосы
|воскресенье
| hair
|Sunday
|-
|-
| восемнадцатый
|воспаление
| eighteenth
|inflammation
|-
|-
| восемнадцать
|воспаление кишок
| eighteen
|inflammation of the intestines
|-
|-
| восемьдесят
|воспаление легких
| eighty
|inflammation of the lungs
|-
|-
| восемьсот
|воспаление мозгова
| eight hundred
|inflammation of the brain
|-
|-
| воскресенье
|восприемник
| Sunday
|godparent
|-
|-
| воспаление
|восприемница
| inflammation<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
|godmother
|-
|-
| восприёмник
|восприемники
| godparent
|godparents
|-
|-
| восприёмница
|восток
| godmother
|east
|-
|-
| восток
|восточный
| east
|eastern
|-
|-
| восточный
|восьмидесятый
| eastern
|eightieth
|-
|-
| восьмидесятый
|восьмисотый
| eightieth
|eight hundredth
|-
|-
| восьмисотый
|восьмой
| eight hundredth
|eighth
|-
|-
| восьмой
|время
| eighth
|time
|-
|-
| время
|всё
| time
|all, everyone, every
|-
|-
| всё
|вся
| all, everyone, every
|all, everyone, every
|-
|-
| вся
|вступить в брак
| all, everyone, every
|to get married (to enter marriage)
|-
|-
| вступить на службу
|вступление в брак
| to go into the service
|marriage (entering marriage, often used in giving the marriage date)
|-
|-
| вторник
|вступить на службу
| Tuesday
|to go into the service
|-
|-
| второй<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
|вторник
| second
|Tuesday
|-
|-
| вчера
|второй
| yesterday
|second
|-
|-
| вчерашний
|вчера
| yesterday (adj)
|yesterday
|-
|-
| выдать
|вчерашний
| to issue
|yesterday (adj)
|-
|-
| выкидыщ
|выдать
| miscarriage
|to issue
|-
|-
| выписка
|выкидыщ
| extract, (record)
|miscarriage
|-
|-
| выслать
|выписка
| to be send
|extract, (record)
|-
|-
| высокий
|выслать
| tall
|to be send
|-
|-
| выходить замуж
|высокий
| to marry, to be married (fem)
|tall
|-
|-
| <br>
|выходить замуж
|  
|to marry, to be married (fem)
|-
|вышесказанное
|the above mentioned
|}
|}


=== Г ===
===Г===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| г.  
|г.
| abbreviation for город (city)
|abbreviation for город (city)
|-
|-
| гвардец<br>
|гвардец
| guardsmen<br>
|guardsmen
|-
|-
| гвардуия<br>
|гвардуия
| guards<br>
|guards
|-
|-
| где<br>
|где
| where<br>
|where
|-
|-
| генварь<br>
|генварь
| general<br>
|general
|-
|-
| генеалогия<br>  
|генеалогия<br>
| genealogy<br>
|genealogy<br>
|-
|-
| герб<br>
|герб
| coat of arms<br>
|coat of arms
|-
|-
| герой<br>
|герой
| hero<br>
|hero
|-
|-
| глаз<br>
|глаз
| eye<br>
|eye
|-
|-
| глухой<br>
|глухой
| blind<br>
|blind
|-
|-
| год<br>
|год
| year<br>
|year
|-
|-
| голод<br>
|голод
| hunger, starvation<br>
|hunger, starvation
|-
|-
| гончар<br>
|гончар
| potter<br>
|potter
|-
|-
| горничная<br>
|горничная
| house maid, chambermaid<br>
|house maid, chambermaid
|-
|-
| горнорабочий<br>
|горнорабочий
| miner<br>
|miner
|-
|-
| горняк<br>
|горняк
| miner<br>
|miner
|-
|-
| город<br>
|город
| city<br>
|city
|-
|-
| госпиталь<br>
|горячка
| hospital<br>
|fever; burning ague
|-
|-
| господни<br>  
|госпиталь<br>
| gentleman, Mr.<br>
|hospital<br>
|-
|-
| госпожа<br>  
|господни<br>
| lady, Mrs.<br>
|gentleman, Mr.<br>
|-
|-
| государственный<br>  
|госпожа<br>
| government<br>
|lady, Mrs.<br>
|-
|-
| государственный архив<br>  
|государственный<br>
| government archive<br>
|government<br>
|-
|-
| гражданин<br>  
|государственный архив<br>
| citizen (male)<br>
|government archive<br>
|-
|-
| гражданка<br>  
|гражданин<br>
| citizen (female)<br>
|citizen (male)<br>
|-
|-
| гражданство<br>  
|гражданка<br>
| citizenship<br>
|citizen (female)<br>
|-
|-
| грамота<br>  
|гражданский, гражданство<br>
| literacy<br>
|citizenship (adj.), citizenship (noun)<br>
|-
|-
| грамотный<br>  
|грамота<br>
| literate<br>
|literacy<br>
|-
|-
| гренадер<br>  
|грамотный<br>
| grenadier<br>
|literate<br>
|-
|-
| губерния<br>  
|гренадер<br>
| province, guberniya (adm. unit)<br>
|grenadier<br>
|-
|-
| гусар<br>  
|губерния, губ.<br>
| hussar, light cavalryman<br>
|province, guberniya (adm. unit)<br>
|-
|гусар<br>
|hussar, light cavalryman<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Д ===
===Д===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|дано<br>
|was given<br>
|-
|дать<br>
|to give<br>
|-
|два<br>
|two (masc., neut.)
|-
|двадцатый<br>
|twentieth<br>
|-
|двадцать<br>
|twenty<br>
|-
|две<br>
|two (fem.)<br>
|-
|-
| дано<br>  
|двенадцатый<br>
| was given<br>
|twelfth<br>
|-
|-
| дать<br>  
|двенадцать<br>
| to give<br>
|twelve<br>
|-
|-
| два<br>  
|двести<br>
|  
|two hundred<br>
two (masc., neut.)
 
|-
|-
| двадцатый<br>  
|движимость<br>
| twentieth<br>
|movable property<br>
|-
|-
| двадцать<br>  
|двойни<br>
| twenty<br>
|twins<br>
|-
|-
| две<br>  
|двойня<br>
| two (fem.)<br>
|twin<br>
|-
|-
| двенадцатый<br>  
|дворянин<br>
| twelfth<br>
|nobleman
|-
|-
| двенадцать<br>  
|дворянка<br>
| twelve<br>
|noblewoman
|-
|-
| двести<br>  
|дворянский род<br>
| two hundred<br>
|noble line, noble family
|-
|-
| движимость<br>  
|дворянство<br>
| movable property<br>
|nobility
|-
|-
| двойни<br>  
|двоюродная сестра<br>
| twins<br>
|female cousin
|-
|-
| двойня<br>  
|двоюродная брат<br>
| twin<br>
|male cousin
|-
|-
| дворянин<br>  
|двухсотый<br>
| nobleman
|two hundredth
|-
|-
| дворянка<br>  
|дева<br>
| noblewoman
|maiden
|-
|-
| дворянский род<br>  
|деверь<br>
| noble line, noble family
|brother in law, husband's brother
|-
|-
| дворянство<br>  
|девица<br>
| nobility
|maiden, unmarried woman
|-
|-
| двоюродная сестра<br>  
|Девичья фамилия<br>
| female cousin
|maiden name
|-
|-
| двоюродная брат<br>  
|Девочка<br>
| male cousin
|little girl
|-
|-
| двухсотый<br>  
|девушка<br>
| two hundredth
|girl, maiden
|-
|-
| дева<br>  
|девяносто<br>
| maiden
|ninety
|-
|-
| деверь<br>  
|девяностый<br>
| brother in law, husband's brother
|ninetieth
|-
|-
| девица<br>  
|девятисотый<br>
| maiden, unmarried woman
|nine hundredth
|-
|-
| Девичья фамилия<br>  
|девятнадцатый<br>
| maiden name
|nineteenth
|-
|-
| Девочка<br>  
|девятнадцать<br>
| little girl
|nineteen
|-
|-
| девушка<br>  
|девятый<br>
| girl, maiden
|ninth
|-
|-
| девяносто<br>  
|девять<br>
| ninety
|nine
|-
|-
| девяностый<br>  
|девятьсот<br>
| ninetieth
|nine hundred
|-
|-
| девятисотый<br>  
|дед<br>
| nine hundredth
|grandfather
|-
|-
| девятнадцатый<br>  
|дедушка<br>
| nineteenth
|grandfather
|-
|-
| девятнадцать<br>  
|декабрь<br>
| nineteen
|December
|-
|-
| девятый<br>  
|дело<br>
| ninth
|file, business, matter
|-
|-
| девять<br>  
|день<br>
| nine
|day
|-
|-
| девятьсот<br>  
|день рождения<br>
| nine hundred
|birthday
|-
|-
| дед<br>
|дер.
| grandfather
|village (abbreviation of деревня)
|-
|-
| дедушка<br>  
|деревня<br>
| grandfather
|village
|-
|-
| декабрь<br>  
|десятый<br>
| December
|tenth
|-
|-
| дело<br>  
|десять<br>
| file, business, matter
|ten
|-
|-
| день<br>  
|дети, детей<br>
| day
|children, children (accusative/genitive)
|-
|-
| день рождения<br>  
|детство<br>
| birthday
|childhood
|-
|-
| деревня<br>
|дифтерии
| village (derevnya)
|diphtheria
|-
|-
| десятый<br>  
|дисентерия,
| tenth
 
 
дизентерия<br>
|dysentery
|-
|-
| десять<br>  
|дитя<br>
| ten
|child
|-
|-
| дети<br>  
|днём<br>
| children
|during the day, in the afternoon
|-
|-
| детство<br>  
|до<br>
| childhood
|until, up to, before
|-
|-
| дисентерия<br>  
|договор<br>
| dysentery
|agreement
|-
|-
| дитя<br>  
|документ<br>
| child
|document
|-
|-
| днём<br>  
|дом<br>
| during the day, in the afternoon
|house, home, building
|-
|-
| до<br>
|домохозяйка
| until, up to, before
|housewife
|-
|-
| договор<br>  
|донести<br>
| agreement
|to inform
|-
|-
| документ<br>  
|достигать совершеннолетия<br>
| document
|to com of age, attain one's majority
|-
|-
| дом<br>  
|дочь<br>
| house, home, building
|daughter
|-
|-
| донести<br>  
|Доярка<br>
| to inform
|milkmaid
|-
|-
| достигать совершеннолетия<br>  
|дровокол<br>
| to com of age, attain one's majority
|woodcutter
|-
|-
| дочь<br>  
|дровосек<br>
| daughter
|woodcutter
|-
|-
| Доярка<br>  
|дряхлость<br>
| milkmaid
|decrepitude
|-
|-
| дровокол<br>  
|дряхлость<br>
| woodcutter
|decrepit
|-
|-
| дровосек<br>
|дьякон, диакон
| woodcutter
|deacon
|-
|-
| дряхлость<br>  
|дубильщик<br>
| decrepitude
|tanner
|-
|-
| дряхлость<br>
|духовенство
| decrepit
|clergy
|-
|-
| дубильщик<br>  
|духовная консистория<br>
| tanner
|diocese, consistory
|-
|-
| духовная консистория<br>  
|душевнобольной<br>
| diocese, consistory
|mentally ill
|-
|-
| душевнобольной<br>
|дыхавиц
| mentally ill
|breathing
|-
|-
| дядя<br>  
|дядя<br>
| uncle
|uncle
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Е ===
===Е===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| Еврейские  
|Еврейские
| "Yevreyskie" or Jewish
|"Yevreyskie" or Jewish
|-
|-
| Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть  
|Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть
| "Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast'" or Jewish Autonomous Oblast
|"Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast'" or Jewish Autonomous Oblast
|-
|-
| его  
|его
| him, his
|him, his
|-
|-
| её  
|её
| her
|her
|-
|-
| евангелический<br>  
|евангелический<br>
| Protestant<br>
|Protestant<br>
|-
|-
| еврей<br>  
|еврей<br>
| Jew<br>
|Jew (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| еврейка<br>  
|еврейка<br>
| Jewess<br>
|Jew (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| единокровная сестра<br>
|единокровная сестра<br>
| half sister<br>
|half sister<br>
|-
|-
| единокровниый брат<br>
|единокровниый брат<br>
| half brother<br>
|half brother<br>
|-
|-
| епархия<br>
|епархия<br>
| diocese<br>
|diocese<br>
|-
|-
| епископ<br>
|епископ<br>
| bishop<br>
|bishop<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Ё ===
===Ё===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| <br>
|<br>
| <br>
|<br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
|
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>  
| <br>
|}
|}


<br>  
<br>  


=== Ж ===
===Ж===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| жар<br>  
|жар<br>
| Fever<br>
|Fever<br>
|-
|-
| железнодорожник<br>  
|железнодорожник<br>
| railroad worker<br>
|railroad worker<br>
|-
|-
| желтуха<br>
|желудочной боли
| jaundice<br>
|stomach pain/sickness
|-
|-
| жена<br>  
|желтуха<br>
| wife
|jaundice<br>
|-
|-
| женатый<br>  
|жена<br>
|  
|wife
|-
|женатый<br>
|
married man  
married man  


|-
|-
| женитьба<br>  
|женитьба<br>
| marriage (about a man)<br>
|marriage (about a man)<br>
|-
|-
| жениться<br>  
|жениться<br>
| to marry (about a man)
|to marry (about a man)
|-
|-
| женик<br>  
|женик<br>
| bridegroom, fiance
|bridegroom, fiance
|-
|-
| женский<br>  
|женский<br>
| female
|female
|-
|-
| жестянщик<br>
|женщина
| tinsmith
|woman
|-
|-
| живущий на пособии<br>  
|жестянщик<br>
| welfare recipient
|tinsmith
|-
|-
| жилец<br>  
|живущий на пособии<br>
| resident, lodger, occupant
|welfare recipient
|-
|-
| жилище<br>  
|жилец<br>
| dwelling
|resident, lodger, occupant
|-
|-
| житель<br>  
|жилище<br>
| inhabitant, occupant
|dwelling
|-
|-
| жительство<br>  
|житель<br>
| residence, dwelling
|inhabitant, occupant
|-
|-
| жительствующий<br>  
|жительство<br>
| residing
|residence, dwelling
|-
|-
| жить<br>  
|жительствующий<br>
| to live, to dwell, to reside
|residing
|-
|-
| <br>  
|жить<br>
| <br>
|to live, to dwell, to reside
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== З ===
===З===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|заграничный<br>
|foreign<br>
|-
|ЗАГС
|civil registration (abbreviation of записи актов гражданского состояния)
|-
|заключённый<br>
|(prisoner), concluded<br>
|-
|заключить<br>
|to conclude, to perform<br>
|-
|закон<br>
|law<br>
|-
|-
| заграничный<br>  
|законная жена<br>
| foreign<br>
|lawful wife<br>
|-
|-
| заключённый<br>  
|законнорождённый<br>
| (prisoner), concluded<br>
|legitimately born<br>
|-
|-
| заключить<br>  
|законность<br>
| to conclude, to perform<br>
|legitimacy<br>
|-
|-
| закон<br>  
|законный<br>
| law<br>
|legal, legitimate, lawful<br>
|-
|-
| законная жена<br>  
|замерзшый<br>
| lawful wife<br>
|frozen<br>
|-
|-
| законнорожённый<br>  
|замечание<br>
| legitimately born<br>
|remark<br>
|-
|-
| законность<br>  
|замужество<br>
| legitimacy<br>
|marriage (about a woman)<br>
|-
|-
| законный<br>  
|замужняя<br>
| legal, legitimate, lawful<br>
|married (about a woman)<br>
|-
|-
| замерзшый<br>  
|занятие<br>
| frozen<br>
|occupation<br>
|-
|-
| замечание<br>  
|запад<br>
| remark<br>
|west<br>
|-
|-
| замужество<br>
|запасной рядовой
| marriage (about a woman)<br>
|reserve soldier, reserve private
|-
|-
| замужняя<br>
|запасный ветеринарный фельдшер
| married (about a woman)<br>
|emergency veterinarian
|-
|-
| занятие<br>  
|западный<br>
| occupation<br>
|western<br>
|-
|-
| запад<br>
|записи актов гражданского состояния
| west<br>
|records of acts of civil status, civil registration records, vital records
|-
|-
| запдный<br>  
|записи передвиженния<br>
| western<br>
|moving record<br>
|-
|-
| записи передвиженния<br>  
|запись<br>
| moving record<br>
|record(ing), registration<br>
|-
|-
| запись<br>
|звание
| record(ing), registration<br>
|occupation, rank
|-
|-
| здешний<br>  
|здешний<br>
| local<br>
|local<br>
|-
|-
| землевладелец<br>  
|землевладелец<br>
| landowner<br>
|landowner<br>
|-
|-
| земледелец<br>  
|земледелец<br>
| peasant, farmer<br>
|peasant, farmer<br>
|-
|-
| земледелие<br>  
|земледелие<br>
| agriculture<br>
|agriculture<br>
|-
|-
| земля<br>  
|земля<br>
| earth, land<br>
|earth, land<br>
|-
|-
| земляк<br>  
|земляк<br>
| fellow-countyman<br>
|fellow-countyman<br>
|-
|-
| землячка<br>  
|землячка<br>
| fellow-country woman<br>
|fellow-country woman<br>
|-
|-
| зима<br>  
|зима<br>
| winter<br>
|winter<br>
|-
|-
| золовка<br>  
|золовка<br>
| sister-in-law, (husband's sister)<br>
|sister-in-law, (husband's sister)<br>
|-
|-
| зять<br>  
|зять<br>
| son-in-law, brother-in-law, (husband's sister)<br>
|son-in-law, brother-in-law, (husband's sister)<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== И ===
===И===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|и<br>
|and<br>
|-
|и так далее (и т. д.)<br>
|etc., and so forth, miscellaneous<br>
|-
|из<br>
|from, out of<br>
|-
|-
| и<br>  
|издозчик<br>
| and<br>
|coachman<br>
|-
|-
| и так далее (и т. д.)<br>  
|изгнанник<br>
| etc., and so forth, miscellaneous<br>
|exiled person<br>
|-
|-
| из<br>  
|или<br>
| from, out of<br>
|or<br>
|-
|-
| издозчик<br>  
|имение<br>
| coachman<br>
|estate<br>
|-
|-
| изгнанник<br>
|именной указатель
| exiled person<br>
|name register (like an index at the back of a book)
|-
|-
| или<br>  
|иметь, имеет<br>
| or<br>
|to have, has<br>
|-
|-
| имение<br>  
|иммигрант<br>
| estate<br>
|immigrant<br>
|-
|-
| иметь<br>  
|имущество<br>
| to have<br>
|property<br>
|-
|-
| иммигрант<br>  
|имя, имена<br>
| immigrant<br>
|name, names (given name)<br>
|-
|-
| имущество<br>  
|инженер<br>
| property<br>
|engineer<br>
|-
|-
| имя<br>
|инфлюэнция, инфлюэнсия
| name, (given name)<br>
|influenza
|-
|-
| инженер<br>  
|исповедные ведомости<br>
| engineer<br>
|confession lists<br>
|-
|-
| исповедные ведомости<br>
|иудей, иуд., иудейский
| confession lists<br>
|Jew, Jewish
|-
|-
| их<br>  
|их<br>
| them, their<br>
|them, their<br>
|-
|-
| июль<br>  
|июль<br>
| July<br>
|July<br>
|-
|-
| июнь<br>  
|июнь<br>
| June<br>
|June<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Й ===
===Й===
No Russian words begin with Й. Only some foreign words.
 
<br>
 
===К===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|к/ко<br>
|to<br>
|-
|-
| <br>
|кто
| <br>
|who
|-
|-
| <br>
|кем, кѣмъ
| <br>
|by whom
|-
|-
| <br>
|какимъ
| <br>
|(by) which
|-
|-
| <br>
|какое
|  
|which, what
|-
|-
| <br>  
|кабатчик<br>
| <br>
|innkeeper, barkeeper<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|кавалерист<br>
| <br>
|cavalryman<br>
|}
|-
 
|казак<br>
<br>  
|Cossack<br>
 
|-
=== К  ===
|казаки
 
|Cossacks
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|казённая палата<br>
|provincial financial office<br>
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''
|казенный крестьянин
| '''English'''
|state peasant
|-
|-
| к<br>  
|как видно<br>
| to<br>
|as is seen<br>
|-
|-
| кто
|калека<br>
| who
|cripple<br>
|-
|-
| кем, кѣмъ
|калесный мастер<br>
| by whom
|wheelwright<br>
|-
|-
| какимъ
|каменщик<br>
| (by) which
|mason, bricklayer<br>
|-
|-
| какое
|канцлер<br>
| which, what
|chancellor<br>
|-
|-
| кабатчик<br>  
|капитан<br>
| innkeeper, barkeeper<br>
|captain<br>
|-
|-
| кавалерист<br>  
|капрал<br>
| cavalryman<br>
|corporal<br>
|-
|-
| казак<br>
|Караимы
| Cossack<br>
|Crimean Karaites
|-
|-
| казённая палата<br>  
|караул<br>
| provincial financial office<br>
|guard<br>
|-
|-
| как видно<br>  
|католический<br>
| as is seen<br>
|Catholic (adj.)<br>
|-
|-
| калека<br>  
|кашель<br>
| cripple<br>
|cough<br>
|-
|-
| калесный мастер<br>
|квартира, кв.
| wheelwright<br>
|apartment, apt. (abbreviation)
|-
|-
| каменщик<br>  
|кладбище<br>
| mason, bricklayer<br>
|cemetery<br>
|-
|-
| канцлер<br>  
|книга<br>
| chancellor<br>
|book<br>
|-
|-
| капитан<br>
|коклюш
| captain<br>
|whooping cough
|-
|-
| капрал<br>  
|колония<br>
| corporal<br>
|settlment, colony<br>
|-
|-
| караул<br>  
|командирован на службу<br>
| guard<br>
|ordered, commissioned to service<br>
|-
|-
| католический<br>
|конвульсии
| Catholic (adj.)<br>
|convulsions
|-
|-
| кашель<br>  
|кондуктор<br>
| cough<br>
|conductor, guard<br>
|-
|-
| кладбище<br>  
|кончина<br>
| cemetery<br>
|demise, death<br>
|-
|-
| книга<br>  
|конюх<br>
| book<br>
|groom, stableman<br>
|-
|-
| колония<br>  
|коробейник<br>
| settlment, colony<br>
|peddler<br>
|-
|-
| командирован на службу<br>  
|корь<br>
| ordered, commissioned to service<br>
|measles<br>
|-
|-
| кондуктор<br>  
|костёл<br>
| conductor, guard<br>
|church (Catholic)<br>
|-
|-
| кончина<br>  
|который<br>
| demise, death<br>
|which, that, who<br>
|-
|-
| конюх<br>  
|кочегар<br>
| groom, stableman<br>
|stoker<br>
|-
|-
| коробейник<br>  
|красильщик<br>
| peddler<br>
|dyer<br>
|-
|-
| корь<br>
|крвавка
| measles<br>
|blood loss from a bleeding wound
|-
|-
| костёл<br>  
|крепостной<br>
| church (Catholic)<br>
|serf<br>
|-
|-
| который<br>
|крепостний крестьянин
| which, that, who<br>
|serf
|-
|-
| кочегар<br>  
|крестить<br>
| stoker<br>
|to christen, to baptize<br>
|-
|-
| красильщик<br>  
|крестник<br>
| dyer<br>
|godson<br>
|-
|-
| крепостной<br>  
|крестница<br>
| serf<br>
|goddaughter<br>
|-
|-
| крестить<br>  
|крёстные родители<br>
| to christen, to baptize<br>
|godparents<br>
|-
|-
| кретник<br>  
|крестьяне<br>
| godson<br>
|peasants<br>
|-
|-
| крестница<br>  
|крестьянин<br>
| goddaughter<br>
|peasant (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| крёстные родители<br>  
|крестьянин владеющий землей<br>
| godparents<br>
|landowning farmer<br>
|-
|-
| крестьяне<br>
|крестьянин государственный
| peasants<br>
|state peasant
|-
|-
| крестьянин<br>  
|крестьянка<br>
| peasant (m.)<br>
|peasant (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| крестьянин владеющий землей<br>  
|крещение <br>
| landowning farmer<br>
|baptism, christening<br>
|-
|-
| кестянка<br>
|круп
| peasant (f.)<br>
|croup
|-
|-
| крещение <br>  
|ксендз<br>
| baptism, christening<br>
|priest (Catholic)<br>
|-
|-
| ксендз<br>
|кузнец<br>
| priest (Catholic)<br>
|blacksmith<br>
|-
|-
| кузнец<br>  
|купец<br>
| blacksmith<br>
|merchant<br>
|-
|-
| купец<br>
|купцы
| merchant<br>
|merchants
|-
|-
| кухарка<br>  
|кухарка<br>
| cook<br>
|cook<br>
|-
|-
| кучер<br>  
|кучер<br>
| coachman<br>
|coachman<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Л ===
===Л===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| лакей<br>  
|лакей<br>
| lackey, footman<br>
|lackey, footman<br>
|-
|-
| лейтенант<br>  
|лейтенант<br>
| lietenant<br>
|lietenant<br>
|-
|-
| лесоруб<br>  
|лесоруб<br>
| lumberjack<br>
|lumberjack<br>
|-
|-
| лет<br>  
|лет<br>
| years<br>
|years, years old (age)<br>
|-
|-
| лето<br>  
|лето<br>
| summer<br>
|summer<br>
|-
|-
| летом<br>  
|летом<br>
| in the summer<br>
|in the summer<br>
|-
|-
| лёгкое<br>  
|лёгкое<br>
| lung, light (adj.)<br>
|lung, light (adj.)<br>
|-
|-
| литейщик<br>  
|литейщик<br>
| foundry worker<br>
|foundry worker<br>
|-
|-
| лихорадка<br>  
|лихорадка<br>
| fever<br>
|fever<br>
|-
|-
| лицо<br>  
|лицо<br>
| face<br>
|person, individual, face<br>
|-
|-
| лично<br>  
|лично<br>
| personally<br>
|personally<br>
|-
|-
| лодочник<br>  
|лодочник<br>
| boatman<br>
|boatman<br>
|-
|-
| лоцман<br>  
|лоцман<br>
| harbor pilot<br>
|harbor pilot<br>
|-
|-
| лудильщик<br>  
|лудильщик<br>
| tinsmith<br>
|tinsmith<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== М ===
===М===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|май<br>
|May<br>
|-
|майор<br>
|major<br>
|-
|-
| май<br>  
|маленький<br>
| May<br>
|small, little,
|-
|-
| майор<br>
|малолетство
| major<br>
|underage, childhood
|-
|-
| маленький<br>  
|маляр<br>
|  
|painter<br>
small, little,
|-
 
|мама<br>
|mama<br>
|-
|март<br>
|March<br>
|-
|мастер<br>
|master, foreman<br>
|-
|-
| маляр<br>  
|матрос<br>
| painter<br>
|seaman<br>
|-
|-
| мама<br>  
|мать/матерь<br>
| mama<br>
|mother<br>
|-
|-
| март<br>  
|мачеха<br>
| March<br>
|stepmother<br>
|-
|-
| мастер<br>  
|между<br>
| master, foreman<br>
|between<br>
|-
|-
| матрос<br>  
|медник<br>
| seaman<br>
|brazier, coppersmith<br>
|-
|-
| мать<br>  
|мельник<br>
| mother<br>
|miller<br>
|-
|-
| мачеха<br>  
|мертворождённый<br>
| stepmother<br>
|stillborn<br>
|-
|-
| между<br>
|местечко
| between<br>
|small village or town; often referring to a shtetl (small Jewish village)
|-
|-
| медник<br>  
|место<br>
| brazier, coppersmith<br>
|place<br>
|-
|-
| мельник<br>  
|месяц<br>
| miller<br>
|month<br>
|-
|-
| мертворождённый<br>  
|метрика<br>
| stillborn<br>
|birth certificate<br>
|-
|-
| место<br>
|метрическая книга
| place<br>
|metrical book (metrical record, vital record book, register of births, marriages, and deaths)
|-
|-
| месяц<br>
|метрические книги
| month<br>
|metrical books (metrical records)
|-
|-
| метрика<br>
|метрическое свидетельство
| birth certificate<br>
|birth certificate
|-
|-
| метрическая книга<br>
|меховщик
| vital records; register of births, marriages, and deaths<br>
|furrier
|-
|-
| метрическое свидетельство<br>
|мещанин
| birth certificate<br>
|member of middle class (petty bourgeois, townspeople, artisans or traders) (m.)
|-
|-
| меховщик<br>
|мещанка
| furrier<br>
|member of middle class (petty bourgeois, townspeople, artisans or traders) (f.)
|-
|-
| младенец<br>  
|младенец<br>
| child, infant (m.)<br>
|child, infant (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| младенца<br>
|младенца
| child, infant (f.)<br>
|child, infant (f.)
|-
|-
| младенчество<br>
|младенчество
| infancy<br>
|infancy
|-
|-
| могила<br>
|могила
| grave<br>
|grave
|-
|-
| молодой<br>  
|молодой<br>
| young<br>
|young<br>
|-
|-
| маряк<br>  
|моряк<br>
| seaman<br>
|seaman<br>
|-
|-
| мусульманский<br>  
|мусульманский<br>
| Islamic<br>
|Islamic<br>
|-
|-
| муж<br>  
|муж<br>
| husband<br>
|husband<br>
|-
|-
| мужик<br>  
|мужик<br>
| peasant<br>
|peasant<br>
|-
|-
| мужской<br>  
|мужской<br>
| male<br>
|male<br>
|-
|-
| мужчина<br>  
|мужчина<br>
| man<br>
|man<br>
|-
|-
| мэр<br>  
|мэр<br>
| mayor<br>
|mayor<br>
|-
|-
| мясник<br>  
|мясник<br>
| butcher<br>
|butcher<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Н ===
===Н===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|на<br>
|in, on, at, to<br>
|-
|найдёныш<br>
|foundling<br>
|-
|наниматель<br>
|tenant, employer<br>
|-
|народ<br>
|people<br>
|-
|-
| на<br>  
|наследник<br>
| in, on, at, to<br>
|heir<br>
|-
|-
| найдёныш<br>  
|наследование<br>
| foundling<br>
|inheritance<br>
|-
|-
| наниматель<br>  
|настоящий<br>
| tenant, employer<br>
|present (adj.) this, real, genuine<br>
|-
|-
| народ<br>
|национальность
| people<br>
|nationality
|-
|-
| наследник<br>  
|начальник<br>
| heir<br>
|head, chief, superior<br>
|-
|-
| наследование<br>  
|не<br>
| inheritance<br>
|no, not<br>
|-
|-
| настоящий<br>  
|нет<br>
| present (adj.) this, real, genuine<br>
|no<br>
|-
|-
| начальник<br>  
|невеста<br>
| head, chief, superior<br>
|bride, fiancee<br>
|-
|-
| не<br>  
|невестка<br>
| no, not<br>
|dauther-in-law, sister-in-law (brother's wife)<br>
|-
|-
| нет<br>  
|неграмотный<br>
| no<br>
|illiterate<br>
|-
|-
| невеста<br>  
|недвижимость<br>
| bride, fiancee<br>
|immovable property<br>
|-
|-
| невестка<br>  
|неделя<br>
| dauther-in-law, sister-in-law (brother's wife)<br>
|week<br>
|-
|-
| неграмотный<br>  
|незаконнорождённый<br>
| illiterate<br>
|illegitimately born<br>
|-
|-
| недвижимость<br>  
|немец<br>
| immovable property<br>
|German (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| неделя<br>
|нем., немецкий
| week<br>
|German (language)
|-
|-
| незаконнорождённый<br>  
|немка<br>
| illegitimately born<br>
|German (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| немец<br>  
|немой<br>
| German (m.)<br>
|dumb<br>
|-
|-
| немка<br>  
|немощный<br>
| German (f.)<br>
|infirm<br>
|-
|-
| немой<br>  
|немощь<br>
| dumb<br>
|infirmity
|-
|-
| немощный<br>
|неопределенная болезнь
| infirm<br>
|undetermined disease
|-
|-
| немощь<br>  
|неправильный<br>
| infirmity
|wrong, incorrect
|-
|-
| неправильный<br>  
|несовершеннолетие<br>
| wrong, incorrect
|underage, minority
|-
|-
| несовершеннолетие<br>
|несчастья убитъ
| underage, minority
|killed in an unfortunate accident
|-
|-
| нижеподписавшийця<br>  
|нижеподписавшийця<br>
| undersigned
|undersigned
|-
|-
| нищий<br>  
|нищий<br>
| beggar
|beggar
|-
|-
| новобранец<br>  
|новобранец<br>
| recruit
|recruit
|-
|-
| новобрачные<br>  
|новобрачные<br>
| newlyweds
|newlyweds
|-
|-
| новорождённый<br>  
|новорождённый<br>
| newborn
|newborn
|-
|-
| нос<br>  
|нос<br>
| nose
|nose
|-
|-
| нотариус<br>  
|нотариус<br>
| notary
|notary
|-
|-
| ночи, ночью<br>  
|ночи, ночью<br>
| at night
|at night
|-
|-
| ночь<br>  
|ночь<br>
| night<br>
|night<br>
|-
|-
| ноябрь<br>  
|ноябрь<br>
| November<br>
|November<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== О ===
===О===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|o/об/обо
|about
|-
|оба<br>
|both<br>
|-
|область<br>
|province, region, oblast<br>
|-
|образование<br>
|education<br>
|-
|обручение<br>
|engagement, betrothal<br>
|-
|-
| o
|обряд<br>
| about
|rite, ceremony<br>
|-
|-
| оба<br>
|обструкция, опструкция
| both<br>
|obstruction
|-
|-
| область<br>  
|общество<br>
| province, region, oblast<br>
|society, company, community<br>
|-
|-
| образование<br>  
|объялять<br>
| education<br>
|to declare, state, announce<br>
|-
|-
| обручение<br>
|обыватель
| engagement, betrothal<br>
|commoner, inhabitant
|-
|-
| обряд<br>  
|обыски брачные<br>
| rite, ceremony<br>
|pre-marital search (see брачные обыски)<br>
|-
|-
| обшество<br>  
|оглашение<br>
| society<br>
|marriage bans, announcement<br>
|-
|-
| объялять<br>  
|оглашение имен вступающих в брак<br>
| to declare, state, announce<br>
|publication of the names of those about to marry<br>
|-
|-
| обыски брачные<br>  
|один<br>
| pre-marital search (see брачные обыски)<br>
|one (masc.)<br>
|-
|-
| оглашение<br>
|одиночка
| marriage bans, announcement<br>
|sole occupant of household
|-
|-
| оглашение имен вступающих в брак<br>  
|одна<br>
| publication of the names of those about to marry<br>
|one (fem.)<br>
|-
|-
| один<br>  
|одно<br>
| one (masc.)<br>
|one (neuter)<br>
|-
|-
| одна<br>  
|округ<br>
| one (fem.)<br>
|okrug, district, territory, area<br>
|-
|-
| одно<br>  
|октябрь<br>
| one (neuter)<br>
|October<br>
|-
|-
| округ<br>  
|он<br>
| okrug, district, territory, area<br>
|he<br>
|-
|-
| октябрь<br>  
|она<br>
| October<br>
|she<br>
|-
|-
| он<br>  
|оно<br>
| he<br>
|it<br>
|-
|-
| она<br>
|ономедни
| she<br>
|the other day, a couple of days ago, the day before yesterday (or, these days, recently)
|-
|-
| оно<br>  
|они<br>
| it<br>
|they<br>
|-
|-
| они<br>  
|опекун<br>
| they<br>
|guardian<br>
|-
|-
| опекун<br>  
|опись<br>
| guardian<br>
|list, inventory, series<br>
|-
|-
| опись<br>  
|оплатить<br>
| list, inventory, series<br>
|to pay<br>
|-
|-
| оплатить<br>
|опструкция, обструкция
| to pay<br>
|obstruction
|-
|-
| опухоль<br>  
|опухоль<br>
| tumor, swelling<br>
|tumor, swelling<br>
|-
|-
| осень<br>  
|осень<br>
| autumn, fall<br>
|autumn, fall<br>
|-
|-
| осенью<br>  
|осенью<br>
| in the autumn, in the fall<br>
|in the autumn, in the fall<br>
|-
|-
| основание<br>  
|основание<br>
| basis, foundation<br>
|basis, foundation<br>
|-
|-
| оспа<br>  
|оспа<br>
| smallpox<br>
|smallpox<br>
|-
|-
| от<br>  
|от<br>
| from<br>
|from<br>
|-
|-
| отец<br>
|отлел
| father<br>
|department, office
|-
|-
| отставка<br>  
|отец<br>
| retirement, discharge<br>
|father<br>
|-
|-
| отставной<br>  
|отставка<br>
| retired<br>
|retirement, discharge<br>
|-
|-
| отсуствующий<br>  
|отставной<br>
| absent<br>
|retired<br>
|-
|-
| отчество<br>  
|отсуствующий<br>
| patronymic<br>
|absent<br>
|-
|-
| отчим<br>  
|отчество<br>
| stepfather<br>
|patronymic<br>
|-
|-
| охрана<br>  
|отчим<br>
| guard<br>
|stepfather<br>
|-
|-
| о родившихся
|охрана<br>
| births (literally: about those who were born)
|guard<br>
|-
|-
| о бракосочетавшихся
|о родившихся
| marriages (literally: about those who were married)<br>
|births (literally: about those who were born)
|-
|-
| о разведшихся
|о бракосочетавшихся
| divorces (literally: about those who were divorced)
|marriages (literally: about those who were married)<br>
|-
|-
| о умершихъ
|о разведшихся
| deaths (literally: about those who died)<br>
|divorces (literally: about those who were divorced)
|-
|-
| <br>
|об умершихъ
| <br>
|deaths (literally: about those who died)<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== П ===
===П===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|падучя
|epilepsy
|-
|падчерица<br>
|stepdaughter<br>
|-
|-
| падчерица<br>  
|палач<br>
| stepdaughter<br>
|butcher, executioner<br>
|-
|-
| палач<br>  
|папа<br>
| butcher, executioner<br>
|papa, dad<br>
|-
|-
| папа<br>
|паралижя
| papa, dad<br>
|paralysis
|-
|-
| паспорт<br>
|паралич
| passport<br>
|palsy
|-
|-
| паспортный<br>  
|паспорт<br>
| passport (adj.)<br>
|passport<br>
|-
|-
| пасынок<br>  
|паспортный<br>
| stepson<br>
|passport (adj.)<br>
|-
|-
| паяльщик<br>  
|пасынок<br>
| tinsmith, plumber<br>
|stepson<br>
|-
|-
| пекарь<br>
|пачерица
| baker<br>
|step daughter
|-
|-
| первый<br>  
|паяльщик<br>
| first<br>
|tinsmith, plumber<br>
|-
|-
| перевозчик<br>  
|пекарь<br>
| ferryman<br>
|baker<br>
|-
|-
| переплётчик<br>  
|первый<br>
| bookbinder<br>
|first<br>
|-
|-
| печатник<br>  
|перевозчик<br>
| printer<br>
|ferryman<br>
|-
|-
| печать<br>  
|переплётчик<br>
| stamp, seal, press<br>
|bookbinder<br>
|-
|-
| писарь<br>  
|печатник<br>
| clerk, scribe<br>
|printer<br>
|-
|-
| племянник<br>  
|печать<br>
| nephew<br>
|stamp, seal, press<br>
|-
|-
| племянница<br>  
|писарь<br>
| niece<br>
|clerk, scribe<br>
|-
|-
| плотник<br>
|письмоводитель
| carpenter<br>
|clerk
|-
|-
| повар<br>  
|племянник<br>
| cook<br>
|nephew<br>
|-
|-
| повинность<br>  
|племянница<br>
| obligation<br>
|niece<br>
|-
|-
| погребение<br>  
|плотник<br>
| burial<br>
|carpenter<br>
|-
|-
| подать<br>  
|повар<br>
| to submit<br>
|cook<br>
|-
|-
| поденщик<br>  
|повинность<br>
| day laborer<br>
|obligation<br>
|-
|-
| подлинник<br>
|после
| original<br>
|after
|-
|-
| подлиный
|пограничная стража
|  
|border corps
authentic<br>  
|-
|погребение<br>
|burial<br>
|-
|подать<br>
|to submit<br>
|-
|поденщик<br>
|day laborer<br>
|-
|подлинник<br>
|original<br>
|-
|подлиный
|
authentic<br>


|-
|-
| подпись<br>  
|подпись<br>
| signature<br>
|signature<br>
|-
|-
| пожар<br>
|подпоручик
| fire<br>
|second lieutenant
|-
|-
| пожарный<br>  
|пожар<br>
| fireman<br>
|fire<br>
|-
|-
| пожилой<br>  
|пожарный<br>
| elderly<br>
|fireman<br>
|-
|-
| позволение<br>  
|пожилой<br>
| permission<br>
|elderly<br>
|-
|-
| покойник<br>  
|позволение<br>
| the deceased (m.)<br>
|permission<br>
|-
|-
| покойница<br>  
|покойник<br>
| the deceased (f.)<br>
|the deceased (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| покойный<br>  
|покойница<br>
| deceased, late<br>
|the deceased (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| пол<br>  
|покойный<br>
| gender, sex<br>
|deceased, late<br>
|-
|-
| полагать<br>  
|пол<br>
| to suppose, to propose<br>
|gender, sex<br>
|-
|-
| полдень<br>  
|полагать<br>
| noon, midday<br>
|to suppose, to propose<br>
|-
|-
| полк<br>  
|полдень<br>
| regiment<br>
|noon, midday<br>
|-
|-
| полковник<br>  
|полк<br>
| colonel<br>
|regiment<br>
|-
|-
| полночь<br>  
|полковник<br>
| midnight<br>
|colonel<br>
|-
|-
| получить<br>  
|полночь<br>
| to receive<br>
|midnight<br>
|-
|-
| понедельник<br>  
|получить<br>
| Monday<br>
|to receive<br>
|-
|-
| по полудни<br>  
|понедельник<br>
| in the afternoon<br>
|Monday<br>
|-
|-
| по полуночи<br>
|понос
| after midnight<br>
|diarrhea
|-
|-
| портниха<br>  
|по полудни<br>
| dressmaker<br>
|in the afternoon<br>
|-
|-
| портной<br>  
|по полуночи<br>
| tailor<br>
|after midnight<br>
|-
|-
| поручитель<br>
|порока сердца
| bondsman, guarantor<br>
|heart disease
|-
|-
| поселенец<br>  
|портниха<br>
| settler<br>
|dressmaker<br>
|-
|-
| поселение<br>  
|портной<br>
| settlement<br>
|tailor<br>
|-
|-
| посемйные списки<br>  
|поручитель<br>
| family lists <br>
|bondsman, guarantor<br>
|-
|-
| послужной список<br>
|порушения
| service record<br>
|collapse, fall
|-
|-
| пособие<br>  
|поселенец<br>
| allowance, benefit, welfare<br>
|settler<br>
|-
|-
| постоянный<br>  
|поселение<br>
| permanent<br>
|settlement<br>
|-
|-
| потомок<br>  
|посемйные списки<br>
| descendant, offspring<br>
|family lists <br>
|-
|-
| потомок по прямой линии<br>  
|послужной список<br>
| direct discendant<br>
|service record<br>
|-
|-
| потомственный<br>  
|пособие<br>
| hereditary<br>
|allowance, benefit, welfare<br>
|-
|-
| потомство<br>  
|постоянный<br>
| posterity, descendants<br>
|permanent<br>
|-
|-
| похоронен<br>  
|потомок<br>
| buried (m.)<br>
|descendant, offspring<br>
|-
|-
| похоронена<br>  
|потомок по прямой линии<br>
| buried (f.)<br>
|direct discendant<br>
|-
|-
| похороны<br>  
|потомственный<br>
| burial<br>
|hereditary<br>
|-
|-
| почтальон<br>
|потомственный почетный
| mailman<br>
|hereditary honorary citizen, or a hereditary elite social class
|-
|-
| прабабушка<br>  
|потомство<br>
| great grandmother<br>
|posterity, descendants<br>
|-
|-
| правнук<br>  
|похоронен<br>
| great grandson<br>
|buried (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| правнучка<br>  
|похоронена<br>
| great grandaughter<br>
|buried (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| православный<br>  
|похороны<br>
| Orthodox<br>
|burial<br>
|-
|-
| прадед<br>
|почётные граждане
| great grandfather<br>
|honorary citizens, an elite social class, could be hereditary or personal.
|-
|-
| прапрабабушка<br>  
|почтальон<br>
| great great grandmother<br>
|mailman<br>
|-
|-
| прапрадед<br>  
|прабабушка<br>
| great great grandfather<br>
|great grandmother<br>
|-
|-
| прародитель<br>  
|правнук<br>
| progenitor<br>
|great grandson<br>
|-
|-
| предбрачные свидетельства<br>  
|правнучка<br>
| premaritial certificantes documenting that the bride and groom are not related<br>
|great grandaughter<br>
|-
|-
| предок<br>  
|православный, православное вероисповедание<br>
| ancestro, forefather<br>
|Orthodox Christian, Russian Orthodox<br>
|-
|-
| представить<br>  
|прадед<br>
| to produce, to resent<br>
|great grandfather<br>
|-
|-
| предшествовать<br>  
|прапрабабушка<br>
| to precede<br>
|great great grandmother<br>
|-
|-
| призвание<br>  
|прапрадед<br>
| vocation, calling<br>
|great great grandfather<br>
|-
|-
| призывник<br>  
|прародитель<br>
| conscript<br>
|progenitor<br>
|-
|-
| призывные списки<br>  
|предбрачные свидетельства<br>
| recruitment lists<br>
|premaritial certificantes documenting that the bride and groom are not related<br>
|-
|-
| приказчик<br>  
|предок<br>
| shop assistnace, salesman<br>
|ancestro, forefather<br>
|-
|-
| принадлежать<br>  
|представить<br>
| to belong to<br>
|to produce, to resent<br>
|-
|-
| принять<br>  
|предшествовать<br>
| to accept, to receive<br>
|to precede<br>
|-
|-
| присутствие<br>
|привилегированный
| presence<br>
|privileged, favored
|-
|-
| присутствующий<br>  
|призвание<br>
| to be present, in attendance<br>
|vocation, calling<br>
|-
|-
| приход<br>  
|призывник<br>
| parish, ward<br>
|conscript<br>
|-
|-
| приходский<br>  
|призывные списки<br>
| parish, ward (adj.)<br>
|recruitment lists<br>
|-
|-
| причат<br>  
|приказчик<br>
| clergy<br>
|shop assistnace, salesman<br>
|-
|-
| приют<br>
|призрев., призреваемый
| orphanage<br>
|a ward (child under protection of a guardian)
|-
|-
| продавец<br>
|призивные списки
| salesman<br>
|conscription lists
|-
|-
| продолжение<br>  
|принадлежать<br>
| continuation<br>
|to belong to<br>
|-
|-
| пройсходить<br>  
|принять<br>
| to descend<br>
|to accept, to receive<br>
|-
|-
| пройсхождение<br>
|прислуг
| descent, origin<br>
|servant (m.)
|-
|-
| произойти<br>
|прислуга
| to descend from<br>
|servant (f.)
|-
|-
| прочитать<br>  
|присутствие<br>
| to read<br>
|presence<br>
|-
|-
| прошение<br>  
|присутствующий<br>
| request (noun)<br>
|to be present, in attendance<br>
|-
|-
| пятидесятый<br>  
|приход<br>
| fiftieth<br>
|parish, ward<br>
|-
|-
| пятисотый<br>  
|приходский<br>
| five hundredth<br>
|parish, ward (adj.)<br>
|-
|-
| пятнадцатый<br>  
|причат<br>
| fifteenth<br>
|clergy<br>
|-
|-
| пятница<br>  
|приют<br>
| Friday<br>
|orphanage<br>
|-
|-
| пятый<br>  
|продавец<br>
| fifth<br>
|salesman<br>
|-
|-
| пять<br>  
|продолжение<br>
| five<br>
|continuation<br>
|-
|-
| пятьдесят<br>  
|происходить<br>
| fivty<br>
|to descend<br>
|-
|-
| пятьсот<br>  
|происхождение<br>
| five hundred<br>
|descent, origin<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|произойти<br>
| <br>
|to descend from<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|прошение<br>
| <br>
|request (noun)<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|псаломщик
| <br>
|acolyte, parish clerk
|-
|пятидесятый<br>
|fiftieth<br>
|-
|пятисотый<br>
|five hundredth<br>
|-
|пятнадцатый<br>
|fifteenth<br>
|-
|пятница<br>
|Friday<br>
|-
|пятый<br>
|fifth<br>
|-
|пять<br>
|five<br>
|-
|пятьдесят<br>
|fivty<br>
|-
|пятьсот<br>
|five hundred<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Р ===
===Р===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|раб<br>
|slave<br>
|-
|работа<br>
|work<br>
|-
|работник<br>
|laborer (m.)<br>
|-
|работница<br>
|laborer (f.)<br>
|-
|рабочий<br>
|worker<br>
|-
|раввин<br>
|rabbi<br>
|-
|район<br>
|district, raion (modern term)<br>
|-
|развалины
|ruins, remains
|-
|разведённый<br>
|divorced<br>
|-
|развод<br>
|divorce<br>
|-
|размещенный
|placed, situated, located, hosted (adj.)
|-
|-
| Ревизские сказки
|разносчик<br>
| "Reviska Skazka" or Revision Lists
|peddler<br>
|-
|-
| раб<br>  
|разрешение<br>
| slave<br>
|permission<br>
|-
|-
| работа<br>  
|разряд<br>
| work<br>
|level, degree, rank<br>
|-
|-
| работник<br>  
|рак<br>
| laborer (m.)<br>
|cancer<br>
|-
|-
| работница<br>
|рак груди/рак в груде
| laborer (f.)<br>
|breast cancer
|-
|-
| рабочий<br>
|рак кожи
| worker<br>
|skin cancer
|-
|-
| раввин<br>
|рак легкого
| rabbi<br>
|lung cancer
|-
|-
| район<br>
|рак желудка/рак в желудке
| district, raion (modern term)<br>
|stomach cancer
|-
|-
| разведённый<br>  
| раскольник<br>
| divorced<br>
| dissenter, dissident, nonconformist
|-
|-
| развод<br>  
|ребёнок<br>
| divorce<br>
|child<br>
|-
|-
| разносчик<br>
|ревизские сказки
| peddler<br>
|revision Lists
|-
|-
| разрешение<br>  
|реестр<br>
| permission<br>
|register<br>
|-
|-
| разряд<br>
|рекрутские списки
| level, degree, rank<br>
|recruitment lists
|-
|-
| рак<br>  
|религиозный<br>
| cancer<br>
|religious<br>
|-
|-
| ребёнок<br>  
|религия<br>
| child<br>
|religion, faith<br>
|-
|-
| реестр<br>  
|ремесленник<br>
| register<br>
|artisan, journeyman<br>
|-
|-
| религиозный<br>  
|ремесло<br>
| religious<br>
|trade, occupation<br>
|-
|-
| религия<br>  
|род<br>
| religion, faith<br>
|birth, family, kin, sort, type<br>
|-
|-
| ремесленник<br>
|родивщихся
| artisan, journeyman<br>
|those who were born
|-
|-
| ремесло<br>  
|родилась<br>
| trade, occupation<br>
|was born (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| род<br>  
|родились<br>
| birth, family, kin, sort, type<br>
|were born<br>
|-
|-
| родилась<br>  
|родился<br>
| was born (f.)<br>
|was born (m.0<br>
|-
|-
| родились<br>  
|родина<br>
| were born<br>
|native land<br>
|-
|-
| родился<br>  
|родители<br>
| was born (m.0<br>
|parents<br>
|-
|-
| родина<br>  
|родиться<br>
| native land<br>
|to be born<br>
|-
|-
| родители<br>  
|родовой<br>
| parents<br>
|ancestral<br>
|-
|-
| родиться<br>  
|родом<br>
| to be born<br>
|by origin<br>
|-
|-
| родовой<br>  
|родоначальник<br>
| ancestral<br>
|ancestor (first generation of a clan)<br>
|-
|-
| родом<br>  
|родословная<br>
| by origin<br>
|genealogy, pedigree (book)<br>
|-
|-
| родоначальник<br>  
|родословная книга<br>
| ancestor (first generation of a clan)<br>
|ancestry book<br>
|-
|-
| родословная<br>  
|родословный<br>
| genealogy, pedigree (book)<br>
|genealogical<br>
|-
|-
| родословная книга<br>  
|родственник<br>
| ancestry book<br>
|relative (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| родословный<br>  
|родственница<br>
| genealogical<br>
|(relative (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| родственник<br>  
|родство<br>
| relative (m.)<br>
|relationship, kinship<br>
|-
|-
| родственница<br>  
|роды<br>
| (relative (f.)<br>
|childbirth<br>
|-
|-
| родство<br>  
|рождение<br>
| relationship, kinship<br>
|birth<br>
|-
|-
| роды<br>  
|рождения<br>
| childbirth<br>
|births<br>
|-
|-
| рождение<br>  
|Рождество<br>
| birth<br>
|Christmas<br>
|-
|-
| рождения<br>
|рaзрыв сердца
| births<br>
|broken heart
|-
|-
| Рождество<br>  
|роспись<br>
| Christmas<br>
|inventory, list<br>
|-
|-
| роспись<br>  
|рот<br>
| inventory, list<br>
|mouth<br>
|-
|-
| рот<br>
|русский, русская
| mouth<br>
|Russian (male, female)
|-
|-
| русый<br>  
|русый<br>
| light brown<br>
|light brown<br>
|-
|-
| рыбяк<br>  
|рыбяк<br>
| fisherman<br>
|fisherman<br>
|-
|-
| рыжий<br>  
|рыжий<br>
| red-haired<br>
|red-haired<br>
|-
|-
| рядовой<br>  
|рядовой<br>
| ordinary (soldier)<br>
|ordinary (soldier)<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== С ===
===С===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|cмерти
|death
|-
|с<br>
|from, with<br>
|-
|садовник<br>
|gardener<br>
|-
|сам<br>
|self (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| Смерти
|сама<br>
| "Smerti" or death
|self (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| с<br>  
|сами<br>
| from, with<br>
|selves<br>
|-
|-
| садовник<br>  
|сапожник<br>
| gardener<br>
|cobbler, shoemaker<br>
|-
|-
| сам<br>
|сват
| self (m.)<br>
|father of the son-in-law or daughter-in-law
|-
|-
| сама<br>
|сватья
| self (f.)<br>
|mother of the son-in-law or daughter-in-law
|-
|-
| сами<br>  
|свёкор<br>
| selves<br>
|father-in-law (husband's father)<br>
|-
|-
| сапожник<br>  
|свекровь<br>
| cobbler, shoemaker<br>
|mother-in-law (husband's mother)<br>
|-
|-
| свёкор<br>  
|светлый<br>
| father-in-law (husband's father)<br>
|light (adj.)<br>
|-
|-
| свекровь<br>
|свидетель, свидетели
| mother-in-law (husband's mother)<br>
|witness, witnesses
|-
|-
| светлый<br>  
|свидетельство<br>
| light (adj.)<br>
|certificate, evidence, testimony<br>
|-
|-
| свидетельство<br>  
|свидетельствовать/ за-<br>
| certificate, evidence<br>
|to witness, to certify<br>
|-
|-
| свидетельствовать/ за-<br>  
|своебременно<br>
| to witness, to certify<br>
|timely<br>
|-
|-
| своебременно<br>  
|свояченица<br>
| timely<br>
|sister-in-law (wife's sister)<br>
|-
|-
| свояченица<br>  
|святое причастие<br>
| sister-in-law (wife's sister)<br>
|holy communion, the Lord's supper<br>
|-
|-
| святое причастие<br>  
|святой<br>
| holy communion, the Lord's supper<br>
|holy<br>
|-
|-
| святой<br>  
|священник<br>
| holy<br>
|priest, clergyman<br>
|-
|-
| священник<br>  
|север<br>
| priest, clergyman<br>
|north<br>
|-
|-
| север<br>  
|северный<br>
| north<br>
|northern<br>
|-
|-
| северный<br>  
|сегодня<br>
| northern<br>
|today<br>
|-
|-
| сегодня<br>
|сегодняшний
| today<br>
|today's, this day (adj.)
|-
|-
| седой<br>  
|седой<br>
| gray-haired<br>
|gray-haired<br>
|-
|-
| седмой<br>  
|седмой<br>
| seventh<br>
|seventh<br>
|-
|-
| село<br>  
|село<br>
| village (with a church)<br>
|village (with a church)<br>
|-
|-
| семидесятый<br>  
|семидесятый<br>
| seventieth<br>
|seventieth<br>
|-
|-
| семисотый<br>  
|семисотый<br>
| seven hundredth<br>
|seven hundredth<br>
|-
|-
| семнадцать<br>  
|семнадцать<br>
| seventeen<br>
|seventeen<br>
|-
|-
| семь<br>  
|семь<br>
| seven<br>
|seven<br>
|-
|-
| семьдесят<br>  
|семьдесят<br>
| seventy<br>
|seventy<br>
|-
|-
| семьсот<br>  
|семьсот<br>
| seven hundred<br>
|seven hundred<br>
|-
|-
| семья<br>  
|семья<br>
| family<br>
|family<br>
|-
|-
| сентябрь<br>  
|сентябрь<br>
| September<br>
|September<br>
|-
|-
| серый<br>  
|серый<br>
| gray<br>
|gray<br>
|-
|-
| сестра<br>  
|сестра<br>
| sister<br>
|sister<br>
|-
|-
| сирота<br>  
|сирота<br>
| orphan<br>
|orphan<br>
|-
|-
| скарлатина<br>  
|скарлатина<br>
| scarlet fever<br>
|scarlet fever<br>
|-
|-
| скончалась<br>  
|скончалась<br>
| died (f.)<br>
|died (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| скончался<br>  
|скончался<br>
| died (m.)<br>
|died (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| скорняк<br>  
|скорняк<br>
| Furrier<br>
|Furrier<br>
|-
|-
| слепой<br>  
|слепой<br>
| blind<br>
|blind<br>
|-
|-
| слесарь<br>  
|слесарь<br>
| locksmith, metalworker<br>
|locksmith, metalworker<br>
|-
|-
| слуга<br>
|слобода
| servant (m.)<br>
|settlement
|-
|-
| служанка<br>  
|слуга<br>
| servant (f.)<br>
|servant (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| служащий<br>  
|служанка<br>
| employee, perfessional<br>
|servant (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| служба<br>  
|служащий<br>
| service, work<br>
|employee, perfessional<br>
|-
|-
| смерти<br>  
|служба<br>
| deaths<br>
|service, work<br>
|-
|-
| смерть<br>  
|смерти<br>
| death<br>
|deaths<br>
|-
|-
| сноха<br>  
|смерть<br>
| daughter-in-law<br>
|death<br>
|-
|-
| собор<br>  
|сноха<br>
| cathedral<br>
|daughter-in-law<br>
|-
|-
| собрание<br>  
|собор<br>
| assembly, meeting<br>
|cathedral<br>
|-
|-
| совершеннолетие<br>  
|собрание<br>
| legal age, majority<br>
|assembly, meeting<br>
|-
|-
| совершить<br>
|собственник/собственница
| to perform<br>
|owner
|-
|-
| согласно<br>  
|совершеннолетие<br>
| according to, agreed<br>
|legal age, majority<br>
|-
|-
| содержание<br>  
|совершить<br>
| content<br>
|to perform<br>
|-
|-
| соединать браком<br>  
|согласно<br>
| to marry<br>
|according to, agreed<br>
|-
|-
| солдат<br>  
|содержание<br>
| soldier<br>
|content<br>
|-
|-
| сорок<br>  
|соединать браком<br>
| forty<br>
|to marry<br>
|-
|-
| сорковой<br>
|сожительница
| fortieth<br>
|concubine, cohabitor
|-
|-
| сословие<br>  
|солдат<br>
| estate, class, social standing<br>
|soldier<br>
|-
|-
| состоялось<br>  
|сорок<br>
| it happened<br>
|forty<br>
|-
|-
| состояние<br>  
|сороковой<br>
| condition<br>
|fortieth<br>
|-
|-
| состояться<br>  
|сословие<br>
| to take place, happen<br>
|estate, class, social standing<br>
|-
|-
| сотник<br>  
|состоялось<br>
| commander of 100 men<br>
|it happened<br>
|-
|-
| сотый<br>  
|состояние<br>
| one hundredth<br>
|status, state, condition, situation<br>
|-
|-
| сочетать брак<br>  
|состояться<br>
| to marry (to)<br>
|to take place, happen<br>
|-
|-
| среда<br>  
|сотник<br>
| Wedmesday<br>
|commander of 100 men<br>
|-
|-
| средный<br>  
|сотый<br>
| medium (adj.)<br>
|one hundredth<br>
|-
|-
| ссылный<br>  
|сочетать брак<br>
| exile, convict<br>
|to marry (to)<br>
|-
|-
| ссылка<br>  
|среда<br>
| see..., refer to...; exile, deportation<br>
|Wedmesday<br>
|-
|-
| старость<br>  
|средный<br>
| old age<br>
|medium (adj.)<br>
|-
|-
| старый<br>  
|ссылный<br>
| old<br>
|exile, convict<br>
|-
|-
| стеклодув<br>  
|ссылка<br>
| glass blower<br>
|see..., refer to...; exile, deportation<br>
|-
|-
| сто<br>  
|старость<br>
| one hundred<br>
|old age<br>
|-
|-
| столяр<br>  
|старый<br>
| joiner<br>
|old<br>
|-
|-
| сторож<br>  
|стеклодув<br>
| watchman, guard<br>
|glass blower<br>
|-
|-
| стража<br>  
|сто<br>
| guard<br>
|one hundred<br>
|-
|-
| страна<br>  
|столяр<br>
| country<br>
|joiner<br>
|-
|-
| стрелок<br>  
|сторож<br>
| rifleman, marksman<br>
|watchman, guard<br>
|-
|-
| строитель<br>  
|стража<br>
| construction worker<br>
|guard<br>
|-
|-
| суббота<br>  
|страна<br>
| Saturday<br>
|country<br>
|-
|-
| суд<br>  
|стрелок<br>
| court<br>
|rifleman, marksman<br>
|-
|-
| судебный<br>  
|строитель<br>
| judicial<br>
|construction worker<br>
|-
|-
| судья<br>  
|суббота<br>
| judge<br>
|Saturday<br>
|-
|-
| сумашедший<br>  
|суд<br>
| insance<br>
|court<br>
|-
|-
| супруг<br>  
|судебный<br>
| spouse (m.)<br>
|judicial<br>
|-
|-
| супруга<br>  
|судья<br>
| spouse (f.)<br>
|judge<br>
|-
|-
| супруги<br>  
|сумашедший<br>
| married couple<br>
|insance<br>
|-
|-
| супружество<br>  
|супруг<br>
| matrimony<br>
|spouse (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| сутки<br>  
|супруга<br>
| day (and night), 24 hours<br>
|spouse (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| счетовод<br>  
|супруги<br>
| accountant, bookkeeper<br>
|married couple<br>
|-
|-
| сын<br>  
|супружество<br>
| son<br>
|matrimony<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|сутки<br>
| <br>
|day (and night), 24 hours<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|счетовод<br>
| <br>
|accountant, bookkeeper<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|сын<br>
| <br>
|son<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Т ===
===Т===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
| таинство<br>
| ordinance, rite, sacrament<br>
|-
| текущий
| current
|-
|-
| тёмный<br>  
|таинство<br>
| dark<br>
|ordinance, rite, sacrament<br>
|-
|-
| тесть<br>
|текущий
| father-in-law (wife's father)<br>
|current
|-
|-
| тётя<br>  
|тёмный<br>
| aunt<br>
|dark<br>
|-
|-
| тёща<br>  
|тесть<br>
| mother-in-law (wife's mother)<br>
|father-in-law (wife's father)<br>
|-
|-
| ткач<br>  
|тётя<br>
| weaver (m.)<br>
|aunt<br>
|-
|-
| ткачиха<br>  
|тёща<br>
| weaver (f.)<br>
|mother-in-law (wife's mother)<br>
|-
|-
| то есть (т. е.)<br>
|тиф
| i.e. that is<br>
|typhus
|-
|-
| тоже<br>  
|ткач<br>
| also<br>
|weaver (m.)<br>
|-
|-
| токарь<br>  
|ткачиха<br>
| lathe turner<br>
|weaver (f.)<br>
|-
|-
| тонуть<br>  
|то есть (т. е.)<br>
| to drown<br>
|i.e. that is<br>
|-
|-
| торговец<br>  
|тоже<br>
| merchant, dealer<br>
|also<br>
|-
|-
| третий<br>  
|токарь<br>
| third<br>
|lathe turner<br>
|-
|-
| трёхсотый<br>  
|тонуть<br>
| three hundredth<br>
|to drown<br>
|-
|-
| три<br>  
|торговец<br>
| three<br>
|merchant, dealer<br>
|-
|-
| тридцатый<br>  
|третий<br>
| thirtieth<br>
|third<br>
|-
|-
| тридцать<br>  
|трёхсотый<br>
| thirty<br>
|three hundredth<br>
|-
|-
| тринадватый<br>  
|три<br>
| thirteenth<br>
|three<br>
|-
|-
| тринадцать<br>  
|тридцатый<br>
| thirteen<br>
|thirtieth<br>
|-
|-
| триста<br>  
|тридцать<br>
| three hundred<br>
|thirty<br>
|-
|-
| трубочист<br>  
|тринадватый<br>
| chimney sweep<br>
|thirteenth<br>
|-
|-
| туберклулёз лёгких<br>  
|тринадцать<br>
| consumption<br>
|thirteen<br>
|-
|-
| тысяча<br>  
|триста<br>
| one thousand<br>
|three hundred<br>
|-
|-
| тысячный<br>  
|трубочист<br>
| one thousandth<br>
|chimney sweep<br>
|-
|-
| тюрма<br>  
|туберклулёз лёгких<br>
| prison<br>
|consumption<br>
|-
|-
| <br>
|тысяча<br>
| <br>
|one thousand<br>
|-
|-
| <br>
|тысячный<br>
| <br>
|one thousandth<br>
|-
|-
| <br>
|тюрма<br>
| <br>
|prison<br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== У ===
===У===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| убийство<br>  
|убийство<br>
| murder
|murder
|-
|-
| убийца<br>  
|убийца<br>
| murderer, killer
|murderer, killer
|-
|-
| уволенный<br>
|уволенный<br>
|dismissed, discharged
|dismissed, discharged
|-
|-
| удар<br>
|удар<br>
|stroke
|stroke
|-
|-
| удостоверение<br>
|удостоверение<br>
|certificate
|certificate
|-
|-
| удостоверить(ся)<br>
|удостоверить(ся)<br>
| to certify, to witness, to assure oneself
|to certify, to witness, to assure oneself
|-
|-
| удочеренная<br>
|удочеренная<br>
| adopted (of a daughter)
|adopted (of a daughter)
|-
|-
| удочерение<br>
|удочерение<br>
| adoption (of a daughter)
|adoption (of a daughter)
|-
|-
| удочерить<br>
|удочерить<br>
| to adopt a daughter
|to adopt a daughter
|-
|-
| уезд<br>
|удушья
| district, county, uyezd
|difficulty breathing
|-
|-
| указ<br>
|уезд<br>
| decree
|district, county, uyezd
|-
|-
| умер<br>
|указ<br>
| died (masc.)
|decree
|-
|-
| умереть<br>
|украинец, украинка
| to die
|Ukrainian (male, female)
|-
|-
| умерла<br>
|улица, ул.
| died (fem.)
|street, st. (abbreviation)
|-
|-
| умерший<br>
|умер<br>
| deceased
|died (masc.)
|-
|-
| уметь<br>
|умереть<br>
| to know how
|to die
|-
|-
| уродливый<br>
|умерла<br>
| deformed (masc.)
|died (fem.)
|-
|-
| урохдённая<br>
|умерший<br>
| born as, née (in front of maiden name)
|deceased
|-
|-
| урядник<br>
|уметь<br>
| sergeant, or Don Cossacks under-officer
|to know how
|-
|-
| усыновление<br>
|унтер-офицер
| adoption (of a son)
|non-commissioned officer, petty officer
|-
|-
| усыновленный<br>  
|уродливый<br>
| adopted (of a son)
|deformed (masc.)
|-
|-
| усыновить<br>  
|урохдённая<br>
| to adopt a son
|born as, née (in front of maiden name)
|-
|-
| утопнуть<br>  
|урядник<br>
| to drown
|sergeant, or Don Cossacks under-officer
|-
|-
| утра, утром<br>
|усыновление<br>
| morning (n.), in the morning (adv.)
|adoption (of a son)
|-
|-
| утро<br>
|усыновленный<br>
| morning (n.)
|adopted (of a son)
|-
|-
| ученик<br>
|усыновить<br>
| pupil, apprentice
|to adopt a son
|-
|-
| учёный<br>
|утопнуть<br>
| scholar (n.), learned (adj.)
|to drown
|-
|-
| учитель<br>
|утопший/утопшая
| teacher (masc.)
|drowned
|-
|-
| учительница<br>
|утра, утром<br>
| teacher (fem.)
|morning (n.), in the morning (adv.)
|-
|утро<br>
|morning (n.)
|-
|ученик<br>
|pupil, apprentice
|-
|учёный<br>
|scholar (n.), learned (adj.)
|-
|учитель<br>
|teacher (masc.)
|-
|учительница<br>
|teacher (fem.)
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Ф ===
===Ф===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
| фабрикант<br>
| manufacturer<br>
|-
| фамилия<br>
| surname, family<br>
|-
|-
| февраль<br>  
|фабрикант<br>
| February<br>
|manufacturer<br>
|-
|-
| фольварк
|фамилия<br>
| manor farm
|surname, family<br>
|-
|-
| фонд<br>  
|февраль<br>
| record group<br>
|February<br>
|-
|-
| <br>
|фольварк
| <br>
|manor farm
|-
|-
| <br>  
|фонд<br>
| <br>
|record group<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Х ===
===Х===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| хозяин<br>  
|хозяин<br>
| landowner, proprietor<br>
|landowner, proprietor<br>
|-
|-
| холод<br>  
|холод<br>
| cold<br>
|cold<br>
|-
|-
| холостой<br>  
|холостой<br>
| single, unmarrier<br>
|single, unmarrier<br>
|-
|-
| холость<br>  
|холость<br>
| single man, bachelor<br>
|single man, bachelor<br>
|-
|-
| холостяк<br>  
|холостяк<br>
| bachelor<br>
|bachelor<br>
|-
|-
| хромой<br>  
|хромой<br>
| lame, limping<br>
|lame, limping<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Ц ===
===Ц===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| цвет<br>  
|цвет<br>
| color<br>
|color<br>
|-
|-
| церковь<br>  
|церковь<br>
| church<br>
|church<br>
|-
|-
| цыган<br>  
|цыган<br>
| Gypsy<br>
|Gypsy<br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Ч ===
===Ч===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|час <br>
|hour, time<br>
|-
|-
| час <br>  
|часовщик<br>
| hour, time<br>
|watchmaker<br>
|-
|-
| часовщик<br>  
|чахотка<br>
| watchmaker<br>
|consumption<br>
|-
|-
| чахотка<br>  
|четверг<br>
| consumption<br>
|Thursday<br>
|-
|-
| четверг<br>  
|четвёртый<br>
| Thursday<br>
|fourth<br>
|-
|-
| четвёртый<br>  
|четыре<br>
| fourth<br>
|four<br>
|-
|-
| четыре<br>  
|четыреста<br>
| four<br>
|four hundred<br>
|-
|-
| четыреста<br>  
|четырёхсотый<br>
| four hundred<br>
|four hundredth<br>
|-
|-
| четырёхсотый<br>  
|четырнадцать<br>
| four hundredth<br>
|fourteen<br>
|-
|-
| четырнадцать<br>
|чёрное духовенство
| fourteen<br>
|clergy who have taken a monastic vow (not allowed to have a wife or children)
|-
|-
| чин<br>  
|чин<br>
| rank, grade<br>
|rank, grade<br>
|-
|-
| чиновник<br>  
|чиновник<br>
| official, bureaucrat<br>
|official, bureaucrat<br>
|-
|-
| число<br>
|чирей
| date, number<br>
|boil
|-
|-
| член<br>  
|число<br>
| member<br>
|date, number<br>
|-
|-
| что<br>  
|член<br>
| what, that<br>
|member<br>
|-
|-
| чума<br>  
|что<br>
| plague<br>
|what, that<br>
|-
|чума<br>
|plague<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Ш ===
===Ш===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| шахтёр<br>  
|шахтёр<br>
| miner<br>
|miner<br>
|-
|-
| швер<br>  
|швер<br>
| seamstress<br>
|seamstress<br>
|-
|-
| шестидесятый<br>  
|шестидесятый<br>
| sixtieth<br>
|sixtieth<br>
|-
|-
| шестисотый<br>  
|шестисотый<br>
| six hundredth<br>
|six hundredth<br>
|-
|-
| шестнадцать<br>  
|шестнадцать<br>
| sixteenth<br>
|sixteenth<br>
|-
|-
| шестой<br>  
|шестой<br>
| sixth<br>
|sixth<br>
|-
|-
| шесть<br>  
|шесть<br>
| six<br>
|six<br>
|-
|-
| шестьсот<br>  
|шестьсот<br>
| six hundred<br>
|six hundred<br>
|-
|-
| шинкарь<br>  
|шинкарь<br>
| innkeeper, barkeeper<br>
|innkeeper, barkeeper<br>
|-
|-
| шорник<br>
|шкарлатина
| harness maker, saddler<br>
|scarlet fever
|-
|-
| шурин<br>  
|шорник<br>
| brother-in-law (wife's brother)<br>
|harness maker, saddler<br>
|-
|шурин<br>
|brother-in-law (wife's brother)<br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Щ ===
===Щ===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| <br>
|<br>
| <br>
|<br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
|
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>  
| <br>
|}
|}


<br>  
<br>  


=== Э ===
===Э===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
| эмигрант<br>
| emigrant<br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
|-
| <br>
|эмигрант
| <br>
|emigrant
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Ю ===
===Ю===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
| юг<br>
| south<br>
|-
| южный<br>
| southern<br>
|-
|-
| юрист<br>
|юг
| lawyer<br>
|south
|-
|-
| <br>
|южный
| <br>
|southern
|-
|-
| <br>
|юрист
| <br>
|lawyer
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|}
|}


<br>
<br>


=== Я ===
===Я===


{| width="70%" border="1"
{| width="70%" border="1"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Russian'''  
| width="25%" |'''Russian'''
| '''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
| явиться<br>
| to appear<br>
|-
| январь<br>
| January<br>
|-
| <br>
| <br>
|-
|-
| <br>
|Я
| <br>
|I
|-
|-
| <br>  
|явиться; явился, явилась<br>
| <br>
|to appear; appeared (m., f.)<br>
|-
|-
| <br>  
|январь<br>
| <br>
|January<br>
|}
|}


<br>  
<br>  


[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Word List]] [[Category:Russia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Belarus]] [[Category:Ukraine Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Lithuania]]
[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]]  
[[Category:Language and Handwriting]]  
[[Category:Word List]]  
[[Category:Russia Language and Handwriting]]  
[[Category:Language and Handwriting]]  
[[Category:Belarus]]  
[[Category:Ukraine Language and Handwriting]]  
[[Category:Language and Handwriting]]  
[[Category:Lithuania]]

Latest revision as of 07:53, 5 April 2024

Russian Genealogical
Word List
Map of Russian Speaking Areas.png
Downloadable Word List
Handwriting Help
Associated Countries

This list contains Russian word with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word (or some form of it) that you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Russian-English dictionary. A version of the Russian Genealogical Word List in PDF is also available.

To best make use of the genealogical word list, please read Russia Languages,

In Russian, the endings of most words vary according to gender, number, and usage in a sentence. Who—Whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives only the basic forms of each Russian word, which usually also means the masculine. As you read Russian records, be aware that almost all word vary with usage, including names of people and places. It is important to recognize when a name is written in a different form and to not misinterpret it as another name.

Alphabetical Order[edit | edit source]

Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ee Ёё Жж Зз Ии Йй Kk Лл Mм Нн Oo Пп Pp Сс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Юю Яя

No words begin with the hard sign (Ъъ) or the soft sign (Ьь), and very few with the letters Ёё, Йй, Щщ, or Ыы.

Prior to 1918, when the current Russian spelling reforms were instituted, the alphabet included letters no longer used. These were updated and changed. These letters include:

з Changed to (in certain positions) c
i Changed to и
ъ No longer used at the end of masculine words
ѣ Changed to e
θ Changed to ф
v Changed to и

Transliteration Aid[edit | edit source]

Transliteration is a conversion of text from one script to another. For example, the Russian word бракосочетание in Cyrillic script would be transliterated to “brakosochetanie” the English Romanized script.

бракосочетание --> brakosochetanie

There are different transliteration systems for the same language, so not all transliterations will be the same. Here is an automatic online transliterator that is very helpful.

Transliterating Russian to English in One Step, online automatic transliterator by Steve Morse.

Transliteration allows us to pronounce and recognize words in scripts we are not familiar with. It can also help us turn a place name on an English document into a real Russian place name, as you can also transliterate from English to Russian.

Other Word Lists[edit | edit source]

Online Dictionaries[edit | edit source]

  • Gramota (online Russian dictionary in Russian)
  • Cambridge English-Russian Dictionary
  • Dict.com Russian-English Dictionary
  • Викисловар (Russian Wiktionary) this website is in Russian, but provides information regarding declension. Type a Russian word in the search box in the right hand corner (искать в Викисловаре) and press enter. Even if the word entered is declined (has a grammatical case ending), Wiktionary will redirect you to the original word (nominative case). A typical entry defines the word (if you are using Google Chrome, right click to translate the page to English to learn the definition of the word), as well as meanings, synonyms and often pronunciation. On the right hand side, you will find a table with the word declined in all cases. A translation of the table is included below. Using this table will allow you to easily determine which case your word is in.
Translation of Declension Table from Викисловарь
падеж (case) ед. ч. (singular) мн. ч (plural)
Им.(nominative)
Р. (genitive)
Д. (dative)
В. (accusative)
Тв. (instrumental)
Пр. (prepositional)

Variant forms of words[edit | edit source]

In Russian, the endings of most words vary according to gender, number, and usage in a sentence. Who—Whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. Many sources (word lists, dictionaries, etc.) give only the basic, or nominative and masculine form. As you read Russian records, be aware that almost all words vary with usage.

Gender[edit | edit source]

Russian words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. For example, брат (brother) is a masculine word, дочь (daughter) is a feminine word, and свидетельство (certificate) is a neuter word.

Words that describe persons, places or things (adjectives) will have either masculine, feminine, or neuter endings depending on what noun they are describing. For example, in Russian you would write старый брат (old brother), старая сестра (old sister), and старое свидетельство (old certificate). In dictionaries and in the “Russian Genealogical Word List” generally only the masculine form is given.

masculine feminine neuter found in word list as
старый старая старое старый (old)
глухой глухая - глухой (deaf)

Plurals[edit | edit source]

Plural forms of Russian words usually end in ы, и, а, or я. They are usually only found in the singular in dictionaries or in the word list.

singular plural translation
отец отцы father/fathers
муж мужья husband/husbands
жена жены wife/wives
книга книги book/books
место местa place/places

Noun declensions[edit | edit source]

The endings of Russian words can also vary depending on the grammatical uses of the words. Russian grammar requires specific endings (called “cases”) on nouns used in the possessive, as the object of a verb, and with a preposition, among others.

Adjectives also must match the nouns they modify in gender, quantity, and grammatical form (case). Russian nouns fall into several classes, each with its own set of grammatical endings. Many dictionaries have grammatical sections which show complete noun and adjective endings.

Noun Use Translation
город

города

городе

город

мер города

Я жул в городе

City

Mayor of the city

I lived in the city

сын

сына

сыну

сыном

сын

я крестил сына

я дал сыну

я ушёл с сыном

Son

I christened the son

I gave to the son

I left with the son

жена

жены

жену

жене

женой

жене

жена

дом жены

я видел жену

я дал жене

я ушёл ц женой

я думал о жене

Wife

Home of the wife

I saw the wife

I gave to the wife

I left with the wife

I thought about the wife

The changing of word endings is called “declension” and there are six different cases in Russian.

Given names[edit | edit source]

An important note is that it is essential to recognize when a name is written in a different form, and to avoid misinterpreting it as another name. For example, “the child of Ivan” would be “ребенок ивана.” That only means that “иван” is in a different case. It does NOT mean that is a feminine form of the name, that his name is different, that he has variant names, or that “ивана” is a different person than “иван.”

Verbs[edit | edit source]

Words that show action (verbs) also vary depending on who and how many are doing the action and whether the action is past, present, or future. The variation for verbs is called “conjugation.” For example, the Russian word жить (to live) will appear with various endings. Note that most but not all verbs follow this pattern:

Russian conjugation English conjugation
я живу I live
ты живёшь you live (informal)
он/она/кто живёт he/she/who lives
мы живём we live
вы живёте you live (formal)
они живут they live
она жил he lived
она жила she lived
они жили they lived

Names and Places[edit | edit source]

For words not typically found in dictionaries (place names and given/family names) try using the following resources:

Places:

List of Gubernia in the Russian Empire

Russia Gazetteers

Google

Russian Names:

Polish Names Written in Russian:

Use these resources to help you find the proper spelling of a Polish name. This handout will help you transliterate from Russian into Polish.

German Names Written in Russian:

This handout will help you transliterate from Russian into German.

Months of the Year[edit | edit source]

For months of the year in Cyrillic handwriting, see SGGEE handout, "Examples of how the months are handwritten"

Russian (nominative) Russian (Genitive) English
январь, Iенварь января January
февраль февраля February
март марта March
апрель апреля April
май мая May
июнь июня June
июль июля July
август августа August
сентябрь сентября September
октябрь октября October
ноябрь ноября November
декабрь декабря December

Cardinal Numbers[edit | edit source]

For numbers in cursive, see SGGEE Cyrillic Handouts.pdf.

Russian English
один one
два two
три three
четыре four
пять five
шесть six
семь seven
восемь eight
девять nine
десять ten
одиннадцать eleven
двенадцать twelve
тринадцать thirteen
четырнадцать fourteen
пятнадцать fifteen
шестнадцать sixteen
семнадцать seventeen
восемнадцать eighteen
девятнадцать nineteen
двадцать twenty
тридцать thirty
сорок forty
пятьдесят fifty
шестьдесят sixty
семьдесят seventy
восемьдесят eighty
девяносто ninety
сто one hundred
двести two hundred
триста three hundred
четыреста four hundred
пятьсот five hundred
шестьсот six hundred
семьсот seven hundred
восемьсот eight hundred
девятьсот nine hundred
тысяча one thousand
миллион one million

Ordinal Numbers[edit | edit source]

Russian English
первый first
второй second
третий third
четвёртый fourth
пятый fifth
шестой sixth
седьмой seventh
восьмой eighth
девятый ninth
десятый tenth
одиннадцатый eleventh
двенадцатый twelfth
тринадцатый thirteenth
четырнадцатый fourteenth
пятнадцатый fifteenth
шестнадцатый sixteenth
семнадцатый seventeenth
восемнадцатый eighteenth
девятнадцатый nineteenth
двадцатый twentieth
двадцать первый twenty first
тридцатый thirtieth
тридцать первый thirty first

General Word List[edit | edit source]

This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed.


A[edit | edit source]

Russian English
август
 August
адвокат
 lawyer
администратор
 administrator
акт
 document, record, certificate
акты гражданского состояния
 vital statistics
акушерка
 midwife
алфавитный список
 alphabetical list or index
апоплексия apoplexy
апрель
 April
арендатор
 tenant, leaseholder
армия
 army
артиллерист
 artilleryman
архив
 archive
архивист, архивариус
 archivist


Б[edit | edit source]

Russian Transliteration/English
бакалейщик
 Grocer
барышник
 horse dealer
батрак
 farm hand, hired hand
башмачник
 shoemaker
бедность
 poverty
бедный
 poor
бедняк
 pauper
беженец refugee
безземельный
 landless
белое духовенство clergy who have not taken a monastic vow (allowed to have a wife and children)
Благороднй

noble

благородство

nobility

близнец
 twin
близнецы
 twins
бобыль

poor landless peasant

богадельня
 poor house
болезнь
 illness, disease
болезнь лёгких
 lung disease, lung illness
болница
 hospital
болной
 sick
боль illness, sickness, pain
бондарь, бочар
 cooper
боярин
 boyar (m.) pre-1700 aristocrat
боярство
 the boyars
боярыня
 boyar, nobleman's wife
брак, бракосочетанние
brak, brakosochetannie
marriage
браконьер
 poacher
бракосочетание
 marriage
брат brother
брачный обыски pre-marital search of records, proving bride and groom are not related
брачный marital (adj.) conjugal
бременная pregnant
бродяга vagabond
бронхит; бронхитис bronchitis
булочник baker
бухгалтер bookkeeper
бывший former
быть to be
бюргер burgher


В[edit | edit source]

Russian English
в in, on, at
в час at one o'clock
вдова widow
вдовец widower
ведомость register, record, list
венчание wedding ceremony
веред boils
верность accuracy, correctness, truth
вероисповедание religion, faith, creed
весна spring
весной in the spring
весь all, whole, everything
ветеринар veterinarian
ветрянкя chicken pox
ветрянкя опаса chicken pox
вечер evening
вечера in the evening
вечером in the evening
взрослый adult
владелец bearer, owner, propietor
властный authoritative
внебрачный ребёнок illegitimate child
внук grandson
внучка granddaughter
водянка dropsy
водянка в голове dropsy of the head (likely Hydrocephalus)
военная служба military service
военные документы military records
военный military, soldier
возраст age
возчик coachman, carter
воинский military
война war
волость smaller, district, volost' (adm. unit)
волосы hair
восемнадцатый eighteenth
восемнадцать eighteen
восемьдесят eighty
восемьсот eight hundred
воскресенье Sunday
воспаление inflammation
воспаление кишок inflammation of the intestines
воспаление легких inflammation of the lungs
воспаление мозгова inflammation of the brain
восприемник godparent
восприемница godmother
восприемники godparents
восток east
восточный eastern
восьмидесятый eightieth
восьмисотый eight hundredth
восьмой eighth
время time
всё all, everyone, every
вся all, everyone, every
вступить в брак to get married (to enter marriage)
вступление в брак marriage (entering marriage, often used in giving the marriage date)
вступить на службу to go into the service
вторник Tuesday
второй second
вчера yesterday
вчерашний yesterday (adj)
выдать to issue
выкидыщ miscarriage
выписка extract, (record)
выслать to be send
высокий tall
выходить замуж to marry, to be married (fem)
вышесказанное the above mentioned

Г[edit | edit source]

Russian English
г. abbreviation for город (city)
гвардец guardsmen
гвардуия guards
где where
генварь general
генеалогия
 genealogy
герб coat of arms
герой hero
глаз eye
глухой blind
год year
голод hunger, starvation
гончар potter
горничная house maid, chambermaid
горнорабочий miner
горняк miner
город city
горячка fever; burning ague
госпиталь
 hospital
господни
 gentleman, Mr.
госпожа
 lady, Mrs.
государственный
 government
государственный архив
 government archive
гражданин
 citizen (male)
гражданка
 citizen (female)
гражданский, гражданство
 citizenship (adj.), citizenship (noun)
грамота
 literacy
грамотный
 literate
гренадер
 grenadier
губерния, губ.
 province, guberniya (adm. unit)
гусар
 hussar, light cavalryman


Д[edit | edit source]

Russian English
дано
 was given
дать
 to give
два
 two (masc., neut.)
двадцатый
 twentieth
двадцать
 twenty
две
 two (fem.)
двенадцатый
 twelfth
двенадцать
 twelve
двести
 two hundred
движимость
 movable property
двойни
 twins
двойня
 twin
дворянин
 nobleman
дворянка
 noblewoman
дворянский род
 noble line, noble family
дворянство
 nobility
двоюродная сестра
 female cousin
двоюродная брат
 male cousin
двухсотый
 two hundredth
дева
 maiden
деверь
 brother in law, husband's brother
девица
 maiden, unmarried woman
Девичья фамилия
 maiden name
Девочка
 little girl
девушка
 girl, maiden
девяносто
 ninety
девяностый
 ninetieth
девятисотый
 nine hundredth
девятнадцатый
 nineteenth
девятнадцать
 nineteen
девятый
 ninth
девять
 nine
девятьсот
 nine hundred
дед
 grandfather
дедушка
 grandfather
декабрь
 December
дело
 file, business, matter
день
 day
день рождения
 birthday
дер. village (abbreviation of деревня)
деревня
 village
десятый
 tenth
десять
 ten
дети, детей
 children, children (accusative/genitive)
детство
 childhood
дифтерии diphtheria
дисентерия,


дизентерия

 dysentery
дитя
 child
днём
 during the day, in the afternoon
до
 until, up to, before
договор
 agreement
документ
 document
дом
 house, home, building
домохозяйка housewife
донести
 to inform
достигать совершеннолетия
 to com of age, attain one's majority
дочь
 daughter
Доярка
 milkmaid
дровокол
 woodcutter
дровосек
 woodcutter
дряхлость
 decrepitude
дряхлость
 decrepit
дьякон, диакон deacon
дубильщик
 tanner
духовенство clergy
духовная консистория
 diocese, consistory
душевнобольной
 mentally ill
дыхавиц breathing
дядя
 uncle


Е[edit | edit source]

Russian English
Еврейские "Yevreyskie" or Jewish
Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть "Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast'" or Jewish Autonomous Oblast
его him, his
её her
евангелический
 Protestant
еврей
 Jew (m.)
еврейка
 Jew (f.)
единокровная сестра
 half sister
единокровниый брат
 half brother
епархия
 diocese
епископ
 bishop


Ё[edit | edit source]

Russian English



Ж[edit | edit source]

Russian English
жар
 Fever
железнодорожник
 railroad worker
желудочной боли stomach pain/sickness
желтуха
 jaundice
жена
 wife
женатый

married man

женитьба
 marriage (about a man)
жениться
 to marry (about a man)
женик
 bridegroom, fiance
женский
 female
женщина woman
жестянщик
 tinsmith
живущий на пособии
 welfare recipient
жилец
 resident, lodger, occupant
жилище
 dwelling
житель
 inhabitant, occupant
жительство
 residence, dwelling
жительствующий
 residing
жить
 to live, to dwell, to reside


З[edit | edit source]

Russian English
заграничный
 foreign
ЗАГС civil registration (abbreviation of записи актов гражданского состояния)
заключённый
 (prisoner), concluded
заключить
 to conclude, to perform
закон
 law
законная жена
 lawful wife
законнорождённый
 legitimately born
законность
 legitimacy
законный
 legal, legitimate, lawful
замерзшый
 frozen
замечание
 remark
замужество
 marriage (about a woman)
замужняя
 married (about a woman)
занятие
 occupation
запад
 west
запасной рядовой reserve soldier, reserve private
запасный ветеринарный фельдшер emergency veterinarian
западный
 western
записи актов гражданского состояния records of acts of civil status, civil registration records, vital records
записи передвиженния
 moving record
запись
 record(ing), registration
звание occupation, rank
здешний
 local
землевладелец
 landowner
земледелец
 peasant, farmer
земледелие
 agriculture
земля
 earth, land
земляк
 fellow-countyman
землячка
 fellow-country woman
зима
 winter
золовка
 sister-in-law, (husband's sister)
зять
 son-in-law, brother-in-law, (husband's sister)


И[edit | edit source]

Russian English
и
 and
и так далее (и т. д.)
 etc., and so forth, miscellaneous
из
 from, out of
издозчик
 coachman
изгнанник
 exiled person
или
 or
имение
 estate
именной указатель name register (like an index at the back of a book)
иметь, имеет
 to have, has
иммигрант
 immigrant
имущество
 property
имя, имена
 name, names (given name)
инженер
 engineer
инфлюэнция, инфлюэнсия influenza
исповедные ведомости
 confession lists
иудей, иуд., иудейский Jew, Jewish
их
 them, their
июль
 July
июнь
 June


Й[edit | edit source]

No Russian words begin with Й. Only some foreign words.


К[edit | edit source]

Russian English
к/ко
 to
кто who
кем, кѣмъ by whom
какимъ (by) which
какое which, what
кабатчик
 innkeeper, barkeeper
кавалерист
 cavalryman
казак
 Cossack
казаки Cossacks
казённая палата
 provincial financial office
казенный крестьянин state peasant
как видно
 as is seen
калека
 cripple
калесный мастер
 wheelwright
каменщик
 mason, bricklayer
канцлер
 chancellor
капитан
 captain
капрал
 corporal
Караимы Crimean Karaites
караул
 guard
католический
 Catholic (adj.)
кашель
 cough
квартира, кв. apartment, apt. (abbreviation)
кладбище
 cemetery
книга
 book
коклюш whooping cough
колония
 settlment, colony
командирован на службу
 ordered, commissioned to service
конвульсии convulsions
кондуктор
 conductor, guard
кончина
 demise, death
конюх
 groom, stableman
коробейник
 peddler
корь
 measles
костёл
 church (Catholic)
который
 which, that, who
кочегар
 stoker
красильщик
 dyer
крвавка blood loss from a bleeding wound
крепостной
 serf
крепостний крестьянин serf
крестить
 to christen, to baptize
крестник
 godson
крестница
 goddaughter
крёстные родители
 godparents
крестьяне
 peasants
крестьянин
 peasant (m.)
крестьянин владеющий землей
 landowning farmer
крестьянин государственный state peasant
крестьянка
 peasant (f.)
крещение
baptism, christening
круп croup
ксендз
 priest (Catholic)
кузнец
 blacksmith
купец
 merchant
купцы merchants
кухарка
 cook
кучер
 coachman


Л[edit | edit source]

Russian English
лакей
 lackey, footman
лейтенант
 lietenant
лесоруб
 lumberjack
лет
 years, years old (age)
лето
 summer
летом
 in the summer
лёгкое
 lung, light (adj.)
литейщик
 foundry worker
лихорадка
 fever
лицо
 person, individual, face
лично
 personally
лодочник
 boatman
лоцман
 harbor pilot
лудильщик
 tinsmith


М[edit | edit source]

Russian English
май
 May
майор
 major
маленький
 small, little,
малолетство underage, childhood
маляр
 painter
мама
 mama
март
 March
мастер
 master, foreman
матрос
 seaman
мать/матерь
 mother
мачеха
 stepmother
между
 between
медник
 brazier, coppersmith
мельник
 miller
мертворождённый
 stillborn
местечко small village or town; often referring to a shtetl (small Jewish village)
место
 place
месяц
 month
метрика
 birth certificate
метрическая книга metrical book (metrical record, vital record book, register of births, marriages, and deaths)
метрические книги metrical books (metrical records)
метрическое свидетельство birth certificate
меховщик furrier
мещанин member of middle class (petty bourgeois, townspeople, artisans or traders) (m.)
мещанка member of middle class (petty bourgeois, townspeople, artisans or traders) (f.)
младенец
 child, infant (m.)
младенца child, infant (f.)
младенчество infancy
могила grave
молодой
 young
моряк
 seaman
мусульманский
 Islamic
муж
 husband
мужик
 peasant
мужской
 male
мужчина
 man
мэр
 mayor
мясник
 butcher


Н[edit | edit source]

Russian English
на
 in, on, at, to
найдёныш
 foundling
наниматель
 tenant, employer
народ
 people
наследник
 heir
наследование
 inheritance
настоящий
 present (adj.) this, real, genuine
национальность nationality
начальник
 head, chief, superior
не
 no, not
нет
 no
невеста
 bride, fiancee
невестка
 dauther-in-law, sister-in-law (brother's wife)
неграмотный
 illiterate
недвижимость
 immovable property
неделя
 week
незаконнорождённый
 illegitimately born
немец
 German (m.)
нем., немецкий German (language)
немка
 German (f.)
немой
 dumb
немощный
 infirm
немощь
 infirmity
неопределенная болезнь undetermined disease
неправильный
 wrong, incorrect
несовершеннолетие
 underage, minority
несчастья убитъ killed in an unfortunate accident
нижеподписавшийця
 undersigned
нищий
 beggar
новобранец
 recruit
новобрачные
 newlyweds
новорождённый
 newborn
нос
 nose
нотариус
 notary
ночи, ночью
 at night
ночь
 night
ноябрь
 November


О[edit | edit source]

Russian English
o/об/обо about
оба
 both
область
 province, region, oblast
образование
 education
обручение
 engagement, betrothal
обряд
 rite, ceremony
обструкция, опструкция obstruction
общество
 society, company, community
объялять
 to declare, state, announce
обыватель commoner, inhabitant
обыски брачные
 pre-marital search (see брачные обыски)
оглашение
 marriage bans, announcement
оглашение имен вступающих в брак
 publication of the names of those about to marry
один
 one (masc.)
одиночка sole occupant of household
одна
 one (fem.)
одно
 one (neuter)
округ
 okrug, district, territory, area
октябрь
 October
он
 he
она
 she
оно
 it
ономедни the other day, a couple of days ago, the day before yesterday (or, these days, recently)
они
 they
опекун
 guardian
опись
 list, inventory, series
оплатить
 to pay
опструкция, обструкция obstruction
опухоль
 tumor, swelling
осень
 autumn, fall
осенью
 in the autumn, in the fall
основание
 basis, foundation
оспа
 smallpox
от
 from
отлел department, office
отец
 father
отставка
 retirement, discharge
отставной
 retired
отсуствующий
 absent
отчество
 patronymic
отчим
 stepfather
охрана
 guard
о родившихся births (literally: about those who were born)
о бракосочетавшихся marriages (literally: about those who were married)
о разведшихся divorces (literally: about those who were divorced)
об умершихъ deaths (literally: about those who died)


П[edit | edit source]

Russian English
падучя epilepsy
падчерица
 stepdaughter
палач
 butcher, executioner
папа
 papa, dad
паралижя paralysis
паралич palsy
паспорт
 passport
паспортный
 passport (adj.)
пасынок
 stepson
пачерица step daughter
паяльщик
 tinsmith, plumber
пекарь
 baker
первый
 first
перевозчик
 ferryman
переплётчик
 bookbinder
печатник
 printer
печать
 stamp, seal, press
писарь
 clerk, scribe
письмоводитель clerk
племянник
 nephew
племянница
 niece
плотник
 carpenter
повар
 cook
повинность
 obligation
после after
пограничная стража border corps
погребение
 burial
подать
 to submit
поденщик
 day laborer
подлинник
 original
подлиный

authentic

подпись
 signature
подпоручик second lieutenant
пожар
 fire
пожарный
 fireman
пожилой
 elderly
позволение
 permission
покойник
 the deceased (m.)
покойница
 the deceased (f.)
покойный
 deceased, late
пол
 gender, sex
полагать
 to suppose, to propose
полдень
 noon, midday
полк
 regiment
полковник
 colonel
полночь
 midnight
получить
 to receive
понедельник
 Monday
понос diarrhea
по полудни
 in the afternoon
по полуночи
 after midnight
порока сердца heart disease
портниха
 dressmaker
портной
 tailor
поручитель
 bondsman, guarantor
порушения collapse, fall
поселенец
 settler
поселение
 settlement
посемйные списки
 family lists
послужной список
 service record
пособие
 allowance, benefit, welfare
постоянный
 permanent
потомок
 descendant, offspring
потомок по прямой линии
 direct discendant
потомственный
 hereditary
потомственный почетный hereditary honorary citizen, or a hereditary elite social class
потомство
 posterity, descendants
похоронен
 buried (m.)
похоронена
 buried (f.)
похороны
 burial
почётные граждане honorary citizens, an elite social class, could be hereditary or personal.
почтальон
 mailman
прабабушка
 great grandmother
правнук
 great grandson
правнучка
 great grandaughter
православный, православное вероисповедание
 Orthodox Christian, Russian Orthodox
прадед
 great grandfather
прапрабабушка
 great great grandmother
прапрадед
 great great grandfather
прародитель
 progenitor
предбрачные свидетельства
 premaritial certificantes documenting that the bride and groom are not related
предок
 ancestro, forefather
представить
 to produce, to resent
предшествовать
 to precede
привилегированный privileged, favored
призвание
 vocation, calling
призывник
 conscript
призывные списки
 recruitment lists
приказчик
 shop assistnace, salesman
призрев., призреваемый a ward (child under protection of a guardian)
призивные списки conscription lists
принадлежать
 to belong to
принять
 to accept, to receive
прислуг servant (m.)
прислуга servant (f.)
присутствие
 presence
присутствующий
 to be present, in attendance
приход
 parish, ward
приходский
 parish, ward (adj.)
причат
 clergy
приют
 orphanage
продавец
 salesman
продолжение
 continuation
происходить
 to descend
происхождение
 descent, origin
произойти
 to descend from
прошение
 request (noun)
псаломщик acolyte, parish clerk
пятидесятый
 fiftieth
пятисотый
 five hundredth
пятнадцатый
 fifteenth
пятница
 Friday
пятый
 fifth
пять
 five
пятьдесят
 fivty
пятьсот
 five hundred


Р[edit | edit source]

Russian English
раб
 slave
работа
 work
работник
 laborer (m.)
работница
 laborer (f.)
рабочий
 worker
раввин
 rabbi
район
 district, raion (modern term)
развалины ruins, remains
разведённый
 divorced
развод
 divorce
размещенный placed, situated, located, hosted (adj.)
разносчик
 peddler
разрешение
 permission
разряд
 level, degree, rank
рак
 cancer
рак груди/рак в груде breast cancer
рак кожи skin cancer
рак легкого lung cancer
рак желудка/рак в желудке stomach cancer
раскольник
 dissenter, dissident, nonconformist
ребёнок
 child
ревизские сказки revision Lists
реестр
 register
рекрутские списки recruitment lists
религиозный
 religious
религия
 religion, faith
ремесленник
 artisan, journeyman
ремесло
 trade, occupation
род
 birth, family, kin, sort, type
родивщихся those who were born
родилась
 was born (f.)
родились
 were born
родился
 was born (m.0
родина
 native land
родители
 parents
родиться
 to be born
родовой
 ancestral
родом
 by origin
родоначальник
 ancestor (first generation of a clan)
родословная
 genealogy, pedigree (book)
родословная книга
 ancestry book
родословный
 genealogical
родственник
 relative (m.)
родственница
 (relative (f.)
родство
 relationship, kinship
роды
 childbirth
рождение
 birth
рождения
 births
Рождество
 Christmas
рaзрыв сердца broken heart
роспись
 inventory, list
рот
 mouth
русский, русская Russian (male, female)
русый
 light brown
рыбяк
 fisherman
рыжий
 red-haired
рядовой
 ordinary (soldier)


С[edit | edit source]

Russian English
cмерти death
с
 from, with
садовник
 gardener
сам
 self (m.)
сама
 self (f.)
сами
 selves
сапожник
 cobbler, shoemaker
сват father of the son-in-law or daughter-in-law
сватья mother of the son-in-law or daughter-in-law
свёкор
 father-in-law (husband's father)
свекровь
 mother-in-law (husband's mother)
светлый
 light (adj.)
свидетель, свидетели witness, witnesses
свидетельство
 certificate, evidence, testimony
свидетельствовать/ за-
 to witness, to certify
своебременно
 timely
свояченица
 sister-in-law (wife's sister)
святое причастие
 holy communion, the Lord's supper
святой
 holy
священник
 priest, clergyman
север
 north
северный
 northern
сегодня
 today
сегодняшний today's, this day (adj.)
седой
 gray-haired
седмой
 seventh
село
 village (with a church)
семидесятый
 seventieth
семисотый
 seven hundredth
семнадцать
 seventeen
семь
 seven
семьдесят
 seventy
семьсот
 seven hundred
семья
 family
сентябрь
 September
серый
 gray
сестра
 sister
сирота
 orphan
скарлатина
 scarlet fever
скончалась
 died (f.)
скончался
 died (m.)
скорняк
 Furrier
слепой
 blind
слесарь
 locksmith, metalworker
слобода settlement
слуга
 servant (m.)
служанка
 servant (f.)
служащий
 employee, perfessional
служба
 service, work
смерти
 deaths
смерть
 death
сноха
 daughter-in-law
собор
 cathedral
собрание
 assembly, meeting
собственник/собственница owner
совершеннолетие
 legal age, majority
совершить
 to perform
согласно
 according to, agreed
содержание
 content
соединать браком
 to marry
сожительница concubine, cohabitor
солдат
 soldier
сорок
 forty
сороковой
 fortieth
сословие
 estate, class, social standing
состоялось
 it happened
состояние
 status, state, condition, situation
состояться
 to take place, happen
сотник
 commander of 100 men
сотый
 one hundredth
сочетать брак
 to marry (to)
среда
 Wedmesday
средный
 medium (adj.)
ссылный
 exile, convict
ссылка
 see..., refer to...; exile, deportation
старость
 old age
старый
 old
стеклодув
 glass blower
сто
 one hundred
столяр
 joiner
сторож
 watchman, guard
стража
 guard
страна
 country
стрелок
 rifleman, marksman
строитель
 construction worker
суббота
 Saturday
суд
 court
судебный
 judicial
судья
 judge
сумашедший
 insance
супруг
 spouse (m.)
супруга
 spouse (f.)
супруги
 married couple
супружество
 matrimony
сутки
 day (and night), 24 hours
счетовод
 accountant, bookkeeper
сын
 son


Т[edit | edit source]

Russian English
таинство
 ordinance, rite, sacrament
текущий current
тёмный
 dark
тесть
 father-in-law (wife's father)
тётя
 aunt
тёща
 mother-in-law (wife's mother)
тиф typhus
ткач
 weaver (m.)
ткачиха
 weaver (f.)
то есть (т. е.)
 i.e. that is
тоже
 also
токарь
 lathe turner
тонуть
 to drown
торговец
 merchant, dealer
третий
 third
трёхсотый
 three hundredth
три
 three
тридцатый
 thirtieth
тридцать
 thirty
тринадватый
 thirteenth
тринадцать
 thirteen
триста
 three hundred
трубочист
 chimney sweep
туберклулёз лёгких
 consumption
тысяча
 one thousand
тысячный
 one thousandth
тюрма
 prison


У[edit | edit source]

Russian English
убийство
 murder
убийца
 murderer, killer
уволенный
 dismissed, discharged
удар
 stroke
удостоверение
 certificate
удостоверить(ся)
 to certify, to witness, to assure oneself
удочеренная
 adopted (of a daughter)
удочерение
 adoption (of a daughter)
удочерить
 to adopt a daughter
удушья difficulty breathing
уезд
 district, county, uyezd
указ
 decree
украинец, украинка Ukrainian (male, female)
улица, ул. street, st. (abbreviation)
умер
 died (masc.)
умереть
 to die
умерла
 died (fem.)
умерший
 deceased
уметь
 to know how
унтер-офицер non-commissioned officer, petty officer
уродливый
 deformed (masc.)
урохдённая
 born as, née (in front of maiden name)
урядник
 sergeant, or Don Cossacks under-officer
усыновление
 adoption (of a son)
усыновленный
 adopted (of a son)
усыновить
 to adopt a son
утопнуть
 to drown
утопший/утопшая drowned
утра, утром
 morning (n.), in the morning (adv.)
утро
 morning (n.)
ученик
 pupil, apprentice
учёный
 scholar (n.), learned (adj.)
учитель
 teacher (masc.)
учительница
 teacher (fem.)


Ф[edit | edit source]

Russian English
фабрикант
 manufacturer
фамилия
 surname, family
февраль
 February
фольварк manor farm
фонд
 record group


Х[edit | edit source]

Russian English
хозяин
 landowner, proprietor
холод
 cold
холостой
 single, unmarrier
холость
 single man, bachelor
холостяк
 bachelor
хромой
 lame, limping


Ц[edit | edit source]

Russian English
цвет
 color
церковь
 church
цыган
 Gypsy


Ч[edit | edit source]

Russian English
час
hour, time
часовщик
 watchmaker
чахотка
 consumption
четверг
 Thursday
четвёртый
 fourth
четыре
 four
четыреста
 four hundred
четырёхсотый
 four hundredth
четырнадцать
 fourteen
чёрное духовенство clergy who have taken a monastic vow (not allowed to have a wife or children)
чин
 rank, grade
чиновник
 official, bureaucrat
чирей boil
число
 date, number
член
 member
что
 what, that
чума
 plague


Ш[edit | edit source]

Russian English
шахтёр
 miner
швер
 seamstress
шестидесятый
 sixtieth
шестисотый
 six hundredth
шестнадцать
 sixteenth
шестой
 sixth
шесть
 six
шестьсот
 six hundred
шинкарь
 innkeeper, barkeeper
шкарлатина scarlet fever
шорник
 harness maker, saddler
шурин
 brother-in-law (wife's brother)


Щ[edit | edit source]

Russian English



Э[edit | edit source]

Russian English
эмигрант emigrant


Ю[edit | edit source]

Russian English
юг south
южный southern
юрист lawyer


Я[edit | edit source]

Russian English
Я I
явиться; явился, явилась
 to appear; appeared (m., f.)
январь
 January


Numbers that denote quantity or how many. Examples: one, two, three

Numbers indicating position or order of something. Examples: first, second, third.

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