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| {{Netherlands-sidebar}}{{breadcrumb | | {{CountrySidebar |
| | link1=[[The Netherlands Genealogy|Netherlands]] | | |Country=Netherlands |
| | |Name=Netherlands |
| | |Type=Topic |
| | |Topic Type=Background |
| | |Background=Languages |
| | |Rating=Acceptable |
| | }}{{breadcrumb |
| | | link1=[[Netherlands Genealogy|Netherlands]] |
| | link2= | | | link2= |
| | link3= | | | link3= |
| | link4= | | | link4= |
| | link5=[[Netherlands Language and Languages|Languages]] | | | link5=[[Netherlands Languages|Languages]] |
| }} | | }} |
| {{Click|Image:Netherlands_ORP.png|Netherlands Online Genealogy Records}}
| | == Netherlands Languages == |
| <br>
| | ===Word Lists=== |
| == Netherlands Language and Languages == | | This list summarizes what languages are used in different records. For word lists and help with using Dutch in genealogical records, see [[Dutch Genealogical Word List]] |
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| This list summarizes what languages are used in different records.
| | Click on the languages for a Word List: |
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| '''Dutch''': Used in Dutch Reformed Church records and [[Netherlands Civil Registration|Civil Registration]] after 1813. Used for any other government records. <br> '''Frisian''': May be used in place of Dutch in Friesland <br> '''Latin''': Used in Catholic Church records <br> '''German''': Used in Lutheran Church records <br> '''French''': Used in Wallonia Reformed Church records, and in pre-1813 Civil Registration <br> '''Portuguese''': Used in some Jewish records | | '''[[Dutch Genealogical Word List|Dutch]]''': Used in Dutch Reformed Church records and [[Netherlands Civil Registration|Civil Registration]] after 1813. Used for any other government records. In most of the country except Frisian it was the commonly spoken language. <br>'''Frisian''': This was the commonly spoken language in the province of Friesland and some neighbouring areas. Some records in those areas will use Frisian but more often Dutch will be used. <br>'''[[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]]''': Used in Catholic Church records <br>'''[[German Genealogical Word List|German]]''': Used in Lutheran Church records <br>'''[[French Genealogical Word List|French]]''': Used in Wallonia Reformed Church records, and in pre-1813 Civil Registration <br>'''[[Portuguese Genealogical Word List|Portuguese]]''': Used in some Sephardi Jewish records |
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| <br>
| | For word lists and the basic grammar needed for genealogical research using documents of these languages, click on the links for each language, which will bring a page on the wiki devoted to that language. |
| | ===Classes and Handouts=== |
| | ====Dutch==== |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|93|'''Reading Dutch Handwritten Records Lesson 1: The Dutch Alphabet'''}}. |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|94|'''Reading Dutch Handwritten Records Lesson 2: Dutch Words and Dates'''}}. |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|95|'''Reading Dutch Handwritten Records Lesson 3: Reading Dutch Records'''}}. |
| | *[[Media:1-NL Civil Registration Birth Records-Instruction.pdf|Reading Dutch Birth Records]] |
| | *[[Media:1-NL Marriage Records in Paragraph Format-Instruction.pdf|Reading Dutch Marriage Records]] |
| | *[[Media:1-NL Civil Registration Death Records-Instruction.pdf|Reading Dutch Death Records]] |
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| == Dutch Language == | | ====Latin==== |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists] |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists] |
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| Dutch (like English and German), is a Germanic language derived from Old Low Franconian and Old Saxon. <br>
| | ====German==== |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-1 Old German Script Part 1] |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-2 Old German Script Part 2] |
| | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-german-church-and-civil-records-part-3 Old German Script (German Church and Civil Records) Part 3] |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|38|'''Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 1: Kurrent Letters'''}} |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|39|'''Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 2: Making Words in Kurrent'''}} |
| | *{{LearningCenter2|40|'''Reading German Handwritten Records Lesson 3: Reading Kurrent Documents'''}}. In this lesson, you will explore several types of German genealogical records, including birth, baptismal, marriage, and death records. |
| | *[https://script.byu.edu/german-handwriting/introduction '''German Script Tutorial'''] |
| | This converter will show you how any phrase or name might look in German script: |
| | *[http://www.kurrentschrift.net/index.php?s=schreiben: Kurrentschrift Converter] (enter German genealogical word, click on "convert", view your word in Kurrentschrift (Gothic handwriting) |
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| Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium, the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean, and Suriname. Flemish, which is spoken in Belgium, is a major dialect (regional variation) of Dutch. It uses words similar to the words on this list. Afrikaans, a separate language spoken in South Africa, is descended from Dutch and preserves many older and dialect features of Dutch, but contains many German and English words as well . <br>Frisian, which is spoken in the Dutch province of Friesland, is a different language from Dutch. <br>The "Additional Resources" section below will tell you how to use the FamilySearch Catalog to find dictionaries of the various dialects and related languages.
| | ====French==== |
| | *Reading French Handwritten Records |
| | **[https://script.byu.edu/french-handwriting/alphabet/alphabet French Alphabet], |
| | **[https://script.byu.edu/french-handwriting/tools/genealogical-glossary Genealogical Glossary] |
| | *[https://cfhg-permanent-web-files.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Script/ExtractionGuides/French_Extraction_Guide/French+Records+Extraction+Guide-Full.pdf '''French Records Extraction Manual''']. The full manual or individual lesson chapters are downloadable from this webpage. A number of helpful lessons are available here, but the first five lessons are especially useful. |
| | **Chapter 1: Old Records |
| | **Chapter 2: Christening, Marriage, and Other Entries |
| | **Chapter 3: Marriage |
| | **Chapter 4: Other Entries |
| | **Chapter 5: French Handwriting and Spelling |
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| In addition, Dutch is found in some early records of the United States (mostly in New York, New Jersey, Michigan, and Iowa) and in South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Brazil and Taiwan.
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| === Language Characteristics ===
| | [[Category:Netherlands_Language_and_Handwriting]] |
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| Dutch, along with German, English, Frisian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Afrikaans, is a Germanic language. It is very closely related to the dialects of northern Germany known as [[Low German Language in German Research|Low German]]. Indeed, the traditional dialects along the Dutch-German border are virtually the same. You may want to read about the linguistic situation in the [[Languages in the Lower Rhine Area of Germany|lower Rhine]] area or about [[Spelling Variants in the Northern Rheinland|spelling variations]] there.
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| Dutch words for nouns (persons, places, and things) are classified as either common or neuter.
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| [[Spelling Variants in Dutch Documents|'''Variant Forms of Words''']]
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| In Dutch, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who—whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives the standard form of each Dutch word. As you read Dutch records, you will need to be aware that some words vary with usage.
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| The prefix '''''t''''' is equal to the Dutch word het, which means the. The prefix ''s-'' is a part of many place-names and means ''des ''(of the). All prefixes are disregarded in alphabetized lists, except in Flemish records.
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| The endings of words in a document may differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word ''jonger'', but you will find it in this word list as ''jong''. In addition, the suffixes ''-je, -tje,-tien'', or -''ke ''are often added to words to indicate "little." These suffixes can also indicate the feminine version of a name. Therefore, the word ''zoontje ''means "little" or "young (tje) son (zoon)." The ending -''sdr ''means "daughter of."
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| Plural forms of Dutch words usually add -''en ''or -''s ''to the singular word. Thus ''boer'' (farmer) becomes ''boeren'' (farmers), and ''tafel'' (table or index) becomes ''tafels'' (tables or indexes). Rarely, -''eren'' is added to form the plural. Examples: ''blad'' becomes ''bladeren'' (leaves [of a tree]), ''kind'' becomes ''kinderen'' (children).
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| In Dutch, many words are formed by joining two or more words. Very few of these compound words are included in this list. You will need to look up each part of the word separately. For example, ''geboortedag'' is a combination of two words, ''geboorte ''(birth) and ''dag'' (day).
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| ==== Alphabetical Order ====
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| In the Dutch language, the letter combination ij is considered a single letter. It has the same value as y, and it is usually alphabetized as if it were a y. Some Dutch dictionaries and indexes use the following alphabetical order:
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| a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, ij (or y), z
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| Some Dutch dictionaries alphabetize the letter ij under i then j. Just remember, when a name or town starts with the letter IJ, that you capitalize BOTH the I and the J. In the Netherlands the IJ or ij is ONE letter, not 2 and seeing that you can hardly split one letter when you capitalize it, you really have to capitalize the whole letter - IJ not Ij!
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| This word list follows the standard English alphabetical order. However, when working with alphabetized Dutch records, use the Dutch alphabetical order.
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| When the Dutch alphabetize names of places or surnames, prefixes such as ''van der, de, ''or ''ter ''are not considered in the alphabetization.
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| '''Example:'''
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| ten '''B'''rock
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| van der '''G'''raf
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| 's-'''G'''ravenhage
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| van '''H'''ijden
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| de '''J'''ong
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| van '''L'''eeuwen
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| ter '''P'''elkwijk
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| van '''IJ'''lst
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| 't '''Z'''andt
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| ==== Spelling ====
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| Spelling rules were not standardized in earlier centuries. Writers often failed to dot the ij, so that it looks like a y. The letter y was not used in older records. In Dutch, the following spelling variations are common.See the article [[Spelling Variants in Dutch Documents]]
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| y used for ij
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| g used for ch
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| d and t used interchangeably
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| j and i used interchangeably
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| Example:
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| echt spelled as egt
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| overlijden spelled as overlyden
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| Arie spelled as Arij
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| Marietje spelled as Marietie
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| === Additional Resources ===
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| The word list on this article includes only the words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Dutch-English dictionary. Several Dutch-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library. These are in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 439.31321.
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| The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:
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| ''Dutch-English, English-Dutch Van Goor Dictionary''. 's-Gravenhage: G. B. Van Goor, 1938. (FHL film 1183584 item 2.)
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| Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject search of the FamilySearch Catalog under DUTCH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES or in the Place search under NETHERLANDS - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES. These include dictionaries of various dialects and time periods.
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| <br> On the following Internet address [http://gtb.inl.nl/ Integrated Language Bank] you can find: a modern Dutch dictionary, old, early Middle Ages and later Middle Ages Dutch dictionaries and a Frisian dictionary.
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| <br> The [[Image:German Gothic Handwriting Guide.pdf|Gothic Handwriting Guide]]includes an example of the German (Gothic) alphabet in print and handwriting. Also go to [[Germany Handwriting]].
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| ''See the 3 FamilySearch Tutorials on ''[https://www.familysearch.org/learningcenter/results.html?fq=place%3A%22Netherlands%22 ''"Reading Dutch Written Records" '']
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| <br> ''Cassell’s English–Dutch Dutch–English Dictionary.'' 36th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1981. (FHL book 439.31321 Ca272.)
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| Stierp–Impink, A. C. ''Practisijns Woordenboekje, of Verzameling van Meest alle de Woorden in de Rechtskunde Gebruikelijk (Lawyer’s Dictionary, or List of Most Words Used in Legal Documents).'' Alkmaar: A. C. Stierp–Impink, 1985. (FHL book 949.2 P26s.) This legal dictionary, originally created in 1785, identifies words found in court, land, notarial, and guardianship records.
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| Verdam, J. ''Middelnederlandsch Handwoordenboek (Middle Dutch Dictionary).'' ’s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964. (FHL book 439.317 V582m; film 1045404 item 2.) This dictionary will help with most archaic words found in documents before 1811.
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| Additional language aids, including dictionaries of various dialects and time periods, are listed in the Place search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:
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| NETHERLANDS – LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
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| NETHERLANDS, [PROVINCE] – LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
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| or in the "Subject Search" under:
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| DUTCH LANGUAGE – DICTIONARIES
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| === Key Words ===
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| To find and use specific types of Dutch records, you will need to know some key words in Dutch. This section lists key genealogical terms in English and the Dutch words with the same or similar meanings.
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| For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriage. In the second column you will find Dutch words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined, and other words used in Dutch records to indicate marriage.
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| For a full word list, visit [[Dutch Genealogical Word List|Dutch Genealogical Word List]]
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| {| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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| |-
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| | '''English'''
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| | '''Dutch'''
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| |-
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| | baptism
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| | dopen, doop, gedoopt
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| |-
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| | birth
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| | geboren, geboorte
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| |-
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| | burial
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| | begraven, begraaf
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| |-
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| | Catholic
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| | rooms katholiek, oud katholiek
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| |-
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| | census
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| | volkstelling, bevolking
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| |-
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| | child, children
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| | kind, kinderen
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| |-
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| | christening (see baptism)
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| | <br>
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| |-
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| | civil registry
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| | burgerlijke stand
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| |-
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| | death
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| | overleden, overlijden, gestorven
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| |-
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| | father
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| | vader
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| |-
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| | husband
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| | echtgenoot, man
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| |-
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| | index
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| | tafel, klapper, fiche
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| |-
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| | Jewish
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| | joods
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| |-
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| | marriage(s)
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| | huwelijk(en), trouwen, echt, gehuwden, getrouwd
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| |-
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| | military
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| | militaire, landweer, krijgsmacht
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| |-
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| | month
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| | maand
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| |-
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| | mother
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| | moeder
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| |-
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| | name, given
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| | voornaam, eerste naam
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| |-
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| | name, surname
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| | achternaam, familienaam, bijnaam, toenaam
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| |-
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| | parents
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| | ouders
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| |-
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| | parish
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| | parochie, gemeente
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| |-
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| | Protestant
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| | protestant
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| |-
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| | supplement
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| | bijlage
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| |-
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| | town, village
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| | stad, gemeente, dorp
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| |-
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| | wife
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| | huisvrouw, vrouw, echtgenote
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| |-
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| | year
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| | jaar
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| |}
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| ==== Numbers ====
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| In some genealogical records, numbers are written out. This is especially true with dates. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and the ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) versions of each number. Days of the month are written in ordinal form.
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| {|
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| |-
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| | '''Cardinal'''
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| | '''Ordinal'''
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| |-
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| | 1
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| | een
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| | 1st
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| | eerste
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| |-
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| | 2
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| | twee
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| | 2nd
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| | tweede
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| |-
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| | 3
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| | drie
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| | 3rd
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| | derde
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| |-
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| | 4
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| | vier
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| | 4th
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| | vierde
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| |-
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| | 5
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| | vijf
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| | 5th
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| | vijfde
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| |-
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| | 6
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| | zes
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| | 6th
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| | zesde
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| |-
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| | 7
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| | zeven
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| | 7th
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| | zevende
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| |-
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| | 8
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| | acht
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| | 8th
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| | achtste
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| |-
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| | 9
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| | negen
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| | 9th
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| | negende
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| |-
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| | 10
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| | tien
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| | 10th
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| | tiende
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| |-
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| | 11
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| | elf
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| | 11th
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| | elfde
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| |-
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| | 12
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| | twaalf
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| | 12th
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| | twaalfde
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| |-
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| | 13
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| | dertien
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| | 13th
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| | dertiende
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| |-
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| | 14
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| | veertien
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| | 14th
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| | veertiende
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| |-
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| | 15
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| | vijftien
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| | 15th
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| | vijftiende
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| |-
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| | 16
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| | zestien
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| | 16th
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| | zestiende
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| |-
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| | 17
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| | zeventien
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| | 17th
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| | zeventiende
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| |-
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| | 18
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| | achttien
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| | 18th
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| | achttiende
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| |-
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| | 19
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| | negentie
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| | 19th
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| | negentiende
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| |-
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| | 20
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| | twintig
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| | 20th
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| | twintigste
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| |-
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| | 21
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| | eenentwintig
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| | 21st
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| | eenentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 22
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| | tweeëntwintig
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| | 22th
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| | tweeëntwintigste
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| |-
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| | 23
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| | drieentwintig
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| | 23th
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| | drieentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 24
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| | vierentwintig
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| | 24th
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| | vierentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 25
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| | vijfentwintig
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| | 25th
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| | vijfentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 26
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| | zesentwintig
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| | 26th
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| | zesentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 27
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| | zevenentwintig
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| | 27th
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| | zevenentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 28
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| | achtentwintig
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| | 28th
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| | achtentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 29
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| | negenentwintig
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| | 29th
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| | negenentwintigste
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| |-
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| | 30
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| | dertig
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| | 30th
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| | dertigste
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| |-
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| | 31
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| | eenendertig
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| | 31th
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| | eenendertigste
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| |-
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| | 40
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| | veertig
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| | 40th
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| | veertigste
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| |-
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| | 50
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| | vijftig
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| | 50th
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| | vijftigste
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| |-
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| | 60
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| | zestig
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| | 60th
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| | zestigste
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| |-
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| | 70
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| | zeventig
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| | 70th
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| | zevenstigte
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| |-
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| | 80
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| | tachtig
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| | 80th
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| | tachtigste
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| |-
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| | 90
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| | negentig
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| | 90th
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| | negentigste
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| |-
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| | 100
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| | honderd
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| | 100th
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| | honderdste
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| |-
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| | 101
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| | honderd(en)een
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| | 101st
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| | honderd(en)eerste
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| |-
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| | 200
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| | tweehonderd
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| | 200th
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| | tweehonderdste
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| |-
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| | 1000
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| | duizend
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| | 1000th
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| | duizendste
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| |}
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| ==== Dates and Time ====
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| In Dutch records, dates are often written out. For example:
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| Donderdag, drie en twintig maart in het jaar van onse heer een duizend acht hondert en zesendertig [Thursday, three and twenty March in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and six and thirty].
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| To understand Dutch dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.
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| ===== Months =====
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| {|
| |
| |-
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| | '''English'''
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| | '''Dutch'''
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| | '''Archaic Form'''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| | January
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| | Januari
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| | louwmaand
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| | tanning month
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| |-
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| | February
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| | Februari
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| | sprokkelmaand
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| | wood-gathering month
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| |-
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| | March
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| | Maart
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| | lentemaand
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| | spring month
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| |-
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| | April
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| | April
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| | grasmaand
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| | grass month
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| |-
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| | May
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| | Mei
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| | bloeimaand
| |
| | blossom month
| |
| |-
| |
| | June
| |
| | Juni
| |
| | zomermaand
| |
| | summer month
| |
| |-
| |
| | July
| |
| | Juli
| |
| | hooimaand
| |
| | hay month
| |
| |-
| |
| | August
| |
| | Augustus
| |
| | oogstmaand
| |
| | harvest month
| |
| |-
| |
| | September
| |
| | September (7ber)
| |
| | herfstmaand
| |
| | autumn month
| |
| |-
| |
| | October
| |
| | October (8ber)
| |
| | wijnmaand
| |
| | wine month
| |
| |-
| |
| | November
| |
| | November (9ber)
| |
| | slachtmaand
| |
| | slaughter month
| |
| |-
| |
| | December
| |
| | December (10ber)
| |
| | wintermaand
| |
| | winter month
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===== Days of the Week =====
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''English'''
| |
| | '''Dutch'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | Sunday
| |
| | Sondag
| |
| |-
| |
| | Monday
| |
| | Maandag
| |
| |-
| |
| | Tuesday
| |
| | Dinsdag
| |
| |-
| |
| | Wednesday
| |
| | Woensdag
| |
| |-
| |
| | Thursday
| |
| | Donderdag
| |
| |-
| |
| | Friday
| |
| | Vrijdag
| |
| |-
| |
| | Saturday
| |
| | Zaterdag
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===== Times of the Day =====
| |
| | |
| Dutch birth and death records often indicated the time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Dutch'''
| |
| | '''English'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | des avonds ('s avonds)
| |
| | in the evening
| |
| |-
| |
| | des middags ('s middags)
| |
| | in the afternoon
| |
| |-
| |
| | des morgens ('s morgens)
| |
| | in the morning
| |
| |-
| |
| | des nachts ('s nachts)
| |
| | in the night
| |
| |-
| |
| | in de namiddag
| |
| | in the mid-afternoon
| |
| |-
| |
| | in de voormiddag
| |
| | in the mid-morning
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Other languages ==
| |
| | |
| The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Dutch, [[French Wordlist|French]], [[German Word List|German]], [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]], and [[Portuguese Genealogical Word List|Portuguese]]. The Dutch Word list is found below at the end of this article.
| |
| | |
| The [[Image:German Gothic Handwriting Guide.pdf|Gothic Handwriting Guide]]includes an example of the German (Gothic) alphabet in print and handwriting. Also go to [[Germany Handwriting]].
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Netherlands_Language_and_Handwriting]] [[Category:Word_List]] | |
