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''[[Hiring a Professional Researcher|Hiring a Professional Researcher]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png|go to]]  [[Hiring_a_DNA_Testing_Company|Hiring a DNA Testing Company]]''
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==Hiring a DNA Testing Company==
DNA testing has become an accepted tool for identifying ancestors and for verifying genealogical leads. It is also used frequently to learn about our deep ancestry. Testing your family DNA sometimes results in finding cousins who may have more genealogical information than you.  
DNA testing has become an accepted tool for identifying ancestors and for verifying genealogical leads. It is also used frequently to learn about our deep ancestry. Testing your family DNA sometimes results in finding cousins who may have more genealogical information than you.  
== Disclaimer  ==
'''Neither The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints nor FamilySearch International is associated in any way with any DNA study. As a non-profit organization, FamilySearch cannot recommend a specific DNA-testing company to you.'''


== What is DNA? ==
== DNA Testing Companies ==
To better understand DNA testing it is helpful to have a basic understanding of how DNA is inherited. [http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/ Click here to learn more about how DNA works] .
 
DNA  is based on the 46 chromosomes that every human being has (with few exceptions). The sex-determining chromosomes are X from the mother and either X or Y from the father.  If X from the father, the child is female (XX) and if Y from the father the child is male (XY). The Y-chromosome can be traced from father to son to son and so on.
 
In addition, each human being carries a genetic molecule in their cells called the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This genetic component is found in organelles called mitochondria, which produce energy for the hosting cell. mtDNA is inherited exclusively along the mother side. Both males and females carry mtDNA, but only women will pass their mtDNA to their children. Both mtDNA and Y DNA can go back hundreds of years, because of their slow mutation rate. They can be used to help verify or find direct maternal or paternal lines.
 
Autosomal DNA is the DNA found on the rest of your 44 chromosomes. It is a mix of all your ancestor lines not just your direct maternal or paternal line. Autosomal usually shows about 6-7 generations back. 
 
[[Image:DNA Double Helix.png|right|300px|DNA Double Helix.png]]
 
== Getting Started with DNA Testing ==
 
CeCe Moore's "DNA Testing for Genealogy - Getting Started" series is a great place for beginners. It is also great for helping to decide which type of DNA test to do. Read her posts at the Geni blog:
 
*[http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-one-375984.html Part 1]
*[http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-two-376163.html Part 2]
*[http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-three-376261.html Part 3]
*[http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-four-376433.html Part 4]<ref>Dick Eastman, "Getting Started in Genetic Genealogy Part #4," ''Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter,'' 11 August 2012, http://blog.eogn.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/2012/08/getting-started-in-genetic-genealogy-part-4.html.</ref>
 
== Y-DNA Testing  ==
 
Information stored in the Y chromosome (Ycs) passes virtually unchanged from father-to-son for centuries. Analysis of this genetic information, found in living people, can help you determine whether you share a common paternal ancestor with another person alive today. Based on the number of genetic markers shared on the Ycs with another person, you can also estimate how many generations in the past your common paternal ancestor lived. This is called Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) and it is based on a mutation rate calculated on many thousands of father/son pairs. Ycs testing can help in verifying a common paternal ancestor, or learn about the origin of a particular surname. Additionally, each Ycs can be predicted into a specific branch of the large Ycs tree based on the set of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) tested by many companies and using an [http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/ online predictor], or it can be accurately assigned to one of these branches through the test of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)&nbsp;(see the Ycs&nbsp;[http://isogg.org/tree/index.html ISOGG]&nbsp;tree).
 
Note: Only males carry the Ycs, but a woman can have a male relative tested in her stead to obtain such information.
 
== MTDNA Testing  ==
 
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small circular genetic molecule found outside the nucleus in organelles called mitochondria. It is inherited exclusively from our mothers and it follows an unbroken maternal line. MtDNA is helpful in verifying the existence of a common maternal ancestor or to study the ancient origins of our maternal line. MtDNA lineages can be grouped together in a large [http://www.phylotree.org/ mtDNA tree]. Each branch of this tree may have a specific geographic distribution that might help someone locate the country or region of origin of their maternal line.
 
MtDNA testing can be done for a small section of the genome called the control region (which usually include the segments HVR1, 2 and/or 3), or for the full molecule (16569 bases). [http://www.familytreedna.com/mt-dna-compare.aspx Family Tree DNA] is currently the only commercial laboratory offering the complete mtDNA sequence to its customers.
 
Note: Although mtDNA is inherited exclusively along the maternal side, both males and females carry it. Only females will pass it on to their children. ISOGG has a useful diagram which shows the [http://www.isogg.org/mtdnapath.htm path of mtDNA transmission].


== Autosomal DNA Testing  ==
The main five main companies for genetic genealogy are [[23andme in Genealogy Research|23andme]], [[Ancestry DNA in Genealogy Research|Ancestry]], [[FamilyTreeDNA in Genealogy Research|FamilyTreeDNA]], [[Living DNA in Genealogy Research|LivingDNA]], and [[MyHeritage DNA in Genealogy Research|MyHeritage]]. All five of these companies sell DNA kits, predict your ethnicity results, generate a list of your genetic relatives who are also in the database, tell you the amount of centimorgans you share with each match, and predict the relationship between the two of you, let you see lists of people who match you and someone else on your match list, let you add your family tree, and allow you to download your raw data. All of them use a microarray to test between 620,000-665,000 SNPs and all have a base price on their basic autosomal DNA test between $79 and $99. All five companies are highly reputable and will do a great job if you choose to buy a DNA test from them.


Autosomal DNA is the DNA found in the 22 pairs of nuclear chromosomes. They are shuffled at each generation and only half of it is passed to our offspring. It does not follow a clear and straight path of inheritance as the Ycs and mtDNA described above. However, current testing provides a survey of one million or more sites on a person nuclear genome. This information is helpful in identifying recent cousins within the last five generations, or the ethnic origins of our family tree. Companies like [http://23andme.com/ 23andMe], [http://www.familytreedna.com/family-finder-compare.aspx Family Tree DNA], and [http://dna.ancestry.com/ Ancestry] all offer autosomal testing for genealogical purposes. [http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/ngs/browse/productDetail.jsp?productId=2001246&gsk The Genographic Project] recently launched an autosomal test that offers insights into our deep ancestry. These tests offer a lot of information about our DNA and they may be difficult to understand. Each company offering such tests has numerous tutorials and aids on their website to assist with the interpretation of such results.&nbsp;
In addition to these five companies, [[GEDmatch in Genealogy Research|GedMatch]] is also a key genetic database. GedMatch, however, does not sell DNA kits, you must buy a kit from another company and then upload your DNA raw data file into GedMatch.


ISOGG's [http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_testing_comparison_chart "Autosomal DNA testing comparison chart"] provides useful information for selecting a company to process your atDNA.  
If you are looking for someone you gave up for adoption, it is important to get your DNA in all the databases. That way you have the best possible chance of finding the one person you are looking for.


== DNA Testing Companies ==
== Comparison Table of the Five Main DNA Testing Companies ==


Some major commercial DNA testing companies are listed below in alphabetical order. Please visit their websites to learn more about their services:
The following is a table comparing the main features of the five main DNA testing companies. To see the full table please refer to the ISOGG wiki page [https://isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_testing_comparison_chart Autosomal DNA testing comparison chart.]


[https://www.23andme.com/ 23 and Me]
{| class="wikitable"
* Autosomal (with paternal and maternal Haplogroup assignment)
|+ Comparison of the Five Main DNA Testing Companies
|-
! !! [[23andme in Genealogy Research|23andme]] !! [[FamilyTreeDNA in Genealogy Research|FamilyTreeDNA]] !! [[Ancestry DNA in Genealogy Research|Ancestry]] !! [[MyHeritage DNA in Genealogy Research|MyHeritage]] !! [[Living DNA in Genealogy Research|LivingDNA]]
|-
| Website || www.23andme.com || wwww.familytreedna.com || www.dna.ancestry.com || www.myheritagedna.com || www.livingdna.com
|-
| People in Database <br> (13 August 2023) || 14,000,000 || 1,574,253 || 23,000,000 || 7,200,000 || 300,000
|-
| Comments on Database|| Mainly Americans || Mixture of Americans and Europeans || Mainly Americans || Bestselling DNA test in Europe|| Mainly British People
|-
| Base Price || $99 || $79 || $99 || $89 <br> (frequently on sale for $49) || $79
|-
| Shipping || $9.95 || $9.95 || $9.95 || $5 || $9.95
|-
| Free Return Shipping || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes
|-
| Uploads Allowed from Other Companies || No || Yes || No || Yes || Yes
|-
| Cost to Get all Features from Uploaded DNA || NA || $19 (Sale price $9-10) || NA || $20 || $20
|-
| Method || Spit tube || Cheek Swab || Spit Tube || Cheek Swab || Cheek Swab
|-
| Chromosome Browser || Yes (Disabled as of October 20th, 2023) || Yes || No || Yes || Yes
|-
| Matching X DNA Reported || Yes (Disabled as of October 20th, 2023) || Yes || No || No || No
|-
| Means of Contacting Matches || Internal messaging system || Emails provided || Internal messaging system || Internal messaging system || Internal messaging system
|-
| Response Rate || Low || Medium || Low || Medium || Medium
|-
| Autosomal SNPs Tested || 630,312 || 612,272 || 637,639 || 576,157 || 683,503
|-
| Y chromosome SNPs Tested || 3733 || 0 || 1691 || 3495 || 34,216
|-
| X chromosome SNPs Tested || 16,530 || 16,271 || 28,892 + 440 from the PAR region || 26,694 || 15,028
|-
| Mitochondrial SNPs Tested || 4318 || 179 || 263 || 0 || 3982
|-
| Special features || Neanderthal Ancestry, Y and mtDNA haplogroups || Y-DNA and mtDNA specialized tests || Thrulines || Theories of Relativity <br> DNA clusters || High resolution ethnicity estimates for the UK
|-
|}


* Ability to connect with people who are DNA matches
== Public DNA Databases ==
[https://www.ancestry.com/dna AncestryDNA]
* Autosomal
* Ability to connect with people who are DNA matches
[http://dnaconsultants.com/ DNA Consulting]
* STR markers (form of autosomal)
* Y-DNA (25 markers)
* mtDNA
[https://www.familytreedna.com/ FamilyTree DNA]
* Autosomal
* mtDNA (with maternal Haplogroup)
* Y-DNA (37 markers through 111 markers with paternal Haplogroup)
* Ability to connect with people who are DNA matches
[https://www.myheritage.com/dna MyHeritage]
* Autosomal
* Ability to connect with people who are DNA matches
[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/ Oxford Ancestors]
* mtDNA (with maternal Haplogroup)
* Y-DNA (26 markers with paternal Haplogroup)
* Ability to connect with people who are DNA matches


== Public DNA Databases ==
Public DNA Databases do not sell DNA kits, but do allow uploads from the other companies. Here is a list of some of them.


*[http://www.ysearch.org/ YSearch]: Ycs data only.
*[https://DNAGedcom.com DNAGedcom.com]  
*[http://www.yhrd.org/ YHRD]: Forensic database for Ycs.
*[http://www.gedmatch.com/ Gedmatch] - Autosomal raw data only
*[http://www.genebase.com/ GeneBase]  
*[http://www.genebase.com/ GeneBase]  
*[http://www.mitosearch.org/ Mitosearch:] mtDNA data only.
*[https://mitoYDNA.org mitoYDNA.org] - Crowdsourced Y and mitochondrial databases
*[http://www.mtdnacommunity.org mtDNACommunity]; a database for full mitochodnrial sequence results&nbsp;
*[http://www.yhrd.org/ YHRD] - Y-Chromosome STR haplotype reference database
*[http://www.smgf.org/ Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation] (formerly sponsored by Brigham Young University). SMGF was acquired by [http://www.ancestry.com/ Ancestry]. The data is not currently publicly available.
*[http://www.gedmatch.com/ Gedmatch]: autosomal raw data only. Winner of FGS 2014 Technology Advances Award.
 
== Genetic Genealogy Standards ==


In 2014, a group of expert DNA genealogists developed a set of standards to help people accurately interpret their DNA test results. The standards are available on the group's [http://www.geneticgenealogystandards.com/ website].
=== Defunct Public DNA Databases ===
*[http://www.mitosearch.org/ Mitosearch] - Site closed in May 2018 over concerns their data was not compliant with the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
*[http://www.mtdnacommunity.org mtDNACommunity] - As of August 2020 the site is down, but you may be able to contact them at [mailto:info@mtDNACommuity.org info@mtDNACommuity.org]
*[http://www.smgf.org/ Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SNGF)] - Formerly sponsored by Brigham Young University, SMGF was acquired by [http://www.ancestry.com/ Ancestry]. The data is not publicly available.


== Result Analysis  ==
== Result Analysis  ==
Line 90: Line 88:


== DNA Projects  ==
== DNA Projects  ==
Thousands of DNA Projects, usually focused on a particular surname, location, or ethnicity, are active around the world.  A listing of geographical projects can be found in the [http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Geographical_DNA_projects ISOGG Wiki].


Thousands of DNA Projects, usually focused on a particular surname, location, or ethnicity, are active around the world. To determine if a DNA project is underway for your ancestor's surname, start with [http://www.worldfamilies.net/ World Families Network]. A listing of geographical projects can be found in the [http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Geographical_DNA_projects ISOGG Wiki].
A list of the over 11,000 FamilyTree DNA projects can be found on their [https://www.familytreedna.com/group-project-search FamilyTreeDNA Group Projects] page.
 
=== Adoption-Specific Projects ===
Other DNA projects can be found on the Internet by using a search engine, such as Google, with the words "Genealogy DNA". Contact each organization for additional information.
These projects have created with the specific purpose of helping adoptees find their biological families.
 
*[https://dnaadoption.org/ DNAAdoption]
Examples of individual projects include:
*Mixed Roots Foundation [https://mixedrootsfoundation.org/programs/global-adoptee-genealogy-project/ Global Adoptee Genealogy Project (GAGP)]
 
*[http://groups.ancestry.com/group/35403972 Britton International DNA&nbsp;Project at Ancestry]
*[http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/britton/ Britton International DNA Project] - main website
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/CruwysDNA Cruse/Cruwys DNA Project]
*[http://blog.eogn.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/2012/05/mixed-roots-foundation-announces-first-ever-global-adoptee-genealogy-project-gagp.html Global Adoptee Genealogy Project]  
*[http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/harrison Harrison DNA&nbsp;Project]
*[http://www.kerchner.com/dna-info.htm Kerchner DNA Testing and Genetic Genealogy]
*[http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/kevan Kevan DNA Project ]
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/newmexicoDNA/ New Mexico DNA&nbsp;Project]
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/spencer/default.aspx Spencer DNA&nbsp;Project]
*[http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/biggs Biggs DNA Project]
 
== DNA in the news  ==
 
*[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/29/dna-genealogy-companies-help-adoptees-find-their-r/?page=all#pagebreak DNA genealogy companies help adoptees find their roots] by Cheryl Wetzstein (''The Washington Times,'' 29 December 2014).  
*[http://voice.fgs.org/2014/11/fgs-2014-awards-inaugural-technology.html FGS 2014 Awards: The Inaugural Technology Advances Award Recipient:GEDmatch] by Paula Stuart-Warren (''FGS Voice,'' 21 November 2014).
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/04/richard-iii-dna-bones-king Richard III: DNA confirms twisted bones belong to King] by Maev Kennedy (''The Guardian'', 4 February 2013).
*[http://www.josephsmithdna.com/molecular-genealogy.html Some articles on DNA and genealogy].
*[http://blog.eogn.com/?s=DNA DNA blog posts] at EOGN.com
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/us/with-dna-testing-adoptees-find-a-way-to-connect-with-family.html With DNA Testing, Suddenly They Are Family] by Rachel L. Swarns (''New York Times'', 23 January 2012). Discusses DNA tests for adopted people.
*[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700150651/DNA-solves-a-Joseph-Smith-mystery.html DNA solves a Joseph Smith mystery] by Michael De Groote (''Deseret News'', 9 July 2011)
*[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700249298/DNA-shows-Joseph-Smith-was-Irish.html DNA shows Joseph Smith was Irish] by Michael De Groote (''Deseret News'', 8 August 2011)
*[http://www.theroot.com/views/tracing-dna-not-just-africa-one-tribe Pinpointing DNA Ancestry in Africa] by Linda Heywood, Ph.D. and John Thornton, Ph.D. (''The Root'', 1 October 2011)  
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/14/fashion/14spit.html When in Doubt, Spit It Out] by Allen Salkin (''New York Times'', 12 September 2008). DNA testing parties.
*[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600129402/Sorenson-compiling-huge-DNA-database.html Sorenson compiling huge DNA database] by George Anders (''Wall Street Journal'', 27 April 2005)


== Websites  ==
== Websites  ==
Line 127: Line 101:


*[http://www.isogg.org/ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)]. Site includes newsletters, a DNA [http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Wiki_Welcome_Page Wiki], [http://www.isogg.org/tree/ Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree], list of DNA consultants for hire, list of DNA speakers, DNA signatures of famous people, project listings and much more. To ask questions and read news, visit their [https://www.facebook.com/groups/isogg/ Facebook page].<br>  
*[http://www.isogg.org/ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)]. Site includes newsletters, a DNA [http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Wiki_Welcome_Page Wiki], [http://www.isogg.org/tree/ Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree], list of DNA consultants for hire, list of DNA speakers, DNA signatures of famous people, project listings and much more. To ask questions and read news, visit their [https://www.facebook.com/groups/isogg/ Facebook page].<br>  
*[http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/index/GENEALOGY-DNA/ Genealogy DNA Mailing List (RootsWeb)]. Active conversations about genetic genealogy.  
*[https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/genealogy-dna.rootsweb.com/2019/1/ Genealogy DNA Mailing List (RootsWeb)]. Active conversations about genetic genealogy.  
*[http://www.dnaandfamilyhistory.com/ Chris Pomery: DNA&nbsp;&amp; Family History]. Online resources include DNA talks, books, papers, articles, blogs, presentations, podcasts, and websites by an expert in the field.  
*[http://www.dnaandfamilyhistory.com/ Chris Pomery: DNA &amp; Family History]. Online resources include DNA talks, books, papers, articles, blogs, presentations, podcasts, and websites by an expert in the field.  
*[http://www.jogg.info/ Journal of Genetic Genealogy]. Free articles from leading scholars in the field.  
*[http://www.jogg.info/ Journal of Genetic Genealogy]. Free articles from leading scholars in the field.  
*[http://www.geneticgenealogyconsultant.com Genetic Genealogy Consultant]. Free tutorials and resources for understanding DNA results within a genealogical and ancestral context.  
*[http://www.geneticgenealogyconsultant.com Genetic Genealogy Consultant]. Free tutorials and resources for understanding DNA results within a genealogical and ancestral context.  
*[http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/ Your Genetic Genealogist]. This Blog strives to make the subject of genetic genealogy accessible and understandable for the non-scientist. Written by CeCe Moore, a professional genetic genealogist and experienced personal genomics consumer.  
*[http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/ Your Genetic Genealogist]. This Blog strives to make the subject of genetic genealogy accessible and understandable for the non-scientist. Written by CeCe Moore, a professional genetic genealogist and experienced personal genomics consumer.  
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/03guillaume/ Autosomal DNA Facebook group]. Great place to learn more about your autosomal DNA results.
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/03guillaume/ Autosomal DNA Facebook group]. Great place to learn more about your autosomal DNA results.
== References  ==
<references />
== Disclaimer  ==
''Neither The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints nor FamilySearch is associated in any way with any DNA studies. As a non-profit organization, FamilySearch cannot recommend a specific DNA-testing company to you''.
{{featured article}}


[[Category:Genetic_Research]]
[[Category:Genetic_Research]]

Latest revision as of 11:58, 15 December 2023

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Hiring a DNA Testing Company

DNA testing has become an accepted tool for identifying ancestors and for verifying genealogical leads. It is also used frequently to learn about our deep ancestry. Testing your family DNA sometimes results in finding cousins who may have more genealogical information than you.

Disclaimer

Neither The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints nor FamilySearch International is associated in any way with any DNA study. As a non-profit organization, FamilySearch cannot recommend a specific DNA-testing company to you.

DNA Testing Companies

The main five main companies for genetic genealogy are 23andme, Ancestry, FamilyTreeDNA, LivingDNA, and MyHeritage. All five of these companies sell DNA kits, predict your ethnicity results, generate a list of your genetic relatives who are also in the database, tell you the amount of centimorgans you share with each match, and predict the relationship between the two of you, let you see lists of people who match you and someone else on your match list, let you add your family tree, and allow you to download your raw data. All of them use a microarray to test between 620,000-665,000 SNPs and all have a base price on their basic autosomal DNA test between $79 and $99. All five companies are highly reputable and will do a great job if you choose to buy a DNA test from them.

In addition to these five companies, GedMatch is also a key genetic database. GedMatch, however, does not sell DNA kits, you must buy a kit from another company and then upload your DNA raw data file into GedMatch.

If you are looking for someone you gave up for adoption, it is important to get your DNA in all the databases. That way you have the best possible chance of finding the one person you are looking for.

Comparison Table of the Five Main DNA Testing Companies

The following is a table comparing the main features of the five main DNA testing companies. To see the full table please refer to the ISOGG wiki page Autosomal DNA testing comparison chart.

Comparison of the Five Main DNA Testing Companies
23andme FamilyTreeDNA Ancestry MyHeritage LivingDNA
Website www.23andme.com wwww.familytreedna.com www.dna.ancestry.com www.myheritagedna.com www.livingdna.com
People in Database
(13 August 2023)		 14,000,000 1,574,253 23,000,000 7,200,000 300,000
Comments on Database Mainly Americans Mixture of Americans and Europeans Mainly Americans Bestselling DNA test in Europe Mainly British People
Base Price $99 $79 $99 $89
(frequently on sale for $49)		 $79
Shipping $9.95 $9.95 $9.95 $5 $9.95
Free Return Shipping Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Uploads Allowed from Other Companies No Yes No Yes Yes
Cost to Get all Features from Uploaded DNA NA $19 (Sale price $9-10) NA $20 $20
Method Spit tube Cheek Swab Spit Tube Cheek Swab Cheek Swab
Chromosome Browser Yes (Disabled as of October 20th, 2023) Yes No Yes Yes
Matching X DNA Reported Yes (Disabled as of October 20th, 2023) Yes No No No
Means of Contacting Matches Internal messaging system Emails provided Internal messaging system Internal messaging system Internal messaging system
Response Rate Low Medium Low Medium Medium
Autosomal SNPs Tested 630,312 612,272 637,639 576,157 683,503
Y chromosome SNPs Tested 3733 0 1691 3495 34,216
X chromosome SNPs Tested 16,530 16,271 28,892 + 440 from the PAR region 26,694 15,028
Mitochondrial SNPs Tested 4318 179 263 0 3982
Special features Neanderthal Ancestry, Y and mtDNA haplogroups Y-DNA and mtDNA specialized tests Thrulines Theories of Relativity
DNA clusters		 High resolution ethnicity estimates for the UK

Public DNA Databases

Public DNA Databases do not sell DNA kits, but do allow uploads from the other companies. Here is a list of some of them.

Defunct Public DNA Databases

Result Analysis

Organizations, such as The Genetic Genealogist, The Genetic Genealogy Consultant, and Your Genetic Genealogist provide services to help you interpret your DNA results and get the most out of what they can tell you about your roots.

DNA Projects

Thousands of DNA Projects, usually focused on a particular surname, location, or ethnicity, are active around the world. A listing of geographical projects can be found in the ISOGG Wiki.

A list of the over 11,000 FamilyTree DNA projects can be found on their FamilyTreeDNA Group Projects page.

Adoption-Specific Projects

These projects have created with the specific purpose of helping adoptees find their biological families.

Websites

 Wikipedia has more about this subject: Genetic genealogy
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