Federated States of Micronesia Languages: Difference between revisions

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==Description==
Micronesians speak English plus a native tongue. English is the official language of the government and of commerce.


Micronesians speak English plus a native tongue.  Linguists divide the native languages into the “nuclear” group spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and Nauru; and the “western” group spoken in Palau, Guam, and Marianas. The latter group is thought to have their origins in the ancient language called proto-Austronesian. The native tongue of Guam is Chamorro, while Japanese is widely spoken as well. In the Northern Mariana Islands, Chamorro and Carolinian are spoken. There are eight indigenous languages in the Federated States of Micronesia, primarily Trukese and Pohnpeian. The native tongue in Palau is Palauan. In the Marshall Islands, the native tongue is Marshallese. Kiribati has one indigenous language, known as Gilbertese or locally as I-Kiribati.  Nauruan is the native tongue of Nauru. The records are in Spanish, German, English, or the native tongue, depending on the time period and the island or island group.<ref name="profile">The Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “Family History Record Profile: Micronesia,” Word document, private files of the FamilySearch Content Strategy Team, 1987-2001.</ref>
There are eight main indigenous languages in the Federated States of Micronesia.
*'''Chuukese''' (also known at Trukese) - spoken primarily on the islands of Chuuk. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Chuukese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Kapingamarangi''' - closely related to the Nukuoro language. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Kapingamarangi language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Kosraean''' (sometimes rendered Kusiaean) - spoken on the islands of Kosrea. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Kosraean language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosraean_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Nukuoro''' - spoken on the Nukuoro Atoll and on Pohnpei <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Nukuoro language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuoro_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Pohnpeian''' - spoken on the island of Pohnpei. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Pohnpeian language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Ulithian''' - spoken on Ulithi Atoll and neighboring islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ulithian language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Woleaian''' - main language on the island of Woleai and surrounding smaller islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Woleaian language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleaian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Yapese''' - spoken by the people on the island of Yap. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Yapese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>


Other indigenous languages spoken by smaller numbers include:
*'''Mortlockese''' - spoken on the Mortlock Islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Mortlockese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortlockese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Pingelapese''' - spoken on Pingelap. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Pingelapese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingelapese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Mokilese''' - spoken on Mwoakilloa. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Mokilese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokilese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Puluwat''' - spoken on Poluwat. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Puluwat language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puluwat_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Pááfang''' - spoken on the Hll Islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Pááfang language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Namonuito''' - spoken on Namonuito Atoll. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Namonuito language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namonuito_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Ngatikese''' - spoken on Sapwuahfik Atoll. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ngatikese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngatikese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Satawalese''' - very similar to Mortlockese. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Satawalese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satawalese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Nguluwan''' - spoken on Nguluwan Atoll. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Nguluwan language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguluwan_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Ngatikese Creole''' - spoken on the atoll of Sapwuahfik. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ngatikese Creole," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngatikese_Creole, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
NOTE: many elderly people are fluent in Japanese.
The records are in Spanish, German, English, or the native tongue, depending on the time period and the island or island group.<ref name="profile">The Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “Family History Record Profile: Micronesia,” Word document, private files of the FamilySearch Content Strategy Team, 1987-2001.</ref>
==Word List(s)==
For word lists and help researching in Federated States of Micronesia records, see:
For word lists and help researching in Federated States of Micronesia records, see:
*[[Spanish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Spanish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[German Genealogical Word List]]
*[[German Genealogical Word List]]
Word List in Native Languages:
*[https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/chuukese.htm Useful Phrases in Chuukese (Omniglot)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/yapese.php Useful Phrases in Yapese (Omniglot)]
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/chuukese.htm Chuukese language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/kapingamarangi.htm Kapingamarangi language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/kosraean.htm Kosraean language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/nukuoro.htm Nukuoro language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/pohnpeian.htm Pohnpeian language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/ulithian.htm Ulithian language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/woleaian.htm Woleaian language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/yapese.htm Yapese language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
'''Pronunciation Examples'''
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xou_8rwLaFU&t=24s The Sound of the Chuukese language - YouTube]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8RM_N7dhO0 The Sound of the Pohneian language - YouTube]
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Language Aids'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukese_language Chuukese language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language Kapingamarangi language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosraean_language Kosraean language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuoro_language Nukuoro language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian_language Pohnpeian language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithian_language Ulithian language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleaian_language Woleaian language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapese_language Yapese language - Wikipedia]
'''Dictionaries'''
* Goodenough, Ward Hunt and Hiroshi Sugita. ''Trukese-English dictionary.'' Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1990. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/21113510 WorldCat].
* Elbert, Samuel H. ''Trukese-English and English-Trukese dictionary.'' Pearl Harbor, T. H.: United States Naval Military Government, 1947. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/802009 WorldCat].
* Lieber, Michael D and Kalio H Dikepa. ''Kapingamarangi lexicon.'' Honolulu: The Univ, Press of Hawaii, 1974. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/469120651 WorldCat].
* Elbert, Samuel H. ''Grammar and comparative study of the language of Kapingamarangi.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1978. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/865617488 WorldCat].
* Yi, Ki-dong. ''Kusaiean-English dictionary.'' Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1987. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/317800674 WorldCat].
* Carroll, Vern and Topias Soulik. ''Nukuoro lexicon.'' Honolulu: Univ. Pr. of Hawaii, 1973. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/251909430 WorldCat].
* Burdick, Alan. ''Dictionary of the Ponapean language.'' n.p.: n.p., 1970. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/41689640 WorldCat].
* Rehg, Kenneth L and Damian G Sohl. ''Ponapean-English dictionary.'' Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1979. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/643650354 WorldCat].
* Mellen, Neil J and John A Hancock. ''Ulithian-English dictionary.'' Columbia, S.C.: Habele Outer Island Education Fund, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/639053051 WorldCat].
* Sohn, Ho-min and Anthony F Tawerilmang. ''Woleaian-English dictionary.'' Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1976. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/747011080 WorldCat].
* Jensen, John Thayer. ''Yapese-English dictionary.'' Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Out-of-Orint Books on Demand, 1990. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/21548750 WorldCat].
'''Online Dictionaries'''
*[https://en.glosbe.com/chk/en Chuukese-English Dictionary]
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/kpg Kapingamarangi-English Dictionary]
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/kos Kosraean-English Dictionary]
*[https://glosbe.com/nkr/en Nukuoro-English Dictionary]
*[https://www.trussel2.com/pnp/ Pohnpeian-English Dictionary]
*[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/11736907/ulithian-english-dictionary-habele Ulithian-English Dictionary]
*[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/62920/9780824882273.pdf Woleaian-English Dictionary (University of Hawai'i Press)]
*[https://tekinged.com/books/yapese_dict/dict.pdf Yapese-English Dictionary (Pali Language Texts)]
==Additional Resources==
* ''Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia.'' Memphis, Tenn.: Books LLC, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/739937143 WorldCat].
* Daigaku, Shiga Kenritsu and Ningen Bunka Gakubu. ''BOOKTITLE.'' PLACE: PUBLISHER, DATE. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/56500441 WorldCat].
* Grimes, B. ''Micronesian Languages.'' n.p.: Oxford University Press, 2003. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/4811310620 WorldCat].


== References  ==
== References  ==

Latest revision as of 12:08, 20 March 2024


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Description[edit | edit source]

Micronesians speak English plus a native tongue. English is the official language of the government and of commerce.

There are eight main indigenous languages in the Federated States of Micronesia.

  • Chuukese (also known at Trukese) - spoken primarily on the islands of Chuuk. [1]
  • Kapingamarangi - closely related to the Nukuoro language. [2]
  • Kosraean (sometimes rendered Kusiaean) - spoken on the islands of Kosrea. [3]
  • Nukuoro - spoken on the Nukuoro Atoll and on Pohnpei [4]
  • Pohnpeian - spoken on the island of Pohnpei. [5]
  • Ulithian - spoken on Ulithi Atoll and neighboring islands. [6]
  • Woleaian - main language on the island of Woleai and surrounding smaller islands. [7]
  • Yapese - spoken by the people on the island of Yap. [8]

Other indigenous languages spoken by smaller numbers include:

  • Mortlockese - spoken on the Mortlock Islands. [9]
  • Pingelapese - spoken on Pingelap. [10]
  • Mokilese - spoken on Mwoakilloa. [11]
  • Puluwat - spoken on Poluwat. [12]
  • Pááfang - spoken on the Hll Islands. [13]
  • Namonuito - spoken on Namonuito Atoll. [14]
  • Ngatikese - spoken on Sapwuahfik Atoll. [15]
  • Satawalese - very similar to Mortlockese. [16]
  • Nguluwan - spoken on Nguluwan Atoll. [17]
  • Ngatikese Creole - spoken on the atoll of Sapwuahfik. [18]

NOTE: many elderly people are fluent in Japanese.

The records are in Spanish, German, English, or the native tongue, depending on the time period and the island or island group.[19]

Word List(s)[edit | edit source]

For word lists and help researching in Federated States of Micronesia records, see:

Word List in Native Languages:

Alphabet and Pronunciation[edit | edit source]

Pronunciation Examples

Language Aids and Dictionaries[edit | edit source]

Language Aids

Dictionaries

  • Goodenough, Ward Hunt and Hiroshi Sugita. Trukese-English dictionary. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1990. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Elbert, Samuel H. Trukese-English and English-Trukese dictionary. Pearl Harbor, T. H.: United States Naval Military Government, 1947. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Lieber, Michael D and Kalio H Dikepa. Kapingamarangi lexicon. Honolulu: The Univ, Press of Hawaii, 1974. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Elbert, Samuel H. Grammar and comparative study of the language of Kapingamarangi. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1978. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Yi, Ki-dong. Kusaiean-English dictionary. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1987. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Carroll, Vern and Topias Soulik. Nukuoro lexicon. Honolulu: Univ. Pr. of Hawaii, 1973. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Burdick, Alan. Dictionary of the Ponapean language. n.p.: n.p., 1970. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Rehg, Kenneth L and Damian G Sohl. Ponapean-English dictionary. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1979. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Mellen, Neil J and John A Hancock. Ulithian-English dictionary. Columbia, S.C.: Habele Outer Island Education Fund, 2010. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Sohn, Ho-min and Anthony F Tawerilmang. Woleaian-English dictionary. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1976. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Jensen, John Thayer. Yapese-English dictionary. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Out-of-Orint Books on Demand, 1990. Available at: WorldCat.

Online Dictionaries

Additional Resources[edit | edit source]

  • Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia. Memphis, Tenn.: Books LLC, 2010. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Daigaku, Shiga Kenritsu and Ningen Bunka Gakubu. BOOKTITLE. PLACE: PUBLISHER, DATE. Available at: WorldCat.
  • Grimes, B. Micronesian Languages. n.p.: Oxford University Press, 2003. Available at: WorldCat.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Chuukese language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  2. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Kapingamarangi language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  3. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Kosraean language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosraean_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  4. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Nukuoro language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuoro_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  5. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Pohnpeian language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  6. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Ulithian language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  7. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Woleaian language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleaian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  8. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Yapese language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Mortlockese language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortlockese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  10. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Pingelapese language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingelapese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  11. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Mokilese language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokilese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  12. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Puluwat language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puluwat_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  13. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Pááfang language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Namonuito language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namonuito_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  15. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Ngatikese language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngatikese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  16. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Satawalese language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satawalese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  17. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Nguluwan language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguluwan_language, accessed 20 March 2021.
  18. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Ngatikese Creole," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngatikese_Creole, accessed 20 March 2021.
  19. ↑ The Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “Family History Record Profile: Micronesia,” Word document, private files of the FamilySearch Content Strategy Team, 1987-2001.
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