Polish Genealogical Word List: Difference between revisions

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The [[Media:WL_Poland.pdf|Polish Genealogical Word List]] contains Polish words and their English translations for many words that are found in documents used to research Polish ancestors. If the word (or some form of it) you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. See the [[Poland Genealogical Word List#Additional_Resources|Additional Resources]] section below.  
== Introduction ==
The [[Media:WL Poland.pdf|Polish Genealogical Word List]] contains Polish words and their English translations for many words that are found in documents used to research Polish ancestors. If the word (or some form of it) you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. See the [[Poland Genealogical Word List#Additional_Resources|Additional Resources]] section below.  


Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech.. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.  
Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.  


*In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.  
*In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.  
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=== Language Aids  ===
=== Language Aids  ===


The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:  
The FamilySearch Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:  
 
Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FS Library book 491.85321 K847e.)
 
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FS Library book 491.85321P751p.)


Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FHL book 491.85321 K847e.)  
[https://sjp.pwn.pl/ SŁOWNIK JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO -- Polish language dictionary (online)]


Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FHL book 491.85321P751p.)  
[https://wsjp.pl/index.php?pwh=0 Wielki słownik języka polskiego - polish dictionary (online)] **must use diacritics!**


Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:  
Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:  


Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to&nbsp;the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at&nbsp;[http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA# Google Books: A Translation Guide to 19th-century Polish-language Civil Registration].  
Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at [http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA# Google Books: A Translation Guide to 19th-century Polish-language Civil Registration].  


To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use: [Http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&amp;pg=PA154&amp;lpg=PA books.google.de/books]  
To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use: [Http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&amp;pg=PA154&amp;lpg=PA books.google.de/books]  


Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 D27.)  
Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 D27.)  


The Polish Genealogical Word List published by the Family History Library is available at [http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp FamilySearch:Research Helps].
Learning: Polish Language, Common Word Translations is [https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~atpc/genealogy/learn/tools/commonwords.html available online].
 
Learning:&nbsp;Polish Language, Common Word Translations is [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~atpc/learn/tools/commonwords.html available online].  


=== Language Characteristics  ===
=== Language Characteristics  ===
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umarła-- she died  
umarła-- she died  
 
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umarło-- it [the child] died  
umarło-- it [the child] died  


==== Variant Forms of Words  ====
==== Variant Forms of Words  ====


In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries- married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.  
In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries-married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.  


The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).  
The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).  
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-y or -i (feminine) -ej  
-y or -i (feminine) -ej  
 
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-ów (plural) -ich or -ych  
-ów (plural) -ich or -ych  


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| żony=wives
| żony=wives
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=== Polish Grammar===
The Polish language is highly inflective. This means that words may have different grammatical endings, depending on their usage. Personal names and name of places, like other words, are inflected. Polish has six grammatical inflections, called cases, only four of which are commonly encountered in Napoleonic records.
#'''Nominative case:''' This is the standard, non-inflected form as would be used on genealogical forms or as would be found on a map.
#'''Genitive case:''' This is the possessive case, meaning “of.” Example: John’s child, the child of John. Generally, it is an –''a'' ending on male names and a –''y'' ending on female names.
#'''Instrumental case:''' this case is most often used with the preposition ''między'', meaning “with.” It is commonly seen in marriage records. Generally, it is an –''m'' ending on male names and an –''a'' ending on female names.
#'''Prepositional case:''' This case is most often used with place names, especially in connection with the preposition ''w'', meaning “in.” There are many different prepositional endings, depending on the nature of the standard nominative ending of the place name. It is best to check a gazetteer or map to determine the nominative form.
<br>
For more detailed information about Polish grammar and additional examples of Polish grammar in genealogical documents, see the [[Media:Polish Paleography Seminar FHL 2019.pdf| '''Polish Paleography Seminar Handout - Grammar overview''']].


=== Additional Resources  ===
=== Additional Resources  ===


This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]].  
This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the FamilySearch Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]].  


The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:  
The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in FamilySearch Centers:  


Stanisławski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.''&nbsp; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FHL film 1,045,473, item 1)  
Stanisławski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.'' Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FS Library film 1,045,473, item 1)  


Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under:  
Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under:  
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Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:  
Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:  


POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES  
POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES


=== Key Words  ===
== Key Words  ==


To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.  
To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.  
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|-
|-
| birth  
| birth  
| urodzin, urodzony, urodzi,ł sie zrodzony
| urodzin, urodzony, urodził się, zrodzony
|-
|-
| burial  
| burial  
| pochowanie, pogrzeb
| pochówek, pochowanie, pogrzeb
|-
|-
| Catholic  
| Catholic  
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|-
|-
| death(s)  
| death(s)  
| zgon(ów), zejść, umarł , zmarł , śmierci
| zgon(ów), zejść, umarł, zmarł, śmierci
|-
|-
| father  
| father  
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|-
|-
| husband  
| husband  
| mąz, małżonek
| mąż, małżonek
|-
|-
| index  
| index  
| indeks, skorowidz, register, spis
| indeks, skorowidz, rejestr, spis
|-
|-
| Jewish  
| Jewish  
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|-
|-
| marriage  
| marriage  
| małżenstw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
| małżeństw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
|-
|-
| marriage banns  
| marriage banns  
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|-
|-
| wife  
| wife  
| żona, malłżonka, zamena, kobieżta
| żona, małżonka, zamężna, kobieta
|-
|-
| year  
| year  
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<br>  
<br>


=== Numbers  ===
== Numbers  ==


In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. In dates, ordinal numbers usually end with '''''-ego''''', for example:  
In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. Because dates are formed using the genitive case, ordinal numbers usually end with '''''-ego''''', for example:  


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| pierwszy  
| pierwszy  
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| <br>  
| <br>  
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| <br>  
| <br>  
| '''Ordinal'''
| '''Ordinal'''
| '''Ordinal in genitive case'''
|-
|-
| align="right" | 1 <br>2 <br>3 <br>4 <br>5 <br>6 <br>7 <br>8 <br>9 <br>10 <br>11 <br>12 <br>13 <br>14 <br>15 <br>16 <br>17 <br>18 <br>19 <br>20 <br>21 <br>22 <br>23 <br>24 <br>25 <br>26 <br>27 <br>28 <br>29 <br>30 <br>40 <br>50 <br>60 <br>70 <br>80 <br>90 <br>100 <br>200 <br>300 <br>400 <br>500 <br>600 <br>700 <br>800 <br>900 <br>1000  
| style="vertical-align:top" align="right" | 1 <br>2 <br>3 <br>4 <br>5 <br>6 <br>7 <br>8 <br>9 <br>10 <br>11 <br>12 <br>13 <br>14 <br>15 <br>16 <br>17 <br>18 <br>19 <br>20 <br>21 <br>22 <br>23 <br>24 <br>25 <br>26 <br>27 <br>28 <br>29 <br>30 <br>40 <br>50 <br>60 <br>70 <br>80 <br>90 <br>100 <br>200 <br>300 <br>400 <br>500 <br>600 <br>700 <br>800 <br>900 <br>1000  
| jeden, jedna <br>dwa <br>trzy <br>cztery <br>pięć <br>sześć <br>siedem <br>osiem <br>dziewięć <br>dziesięć <br>jedenaście <br>dwanaście <br>trzynaście <br>czternaście <br>piętnaście <br>szesnaście <br>siedemnaście <br>osiemnaście <br>dziewiętnaście <br>dwadzieścia <br>dwadzieścia jeden <br>dwadzieścia dwa <br>dwadzieścia trzy <br>dwadzieścia cztery <br>dwadzieścia pięć <br>dwadzieścia sześć<br>dwadzieścia siedem <br>dwadzieścia osiem <br>dwadzieścia dziewięć<br>trzydzieści <br>czterdzieści <br>pięćdziesiąt <br>sześć dziesiąt <br>siedemdziesiąt <br>osiemdziesiąt <br>dziewiecdziesiąt <br>sto <br>dwieście <br>trzysta <br>czterysta <br>pięćset <br>sześćset <br>siedemset <br>osiemset <br>dziewięćset <br>tysiąc  
|style="vertical-align:top"|  jeden, jedna <br>dwa <br>trzy <br>cztery <br>pięć <br>sześć <br>siedem <br>osiem <br>dziewięć <br>dziesięć <br>jedenaście <br>dwanaście <br>trzynaście <br>czternaście <br>piętnaście <br>szesnaście <br>siedemnaście <br>osiemnaście <br>dziewiętnaście <br>dwadzieścia <br>dwadzieścia jeden <br>dwadzieścia dwa <br>dwadzieścia trzy <br>dwadzieścia cztery <br>dwadzieścia pięć <br>dwadzieścia sześć<br>dwadzieścia siedem <br>dwadzieścia osiem <br>dwadzieścia dziewięć<br>trzydzieści <br>czterdzieści <br>pięćdziesiąt <br>sześć dziesiąt <br>siedemdziesiąt <br>osiemdziesiąt <br>dziewiecdziesiąt <br>sto <br>dwieście <br>trzysta <br>czterysta <br>pięćset <br>sześćset <br>siedemset <br>osiemset <br>dziewięćset <br>tysiąc  
| 1st <br>2nd <br>3rd <br>4th <br>5th <br>6th <br>7th <br>8th <br>9th <br>10th <br>11th <br>12th <br>13th <br>14th <br>15th <br>16th <br>17th <br>18th <br>19th <br>20th <br>21st <br>22nd <br>23rd <br>24th <br>25th <br>26th <br>27th <br>28th <br>29th <br>30th <br>40th <br>50th <br>60th <br>70th <br>80th <br>90th <br>100th <br>200th <br>300th <br>400th <br>500th <br>600th <br>700th <br>800th <br>900th <br>1000th  
|style="vertical-align:top"|  1st <br>2nd <br>3rd <br>4th <br>5th <br>6th <br>7th <br>8th <br>9th <br>10th <br>11th <br>12th <br>13th <br>14th <br>15th <br>16th <br>17th <br>18th <br>19th <br>20th <br>21st <br>22nd <br>23rd <br>24th <br>25th <br>26th <br>27th <br>28th <br>29th <br>30th <br>40th <br>50th <br>60th <br>70th <br>80th <br>90th <br>100th <br>200th <br>300th <br>400th <br>500th <br>600th <br>700th <br>800th <br>900th <br>1000th  
| pierwszy <br>drugi <br>trzeci <br>czwarty <br>piąty <br>szósty <br>siódmy <br>ósmy <br>dziewiąty <br>dziesiąty <br>jedenasty <br>dwunasty <br>trzynasty <br>czternasty <br>piętnasty <br>szesnasty <br>siedemnasty <br>osiemnasty <br>dziewiętnasty <br>dwudziesty, dwódziesty <br>dwudziesty pierwszy <br>dwudziesty drugi <br>dwudziesty trzeci <br>dwudziesty czwarty <br>dwudziesty piąty <br>dwudziesty szósty <br>dwudziesty siódmy <br>dwudziesty ósmy <br>dwudziesty dziewiąty <br>trzydziesty <br>czterdziesty <br>pięćdziesiąty <br>sześćdziesiąty <br>siedemdziesiąty <br>osiemdziesiąty <br>dziewięćdziesiąty <br>setny <br>dwóchsetny <br>trzysetny, trzechsetny <br>czterysetny, czterechsetny <br>pięćsetny <br>sześćsetny <br>siedemsetny <br>osiemsetny <br>dziewięćsetny <br>tysięczny  
|style="vertical-align:top"|  pierwszy <br>drugi <br>trzeci <br>czwarty <br>piąty <br>szósty <br>siódmy <br>ósmy <br>dziewiąty <br>dziesiąty <br>jedenasty <br>dwunasty <br>trzynasty <br>czternasty <br>piętnasty <br>szesnasty <br>siedemnasty <br>osiemnasty <br>dziewiętnasty <br>dwudziesty, dwódziesty <br>dwudziesty pierwszy <br>dwudziesty drugi <br>dwudziesty trzeci <br>dwudziesty czwarty <br>dwudziesty piąty <br>dwudziesty szósty <br>dwudziesty siódmy <br>dwudziesty ósmy <br>dwudziesty dziewiąty <br>trzydziesty <br>czterdziesty <br>pięćdziesiąty <br>sześćdziesiąty <br>siedemdziesiąty <br>osiemdziesiąty <br>dziewięćdziesiąty <br>setny <br>dwóchsetny <br>trzysetny, trzechsetny <br>czterysetny, czterechsetny <br>pięćsetny <br>sześćsetny <br>siedemsetny <br>osiemsetny <br>dziewięćsetny <br>tysięczny  
| pierwszego <br> drugiego<br> trzeciego<br> czwartego<br> piątego<br> szóstego<br> siódmego<br> ósmego<br> dziewiątego<br> dziesiątego<br> jedenastego<br> dwunastego<br> trzynastego<br> czternastego<br> piętnastego<br> szesnastego<br> siedemnastego<br> osiemnastego<br> dziewiętnastego<br> dwudziestego, dwódziestego<br> dwudziestego pierwszego<br> dwudziestego drugiego<br> dwudziestego trzeciego<br> dwudziestego czwartego<br> dwudziestego piątego<br> dwudziestego szóstego<br> dwudziestego siódmego<br> dwudziestego ósmego<br> dwudziestego dziewiątego<br> trzydziestego<br> czterdziestego<br> pięćdziesiątego<br> sześćdziesiątego<br> siedemdziesiątego<br> osiemdziesiątego<br> dziewięćdziesiątego<br> setnego<br> dwóchsetnego<br> trzysetnego, trzechsetnego<br> czterysetnego, czterechsetnego<br> pięćsetnego<br> sześćsetnego<br> siedemsetnego<br> osiemsetnego<br> dziewięćsetnego<br> tysięcznego
|style="vertical-align:top"|  pierwszego <br> drugiego<br> trzeciego<br> czwartego<br> piątego<br> szóstego<br> siódmego<br> ósmego<br> dziewiątego<br> dziesiątego<br> jedenastego<br> dwunastego<br> trzynastego<br> czternastego<br> piętnastego<br> szesnastego<br> siedemnastego<br> osiemnastego<br> dziewiętnastego<br> dwudziestego, dwódziestego<br> dwudziestego pierwszego<br> dwudziestego drugiego<br> dwudziestego trzeciego<br> dwudziestego czwartego<br> dwudziestego piątego<br> dwudziestego szóstego<br> dwudziestego siódmego<br> dwudziestego ósmego<br> dwudziestego dziewiątego<br> trzydziestego<br> czterdziestego<br> pięćdziesiątego<br> sześćdziesiątego<br> siedemdziesiątego<br> osiemdziesiątego<br> dziewięćdziesiątego<br> setnego<br> dwóchsetnego<br> trzysetnego, trzechsetnego<br> czterysetnego, czterechsetnego<br> pięćsetnego<br> sześćsetnego<br> siedemsetnego<br> osiemsetnego<br> dziewięćsetnego<br> tysięcznego
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=== Dates and Time&nbsp;  ===
== Dates and Time ==


In Polish records, dates are usually written out, for example:  
In Polish records, dates are usually written out, for example:  
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To understand Polish dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.  
To understand Polish dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.  


'''Months'''
===Months===


Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as ''13.VI.1864 ''instead of ''13.czerwca.1864''.  
Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as ''13.VI.1864 ''instead of ''13.czerwca.1864''. When dates are written out, months are in the genitive case.


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| '''English'''  
| '''English'''  
| '''Polish'''
| '''Polish'''
| '''Polish (genitive case)'''
|-
|-
| I. <br>II. <br>III. <br>IV. <br>V. <br>VI. <br>VII <br>VIII. <br>IX <br>X. <br>XI. <br>XII.  
| I. <br>II. <br>III. <br>IV. <br>V. <br>VI. <br>VII <br>VIII. <br>IX <br>X. <br>XI. <br>XII.  
| January <br>February <br>March <br>April <br>May <br>June <br>July <br>August <br>September <br>October <br>November <br>December  
| January <br>February <br>March <br>April <br>May <br>June <br>July <br>August <br>September <br>October <br>November <br>December  
| stycznia <br>lutego <br>marca <br>kwietnia <br>maja <br>czerwca <br>lipca <br>sierpnia <br>września <br>pażdziernika <br>listopada <br>grudnia
| styczeń <br> luty <br> marzec <br> kwiecień <br> maj <br> czerwiec <br> lipiec <br> sierpień <br> wrzesień <br> październik <br> listopad <br> grudzień
| stycznia <br>lutego <br>marca <br>kwietnia <br>maja <br>czerwca <br>lipca <br>sierpnia <br>września <br>października <br>listopada <br>grudnia
|}
|}


<br>'''Days of the Week'''
===Days of the Week===


{| width="30%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| width="30%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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|}
|}


<br>'''Times of the Day'''
===Times of the Day===


Polish birth and death records often indicate the exact time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.  
Polish birth and death records often indicate the exact time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.  
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{| width="302" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" height="181" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| width="302" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" height="181" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
| '''Polish '''<br>o godzinie drugiej <br>o godzinie siódmej <br>w nocy <br>południe/w południe <br>popołudniu/z południa <br>przed południem<br>północna godzina <br>rano/z rana <br>wieczorem/w wieczór
| '''Polish '''<br>rano/z rana <br> przed południem<br> południe/w południe <br> popołudniu/z południa <br> o godzinie drugiej <br> o godzinie siódmej <br> wieczorem/w wieczór <br> w nocy <br> północna godzina <br>
| '''English <br>'''at the 2nd hour <br>at the 7th hour <br>at night <br>noon <br>afternoon <br>forenoon <br>midnight <br>in the morning <br>in the evening&nbsp;
| '''English '''<br>in the morning <br> forenoon <br> noon <br>afternoon <br> at the 2nd hour <br>at the 7th hour <br>in the evening <br> at night <br> midnight  <br>
|}
|}
<br>
<br>


== General Word List  ==
== General Word List  ==


This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources.&nbsp; Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections prior to this list.  
This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections prior to this list.  


In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses.&nbsp; Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase.&nbsp; Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.  
In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses. Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase. Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.  


{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%" align="center"
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%" align="center"
|-
|-
| align="center" | '''Click&nbsp;the&nbsp;letter&nbsp;below&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;words&nbsp;starting&nbsp;with&nbsp;that&nbsp;letter.'''
| align="center" | '''Click the letter below to get to the words starting with that letter.'''
|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=yes|side=yes|v=|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=yes|side=yes|v=|y=}}


|}
|}
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=== A  ===
=== A  ===


{| border="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| aby  
| aby  
Line 306: Line 335:
| non-Catholic
| non-Catholic
|-
|-
| akta małżenstw,<br>akta ślubów  
| akta małżenstw, akta ślubów  
| marriage records
| marriage records
|-
|-
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== B  ===
=== B  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| babka  
| babka  
| grandmother&nbsp;
| grandmother  
|-
|-
| bakalarz  
| bakalarz  
Line 387: Line 416:
| bezimienny  
| bezimienny  
| unnamed, nameless
| unnamed, nameless
|-
| bezżenny
| unmarried
|-
|-
| białoruski  
| białoruski  
Line 400: Line 432:
| confirmation
| confirmation
|-
|-
| bieżący<br>roku biezacego
| bieżący<br>roku bieżącego
| current<br>of the current year
| current<br>of the current year
|-
|-
| biskup  
| biskup  
| bishop&nbsp;
| bishop  
|-
|-
| blacharz  
| blacharz  
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}  


=== C  ===
=== C  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| cały  
| cały  
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== D  ===
=== D  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| data  
| data  
Line 669: Line 701:
| valley
| valley
|-
|-
| dom <br>&nbsp; [z domu]  
| dom <br> [z domu]  
| house <br>&nbsp; [maiden name, from the house of]
| house <br> [maiden name, from the house of]
|-
|-
| datąd  
| datąd  
Line 697: Line 729:
|-
|-
| dwadzieścia  
| dwadzieścia  
| tewnty
| twenty
|-
|-
| dwadzieścia dziewięć  
| dwadzieścia dziewięć  
Line 779: Line 811:
| dziad (dziadek)  
| dziad (dziadek)  
| grandfather, old man, beggar
| grandfather, old man, beggar
|-
| Dziad kościelny
| Church grandfather, church servant, watchman, minister
|-
|-
| dział  
| dział  
Line 838: Line 873:
|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}  


=== E  ===
=== E  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| emigracja  
| emigracja  
Line 858: Line 893:
=== F  ===
=== F  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| familia  
| familia  
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=== G  ===
=== G  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''
| gajowy
| '''English'''
| gamekeeper, forester
|-
|-
| garbarz  
| garbarz  
Line 955: Line 993:
|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}  
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== H  ===
=== H  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| handlarz  
| handlarz  
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=== I  ===
=== I  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| i  
| i  
Line 1,015: Line 1,053:
=== J  ===
=== J  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| jak  
| jak  
Line 1,079: Line 1,117:
=== K  ===
=== K  ===


{| width="100%" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''
| karczmarz
| '''English'''
| innkeeper
|-
|-
| karta  
| karta  
Line 1,116: Line 1,157:
| kolki  
| kolki  
| colic
| colic
|}
<br>
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
| koło <br>kolonista <br>komornik <br>końcowy <br>konfirmacja <br>koniec <br>konsumpcja ciała <br>konto <br>konwulsje <br>korcarz <br>kościół <br>kowal <br>kraj <br>krajowy <br>kramarz <br>krawiec <br>krewny <br>król <br>królestwo <br>królewski <br>krolowa <br>krwotek <br>ksiądz <br>księga <br>księstwo <br>kto <br>który <br>kum <br>kuma <br>kunszt <br>kupiec <br>kupił <br>kuzyn <br>kuzynka <br>kwartał <br>kwietnia
| kolonista  
| around, near, by <br>colonist, settler <br>tenant, poor peasant <br>final, last <br>confirmation <br>end <br>consumption, tuberculosis <br>account <br>convulsions <br>grain merchant <br>church <br>smith <br>region, area, country <br>local <br>stall keeper, merchant <br>tailor <br>blood-relative <br>king <br>kingdom <br>royal <br>queen <br>bleeding, hemorrhage <br>priest <br>book <br>principality, duchy <br>who <br>which, who <br>godfather <br>godmother <br>trade, occupation <br>shopkeeper, merchant <br>he bought <br>cousin (male) <br>cousin (female) <br>quarter (of a year or city) <br>of April
| colonist, settler
|-
| koło
| near, close to, next to, by
|-
| kominiarz
| chimney sweep
|-
| komornik
| tenant, poor peasant
|-
| końcowy
| final, last
|-
| konfirmacja
| confirmation
|-
| koniec
| end
|-
| konsumpcja ciała
| consumption, tuberculosis
|-
| konto
| account
|-
| konwulsje
| convulsions
|-
| korcarz
| grain merchant
|-
| kościół
| church
|-
| kowal
| smith  
|-
| kraj
| region, area, country
|-
| krajowy
| local  
|-
| kramarz
| stall keeper, merchant
|-
| krawiec
| tailor  
|-
| krewny
| blood-relative
|-
| król
| king  
|-
| królestwo
| kingdom  
|-
| królewski
| royal  
|-
| krolowa
| queen  
|-
| krwotek
| bleeding, hemorrhage
|-
| ksiądz
| priest  
|-
| księga
| book  
|-
| księstwo
| principality, duchy
|-
| kto
| who  
|-
| który
| which, who
|-
| kum
| godfather  
|-
| kuma
| godmother  
|-
| kunszt
| trade, occupation
|-
| kupiec
| shopkeeper, merchant
|-
| kupił
| he bought  
|-
| kuzyn
| cousin (male)
|-
| kuzynka
| cousin (female)
|-
| kwartał
| quarter (of a year or city)
|-
| kwietnia
| of April
|}
|}


Line 1,130: Line 1,274:
=== L  ===
=== L  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| łacisński
| Latin
|-
| las
| forest, woods
|-
| lata
| years
|-
| lecz
| but
|-
| lesnik
| forester
|-
| lewy
| left
|-
| liczący
| counting
|-
| [lat ... liczący]
| [... years old]
|-
| linia
| line, lineage
|-
| lipca
| of July
|-
| listopada
| of November
|-
| litewski
| Lithuanian
|-
| łotewski
| Latvian
|-
| łoże
| status of legitimacy, bed
|-
| [nieprawego loza]
| [illegitimate]
|-
| lub
| or
|-
|-
| łacisński <br>las <br>lata <br>lecz <br>lesnik <br>lewy <br>liczący <br>[lat ... liczący] <br>linia <br>lipca <br>listopada <br>litewski <br>łotewski <br>łoże <br>[nieprawego loza] <br>lub <br>lud <br>ludność <br>lutego  
| lud  
| Latin <br>forest, woods <br>years <br>but <br>forester <br>left <br>counting <br>[... years old] <br>line, lineage <br>of July <br>of November <br>Lithuanian <br>Latvian <br>status of legitimacy, bed <br>[illegitimate] <br>or <br>people <br>population <br>of February
| people
|-
| ludność  
| population
|-
| lutego  
| of February
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== M  ===
=== M  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| ma
| has
|-
| macocha
| stepmother
|-
| mączarz
| miller
|-
| madziarski
| Hungarian
|-
| maja
| of May
|-
| mają
| they have
|-
| mający
| having
|-
| [lat ... mający]
| [... years old]
|-
| majątek
| property
|-
| majętny
| wealthy, property-owning
|-
| majster
| master craftsman
|-
| malarz
| painter
|-
| małoletni
| not of legal age
|-
| mały
| small, little
|-
| małżenstwo
| marriage
|-
| małżonek
| husband
|-
| małżonka
| wife
|-
| małżonków
| of the married couple
|-
| [małżonków Kowalskich]
|[ the Kowalski married couple]
|-
| mapa
| map
|-
| marca
| of March
|-
| martwo urodzony
| stillborn
|-
| matka
| mother
|-
| mąż
| husband, man
|-
| menonici
| Mennonites
|-
| męski
| male
|-
| metryka
| certificate, record
|-
| męża
| of the husband
|-
| miał
| he had
|-
| miano
| name
|-
| mianowicie
| that means, namely
|-
| miasteczko
| small town
|-
| miasto
| city
|-
| mieć
| to have
|-
| między
| between
|-
| miejsce
| place, locality
|-
| miejscowość
| locality
|-
| mieście
| town
|-
| miesiąc
| month
|-
| mieszkający
| residing
|-
| mieszkanie
| residence
|-
| mieszkaniec
| inhabitant, resident, citizen
|-
| mleczarz
| dairyman
|-
| młodszy
| younger
|-
| młody
| young
|-
| [pan młody]
| [bridegroom]
|-
| [panna młoda]
| [bride]
|-
| mlodzian (młodziniec)
| young man
|-
| młyn
| mill
|-
| młynarz
| miller
|-
| mniejszy
| lesser, smaller, shorter
|-
| modlitwa
| prayer
|-
| [dom modlitwy]
| [house of prayer, synagogue]
|-
| mojzeszowy; mojżeszowe
| Jewish
|-
| mórg
| morg (1.2 acres)
|-
| most
| bridge
|-
| może
| maybe
|-
|-
| ma <br>macocha <br>mączarz <br>madziarski <br>maja <br>mają<br>mający <br>[lat ... mający] <br>majątek <br>majętny <br>majster <br>malarz <br>małoletni <br>mały <br>małżenstwo <br>małżonek <br>małżonka <br>małżonków <br>[małżonków Kowalskich] <br>mapa <br>marca <br>martwo urodzony <br>matka <br>mąż <br>menonici <br>męski <br>metryka <br>męża <br>miał <br>miano <br>mianowicie <br>miasteczko <br>miasto <br>mieć<br>między <br>miejsce <br>miejscowość <br>mieście <br>miesiąc <br>mieszkający <br>mieszkanie <br>mieszkaniec <br>mleczarz <br>młodszy <br>młody<br>[pan młody] <br>[panna młoda] <br>mlodzian (młodziniec) <br>młyn <br>młynarz <br>mniejszy <br>modlitwa <br>[dom modlitwy] <br>mojzeszowy <br>mórg <br>most <br>może<br>mumoze <br>mularz, murarz <br>mylnie <br>myś liwy
| mumoze
| has <br>stepmother <br>miller <br>Hungarian <br>of May <br>they have <br>having <br>[... years old] <br>property <br>wealthy, property-owning <br>master craftsman <br>painter <br>not of legal age <br>small, little <br>marriage <br>husband <br>wife <br>of the married couple <br>[the Kowalski married couple] <br>map <br>of March <br>stillborn <br>mother <br>husband, man <br>Mennonites <br>male <br>certificate, record <br>of the husband <br>he had <br>name <br>that means, namely <br>small town <br>city <br>to have <br>between <br>place, locality <br>locality <br>town <br>month <br>residing <br>residence <br>inhabitant, resident, citizen <br>dairyman <br>younger <br>young <br>[bridegroom] <br>[bride] <br>young man <br>mill <br>miller <br>lesser, smaller, shorter <br>prayer <br>[house of prayer, synagogue] <br>Jewish <br>morg (1.2 acres) <br>bridge <br>maybe <br>to him <br>mason (bricklayer) <br>mistakenly, erroneously <br>hunter
| to him
|-
| mularz, murarz
| mason (bricklayer)
|-
| mylnie
| mistakenly, erroneously
|-
| myś liwy
| hunter
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== N  ===
=== N  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| na
| on, at, around
|-
| nad
| above, upon
|-
| nadać
| to give
|-
| nadane
| was given
|-
| najemnik
| day laborer
|-
| najmlodszy
| youngest
|-
| najstarszy
| oldest, eldest
|-
| należał
| belonged to
|-
| należy
| belongs
|-
| nam
| to us
|-
| naocznie
| by eyewitness
|-
| naoczny świadek
| eyewitness
|-
| naprzód
| in front of
|-
| narodzony
| born
|-
| narzeczona
| betrothed, bride
|-
|-
| na <br>nad <br>nadać <br>nadane <br>najemnik <br>najmlodszy <br>najstarszy <br>należał<br>należy <br>nam <br>naocznie <br>naoczny świadek <br>naprzód <br>narodzony <br>narzeczona <br>narzeczony <br>nas <br>następny <br>nasz <br>na teraz <br>naturalny <br>natychmiast <br>nauczyciel <br>nawiązanie <br>nazwana <br>nazwisko <br>nerwowa gorączka <br>nic <br>nich <br>nie <br>niedaleko <br>niedziela <br>niegdy (niegdyś) <br>niemiecki <br>niemowlę<br>niepiełnoletni <br>nieprawy <br>nieślubny <br>nie teraz <br>niewiadomy <br>niezamężna <br>nieznajomy <br>nieżonaty <br>nieżyący <br>nigdy <br>nim <br>niniejszy <br>niski <br>niższy <br>noc <br>nowozaśubiona <br>nowozaślubiony <br>nowożeńcy <br>nowy <br>numer
| narzeczony  
| on, at, around <br>above, upon <br>to give <br>was given <br>day laborer <br>youngest <br>oldest, eldest <br>belonged to <br>belongs <br>to us <br>by eyewitness <br>eyewitness <br>in front of <br>born <br>betrothed, bride <br>betrothed, groom <br>us <br>next <br>our <br>temporarily <br>illegitimate <br>immediately <br>schoolteacher, teacher <br>reference <br>named <br>surname <br>typhoid fever <br>nothing <br>them <br>not, no <br>not far from <br>Sunday, week <br>deceased, former, the late <br>German <br>infant <br>not of legal age, minor <br>illegitimate <br>unmarried, illegitimate <br>not yet <br>unknown <br>unmarried woman <br>unknown <br>unmarried man <br>deceased, not living <br>never <br>him <br>this, the present <br>low, short <br>lower <br>night <br>newlywed bride <br>newlywed groom <br>newlyweds <br>new <br>number
| betrothed, groom  
|-
| nas
| us  
|-
| następny
| next  
|-
| nasz
| our  
|-
| na teraz
| temporarily  
|-
| naturalny
| illegitimate  
|-
| natychmiast
| immediately  
|-
| nauczyciel
| schoolteacher, teacher  
|-
| nawiązanie
| reference  
|-
| nazwana
| named  
|-
| nazwisko
| surname  
|-
| nerwowa gorączka
| typhoid fever  
|-
| nic
| nothing  
|-
| nich
| them  
|-
| nie
| not, no  
|-
| niedaleko
| not far from  
|-
| niedziela
| Sunday, week  
|-
| niegdy (niegdyś)
| deceased, former, the late  
|-
| niemiecki
| German  
|-
| niemowlę
| infant  
|-
| niepiełnoletni
| not of legal age, minor  
|-
| nieprawy
| illegitimate  
|-
| nieślubny
| unmarried, illegitimate  
|-
| nie teraz
| not yet  
|-
| niewiadomy
| unknown  
|-
| niezamężna
| unmarried woman  
|-
| nieznajomy
| unknown  
|-
| nieżonaty
| unmarried man  
|-
| nieżyący
| deceased, not living  
|-
| nigdy
| never  
|-
| nim
| him  
|-
| niniejszy
| this, the present  
|-
| niski
| low, short  
|-
| niższy
| lower  
|-
| noc
| night  
|-
| nowozaśubiona
| newlywed bride  
|-
| nowozaślubiony
| newlywed groom  
|-
| nowożeńcy
| newlyweds  
|-
| nowy
| new  
|-
| numer
| number
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== O  ===
=== O  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| o
| about, concerning
|-
| ob.
| see
|-
| obecność
| presence
|-
| oberżysta
| tavern keeper
|-
| obrzęd
| rite, ceremony
|-
| obrzezanie
| circumcision
|-
| obszar
| area
|-
| obydwaj
| both
|-
| obywatel
| inhabitant, citizen
|-
| ochrzczony
| christened, baptized
|-
| od
| from, since
|-
| odbyty
| performed
|-
| odmienny
| various
|-
| odpowiadać
| to reply
|-
| odra
| measles
|-
| odwrócenie
| conversion
|-
| oglasał
| announced, published
|-
| ogrodnik
| poor peasant, crofter, gardener
|-
| ojciec
| father
|-
| ojczym
| stepfather
|-
| okazał
| showed
|-
| około
| about, around
|-
| okręg
| precinct, district
|-
| okupnik
| local resident
|-
| olejów
| of oil
|-
| on
| he
|-
| ona
| she
|-
| onegdajszy
| day before yesterday
|-
| oni
| they
|-
| opatrzony
| provided
|-
| opiekun
| guardian
|-
| opis
| description
|-
| opłata
| fee, cost
|-
| opuchlizna
| dropsy, edema, swelling
|-
| oraz
| and, also
|-
| osada
| large settlement
|-
| osiadły
| settled (at), residing (at)
|-
| osiem
| eight
|-
| osiemdziesiąt(y)
| eighty (eightieth)
|-
| osiemnaście
| eighteen
|-
| osiemnasty
| eighteenth
|-
| osiemset(ny)
| eight hundred(th)
|-
|-
| o <br>ob. <br>obecność <br>oberżysta <br>obrzęd <br>obrzezanie <br>obszar <br>obydwaj <br>obywatel <br>ochrzczony <br>od <br>odbyty <br>odmienny <br>odpowiadać<br>odra <br>odwrócenie <br>oglasał <br>ogrodnik <br>ojciec <br>ojczym <br>okazał <br>około <br>okręg <br>okupnik <br>olejów <br>on <br>ona <br>onegdajszy <br>oni <br>opatrzony <br>opiekun <br>opis <br>opłata <br>opuchlizna <br>oraz <br>osada <br>osiadły <br>osiem <br>osiemdziesiąt(y) <br>osiemnaście <br>osiemnasty <br>osiemset(ny) <br>osłabienie <br>ósmy <br>osoba <br>ospa <br>ostatni <br>oświadczenie <br>oświadczył&nbsp; <br>otrzymał <br>owdowiałla <br>owdowiały <br>ozenił sie <br>ożeniony
| osłabienie  
| about, concerning <br>see <br>presence <br>tavern keeper <br>rite, ceremony <br>circumcision <br>area <br>both <br>inhabitant, citizen <br>christened, baptized <br>from, since <br>performed <br>various <br>to reply <br>measles <br>conversion <br>announced, published <br>poor peasant, crofter, gardener <br>father <br>stepfather <br>showed <br>about, around <br>precinct, district <br>local resident <br>of oil <br>he <br>she <br>day before yesterday <br>they <br>provided <br>guardian <br>description <br>fee, cost <br>dropsy, edema, swelling <br>and, also <br>large settlement <br>settled (at), residing (at) <br>eight <br>eighty (eightieth) <br>eighteen <br>eighteenth <br>eight hundred(th) <br>weakness <br>eighth <br>person <br>of smallpox <br>last, recent <br>statement <br>declared, testified <br>received <br>widowed <br>widowered <br>married a wife <br>married
| weakness
|-
| ósmy  
| eighth
|-
| osoba  
| person
|-
| ospa  
| of smallpox  
|-
| ostatni
| last, recent  
|-
| oświadczenie
| statement  
|-
| oświadczył
| declared, testified  
|-
| otrzymał
| received  
|-
| owczarz
| shepherd
|-
| owdowiałla
| widowed  
|-
| owdowiały
| widower
|-
| ozenił sie
| married a wife  
|-
| ożeniony
| married
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== P  ===
=== P  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| pan
| sir, Mr., Lord
|-
| pani
| lady, Mrs.
|-
| panna
| maiden, Miss
|-
| pański
| Lord's
|-
| [roku pańskiego]
| [in the year of our Lord]
|-
| państwowy
| state, of the state
|-
| parafia
| parish
|-
| parobek
| farmworker
|-
| pasierb
| stepchild
|-
| pasterz
| herdsman
|-
| października
| of October
|-
| pełnoletność
| age of consent, legal age
|-
| pełnomocnictwo
| power of attorney, proxy
|-
| piątek
| Friday
|-
| piąty
| fifth
|-
| pięć
| five
|-
| pięćdziesiąt(y)
| fifty (fiftieth)
|-
| pięćset(ny)
| five hundred(th)
|-
| piekarz
| baker
|-
| pierwszego
| on the first
|-
| pierwszy
| first
|-
| piętnaście
| fifteen
|-
| piętnasty
| fifteenth
|-
| pisać
| to write
|-
| pismo
| letter, correspondence
|-
| płci męskiej
| male
|-
| płci żeńskiej
| female
|-
| płeć
| gender, sex
|-
| po
| after
|-
| pochowanie
| burial
|-
| pod
| under
|-
| podatek
| tax
|-
| podług
| according to
|-
| podobny
| similar
|-
| podpis
| signature
|-
| podpisany
| signed
|-
| podrzutek
| foundling
|-
| podwójny
| duplicate
|-
| pogrzeb
| burial
|-
| pogrzebany
| buried
|-
| pól
| half
|-
| pólnoc
| midnight, north
|-
| połóg
| childbirth, labor
|-
| polski
| Polish
|-
| południe
| noon, south
|-
| pomorski
| Pomeranian
|-
| poniedziałek
| Monday
|-
| ponieważ
| because
|-
| poprzedni
| previous
|-
| poprzedzil
| preceded
|-
| posiada
| has, is in possession of
|-
| posiadłość
| property, estate, place
|-
|-
| poślubił
| married
|-
| poszukiwanie
| research, search of
|-
| potem
| after
|-
| potok
| stream
|-
| pow. (powiat)
| district
|-
| powinowaty
| relative
|-
| powyższe
| previously mentioned
|-
| pozostały
| left behind, surviving
|-
| pozostawi
| left behind, was survived by
|-
| pozwolenieł
| permission
|-
| prababa (prababka)
| great-grandmother
|-
| pracowity
| diligent, hard-working
|-
| pradziadek
| great-grandfather
|-
| prawdopodobnie
| in all likelihood, probably
|-
| prawego łoża
| legitimate
|-
| prawny
| legal
|-
| prawo
| law, right
|-
| prawosławny
| orthodox
|-
| prawowity
| legitimate
|-
| prawy
| right, true
|-
| proboszcz
| parish priest
|-
| prośba
| request
|-
| prosimy
| we request
|-
| protestancki
| Protestant
|-
| pruski
| Prussian
|-
| przed
| in front of, before
|-
| przedtem
| before
|-
| przekonal
| convinced
|-
| przesłany
| sent
|-
| przeszły
| preceding
|-
| [roku przeszlłego]
| [of the preceding year]
|-
| przez
| by
|-
|-
| pan <br>pani <br>panna <br>pański <br>[roku pańskiego] <br>państwowy <br>parafia <br>parobek <br>pasierb <br>pasterz <br>października <br>pełnoletność&nbsp; <br>piątek <br>piąty <br>pięć&nbsp; <br>pięćdziesiąt(y) <br>pięćset(ny) <br>piekarz <br>pierwszego <br>pierwszy <br>piętnaście <br>piętnasty <br>pisać <br>pismo <br>płci męskiej<br>płci żeńskiej <br>płeć <br>po <br>pochowanie <br>pod <br>podatek <br>podług <br>podobny <br>podpis <br>podpisany <br>podrzutek <br>podwójny <br>pogrzeb <br>pogrzebany <br>pól <br>pólnoc <br>połóg <br>polski <br>południe <br>pomorski <br>poniedziałek <br>ponieważ<br>poprzedni <br>poprzedzil <br>posiada <br>poślubił <br>poszukiwanie <br>potem <br>potok <br>pow. (powiat) <br>powinowaty <br>powyższe <br>pozostały <br>pozostawi<br>pozwolenie ł<br>prababa (prababka) <br>pracowity <br>pradziadek <br>prawdopodobnie <br>prawego łoża <br>prawny <br>prawo <br>prawosławny <br>prawowity <br>prawy <br>proboszcz <br>prośba <br>prosimy <br>protestancki <br>pruski <br>przed <br>przedtem <br>przekonal <br>przesłany <br>przeszły <br>[roku przeszlłego] <br>przez <br>przodem <br>przodków <br>przy <br>przyczyna <br>przyjaciel <br>przypadek <br>[z bojazni przypadku] <br>przyrodni <br>przytomność<br>przyzwolenie <br>puchlina
| przodem  
| sir, Mr., Lord <br>lady, Mrs. <br>maiden, Miss <br>Lord's <br>[in the year of our Lord] <br>state, of the state <br>parish <br>farmworker <br>stepchild <br>herdsman <br>of October <br>age of consent, legal age <br>Friday <br>fifth <br>five <br>fifty (fiftieth) <br>five hundred(th) <br>baker <br>on the first <br>first <br>fifteen <br>fifteenth <br>to write <br>letter, correspondence <br>male <br>female <br>gender, sex <br>after <br>burial <br>under <br>tax <br>according to <br>similar <br>signature <br>signed <br>foundling <br>duplicate <br>burial <br>buried <br>half <br>midnight, north <br>childbirth, labor <br>Polish <br>noon, south <br>Pomeranian <br>Monday <br>because <br>previous <br>preceded <br>has, is in possession of <br>married <br>research, search of <br>after <br>stream <br>district <br>relative <br>previously mentioned <br>left behind, surviving <br>left behind, was survived by <br>permission <br>great-grandmother <br>diligent, hard-working <br>great-grandfather <br>in all likelihood, probably <br>legitimate <br>legal <br>law, right <br>orthodox <br>legitimate <br>right, true <br>parish priest <br>request <br>we request <br>Protestant <br>Prussian <br>in front of, before <br>before <br>convinced <br>sent <br>preceding <br>[of the preceding year] <br>by <br>before <br>of ancestors <br>by, with, during <br>cause, reason <br>friend <br>circumstance, occurrence, case <br>[for fear of the circumstance (i.e., emergency baptism)] <br>step-, half-, (as in stepbrother, half brother) <br>presence <br>consent <br>dropsy, edema, swellling
| before
|-
| przodków  
| of ancestors
|-
| przy
| by, with, during  
|-
| przyczyna
| cause, reason  
|-
| przyjaciel
| friend  
|-
| przypadek
| circumstance, occurrence, case  
|-
| [z bojazni przypadku]
| [for fear of the circumstance (i.e., emergency baptism)]
|-
| przyrodni
| step-, half-, (as in stepbrother, half brother)  
|-
| przytomność
| presence  
|-
| przyzwolenie
| consent  
|-
| puchlina
| dropsy, edema, swelling
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== R  ===
=== R  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| r. (roku)
| in the year
|-
| rabin
| rabbi
|-
| rak
| cancer
|-
| rano
| in the morning
|-
| raz
| once, time
|-
| [drugi raz]
| [second time]
|-
| razem
| together
|-
| reformowany
| Reformed Protestant, Calvinist
|-
| religia
| religion
|-
| religijny
| religious, of the church
|-
| robotnik
| worker
|-
| rocznik
| yearbook
|-
| roczny
| annual
|-
| ród
| family, clan, descent
|-
| rodowód
| genealogy, pedigree
|-
| rodzeństwo
| sibling
|-
| rodzice
| parents
|-
| rodzice chrzestni
| godparents
|-
| rodzina
| family
|-
| rok
| year
|-
| rolnik
| tenant farmer, husbandman, farmer
|-
| rosyjski
| Russian
|-
| również
| also, too
|-
| rozwiedziony
| divorced
|-
| rozwód
| divorce
|-
| ruski
| Russian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian
|-
| rybak
| fisherman
|-
|-
| r. (roku) <br>rabin <br>rak <br>rano <br>raz <br>[drugi raz] <br>razem <br>reformowany <br>religia <br>religijny <br>robotnik <br>rocznik <br>roczny <br>ród <br>rodowód <br>rodzeństwo <br>rodzice <br>rodzice chrzestni <br>rodzina <br>rok <br>rolnik <br>rosyjski <br>również<br>rozwiedziony <br>rozwód <br>ruski <br>rybak <br>rynek <br>rządowy <br>rzeka <br>rzezak, rzeźnik <br>rzymsko-katolicki
| rynek  
| in the year <br>rabbi <br>cancer <br>in the morning <br>once, time <br>[second time] <br>together <br>Reformed Protestant, Calvinist <br>religion <br>religious, of the church <br>worker <br>yearbook <br>annual <br>family, clan, descent <br>genealogy, pedigree <br>sibling <br>parents <br>godparents <br>family <br>year <br>tenant farmer, husbandman, farmer <br>Russian <br>also, too <br>divorced <br>divorce <br>Russian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian <br>fisherman <br>marketplace <br>governmental <br>river <br>butcher, circumciser (mohel) <br>Roman Catholic
| marketplace
|-
| rządowy  
| governmental
|-
| rzeka  
| river
|-
| rzezak, rzeźnik  
| butcher, circumciser (mohel)  
|-
| rzymsko-katolicki
| Roman Catholic
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== S  ===
=== S  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| są
| they are
|-
| sąd
| court
|-
| samy
| same
|-
| sąsiad
| neighbor
|-
| setny
| one hundredth
|-
| się
| self
|-
| siedem
| seven
|-
| siedemdziesiat
| seventy
|-
| siedemnaście
| seventeen
|-
| siedemnasty
| seventeenth
|-
| siedemset(ny)
| seven hundred(th)
|-
| sierota
| orphan
|-
| sierpnia
| of August
|-
| siódmy
| seventh
|-
| sioło
| village
|-
| siostra
| sister
|-
| siostrzenica
| niece
|-
| siostrzeniec
| nephew
|-
| składał
| submitted, presented
|-
| skończył
| completed
|-
| skorowidz
| index
|-
| skurcze
| cramps
|-
| skutek
| cause
|-
| słabość
| weakness, sickness
|-
| słaby
| weak
|-
| śląski
| Silesian
|-
| sławetny
| renowned
|-
| slawny
| famous
|-
| słowacki
| Slovak
|-
| słownik
| dictionary
|-
| ślub
| marriage, wedding
|-
| ślubny
| married, wedded, legitimate
|-
| sługa
| servant
|-
| służąca
| servant girl
|-
| służący
| serving
|-
| śmierć
| death
|-
| snać
| perhaps
|-
| sobie
| self
|-
| sobota
| Saturday
|-
| spażenie
| burn
|-
| spis
| list, census, index
|-
| spłodzone
| begotten, born
|-
| społeczeństwo
| society
|-
| sprzedarz
| merchant, dealer
|-
| średni
| central, middle, average
|-
| środa
| Wednesday
|-
| środek
| middle
|-
| stan
| status, condition
|-
| starość
| old age
|-
| starosta
|  perfect
|-
| starozakonny
| Jew (Orthodox)
|-
| starszy
| older, elder
|-
| stary
| old
|-
| stawiający się
| the one presenting himself
|-
| stawił się
| presented himself, appeared
|-
| stelmach
| cart maker, wheel maker
|-
| sto
| hundred
|-
| stolarz
| cabinetmaker
|-
| stolica
| capital city
|-
| strona
| page
|-
| stryj
| uncle (paternal)
|-
| stulecie
| century
|-
| stycznia
| of January
|-
| suchoty
| consumption, tuberculosis
|-
| sukiennik
| cloth-maker
|-
| swiadectwo
| certificate
|-
| świadek
| witness
|-
| święty
| holy
|-
| swój (swego)
| his, her own
|-
| swója (swojei)
| his, her own
|-
| syn
| son
|-
| synagoga
| synagogue
|-
| synowa
| daughter-in-law
|-
| synowie
| sons
|-
| sześć
| six
|-
| sześćdziesąit(y)
| sixty (sixtieth)
|-
|-
| są <br>sąd <br>samy <br>sąsiad <br>setny <br>się <br>siedem <br>siedemdziesiat <br>siedemnaście <br>siedemnasty <br>siedemset(ny) <br>sierota <br>sierpnia <br>siódmy <br>sioło <br>siostra <br>siostrzenica <br>siostrzeniec <br>składał<br>skończył<br>skorowidz <br>skurcze <br>skutek <br>słabość <br>słaby <br>śląski <br>sławetny <br>slawny <br>słowacki <br>słownik <br>ślub <br>ślubny <br>sługa <br>służąca <br>służący <br>śmierć<br>snać<br>sobie <br>sobota <br>spażenie <br>spis <br>spłodzone <br>społeczeństwo <br>sprzedarz <br>średni <br>środa <br>środek <br>stan <br>starość <br>starosta <br>starozakonny <br>starszy <br>stary <br>stawiający się<br>stawił się<br>stelmach <br>sto <br>stolarz <br>stolica <br>strona <br>stryj <br>stulecie <br>stycznia <br>suchoty <br>sukiennik <br>swiadectwo <br>świadek <br>swięty <br>swój (swego) <br>swója (swojei) <br>syn <br>synagoga <br>synowa <br>synowie <br>sześć <br>sześćdziesąit(y) <br>sześćset(ny) <br>szesnaście <br>szesnasty <br>szewc <br>szkarlatyna <br>szkoła <br>szkolnik <br>szlachecki (szlachety) <br>szlachta <br>szlub <br>szósty <br>szwagier <br>szwagierka <br>szynkarz
| sześćset(ny)  
| they are <br>court <br>same <br>neighbor <br>one hundredth <br>self <br>seven <br>seventy <br>seventeen <br>seventeenth <br>seven hundred(th) <br>orphan <br>of August <br>seventh <br>village <br>sister <br>niece <br>nephew <br>submitted, presented <br>completed <br>index <br>cramps <br>cause <br>weakness, sickness <br>weak <br>Silesian <br>renowned <br>famous <br>Slovak <br>dictionary <br>marriage, wedding <br>married, wedded, legitimate <br>servant <br>servant girl <br>serving <br>death <br>perhaps <br>self <br>Saturday <br>burn <br>list, census, index <br>begotten, born <br>society <br>merchant, dealer <br>cental, middle, average <br>Wednesday <br>middle <br>status, condition <br>old age <br>perfect <br>Jew (Orthodox) <br>older, elder <br>old <br>the one presenting himself <br>presented himself, appeared <br>cart maker, wheel maker <br>hundred <br>cabinetmaker <br>capital city <br>page <br>uncle (paternal) <br>century <br>of January <br>consumption, tuberculosis <br>cloth-maker <br>certificate <br>witness <br>holy <br>his, her own <br>his, her own <br>son <br>synagogue <br>daughter-in-law <br>sons <br>six <br>sixty (sixtieth) <br>six hundred(th) <br>sixteen <br>sixteenth <br>shoemaker <br>scarlet fever <br>school <br>rabbi's assistant, teacher <br>noble <br>nobility <br>see slub <br>sixth <br>brother-in-law <br>sister-in-law <br>tavern keeper
| six hundred(th)  
|-
| szesnaście
| sixteen
|-
| szesnasty
| sixteenth
|-
| szewc
| shoemaker  
|-
| szkarlatyna
| scarlet fever  
|-
| szkoła
| school  
|-
| szkolnik
| rabbi's assistant, teacher  
|-
| szlachecki (szlachety)
| noble  
|-
| szlachta
| nobility  
|-
| szlub
| see slub  
|-
| szósty
| sixth  
|-
| szwagier
| brother-in-law  
|-
| szwagierka
| sister-in-law  
|-
| szynkarz
| tavern keeper
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== T  ===
=== T  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| t. (tom)
| volume
|-
| taki
| such as
|-
| także
| also
|-
| tam
| there
|-
| tamowanie
| opposition, objection
|-
| tamtejszy
| of that place
|-
|-
| t. (tom) <br>taki <br>także <br>tam <br>tamowanie <br>tamtejszy <br>tamże <br>targownik <br>tego (tegoż) <br>tej (tejże) <br>ten (ta, też) <br>teść<br>tężec <br>tkacz <br>to <br>tom <br>towarzystwo <br>trudniący się<br>trzeci <br>trzy <br>trzydzieści <br>trzydziesty <br>trzymał<br>[trzymał do chrztu] <br>trzynaście <br>trzynasty <br>trzysetny (trzechsetny) <br>trzysta <br>tu <br>tudzież <br>tutaj <br>tutejszy <br>twierdza <br>tydzień<br>tygodnie <br>tylko <br>tysiąc <br>tysięczny <br>tytuł
| tamże  
| volume <br>such as <br>also <br>there <br>opposition, objection <br>of that place <br>in the same place <br>peddler <br>this, the same <br>this, the same <br>this, the same <br>father-in-law <br>tetanus <br>weaver <br>it, this <br>volume <br>society <br>earning a living <br>third <br>three <br>thirty <br>thirtieth <br>held, kept <br>[stood as godparents] <br>thirteen <br>thirteenth <br>three hundredth <br>three hundred <br>here <br>also, likewise <br>here <br>of this place <br>fortress <br>week <br>weeks <br>only <br>thousand <br>one thousandth <br>title, name
| in the same place
|-
| targownik  
| peddler
|-
| tego (tegoż)  
| this, the same
|-
| tej (tejże)  
| this, the same
|-
| ten (ta, też)  
| this, the same  
|-
| teść
| father-in-law  
|-
| tężec
| tetanus  
|-
| tkacz
| weaver  
|-
| to
| it, this  
|-
| tom
| volume  
|-
| towarzystwo
| society  
|-
| trudniący się
| earning a living  
|-
| trzeci
| third  
|-
| trzy
| three  
|-
| trzydzieści
| thirty  
|-
| trzydziesty
| thirtieth  
|-
| trzymał
| held, kept  
|-
| [trzymał do chrztu]
| [stood as godparents]  
|-
| trzynaście
| thirteen  
|-
| trzynasty
| thirteenth  
|-
| trzysetny (trzechsetny)
| three hundredth  
|-
| trzysta
| three hundred  
|-
| tu
| here  
|-
| tudzież
| also, likewise  
|-
| tutaj
| here  
|-
| tutejszy
| of this place  
|-
| twierdza
| fortress  
|-
| tydzień
| week  
|-
| tygodnie
| weeks  
|-
| tylko
| only  
|-
| tysiąc
| thousand  
|-
| tysięczny
| one thousandth  
|-
| tytuł
| title, name
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== U  ===
=== U  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| ubogi
| poor
|-
| ukraijnski
| Ukrainian
|-
| ul. (ulica)
| street, road
|-
| umarł
| died
|-
| umieją
| they know how
|-
| umowa
| contract, agreement
|-
| umrzeć
| to die
|-
| uprzejmie
| politely
|-
|-
| ubogi <br>ukraijnski <br>ul. (ulica) <br>umarł<br>umieją <br>umowa <br>umrzeć <br>uprzejmie <br>urodzenie <br>urodził się<br>urodzin <br>urodzony <br>urząd <br>urząd stanu cywilnego <br>urzędnik<br>ustny <br>utrzymajacy się<br>uwagi
| urodzenie  
| poor <br>Ukrainian <br>street, road <br>died <br>they know how <br>contract, agreement <br>to die <br>politely <br>birth <br>was born <br>of births <br>born, wellborn (noble) <br>office <br>civil registration office <br>registrar, officer, clerk <br>verbal, oral <br>supporting self (by) <br>remarks
| birth
|-
| urodził się
| was born
|-
| urodzin
| of births
|-
| urodzony
| born, wellborn (noble)
|-
| urząd
| office  
|-
| urząd stanu cywilnego
| civil registration office
|-
| urzędnik
| registrar, officer, clerk
|-
| ustny
| verbal, oral
|-
| utrzymajacy się
| supporting self (by)
|-
| uwagi
|remarks
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== W  ===
=== W  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| w
| in
|-
| w. (wieku)
| century
|-
| waleczny
| courageous, gallant
|-
| was
| you
|-
| wasz
| your
|-
| wcześnie
| early
|-
| wczoraj
| yesterday
|-
| wczorajszy
| yesterday's
|-
| wdowa
| widow
|-
| [wdowa po Józefie]
| [widow of Józef]
|-
| wdowiec
| widower
|-
| we
| in
|-
| według
| according to
|-
| węgierski
| Hungarian
|-
| wiadomo
| it is known
|-
| wiadomość
| knowledge
|-
| wiadomy
| known
|-
| wieczorem
| in the evening
|-
| wiek
| age, century
|-
| wielki
| great, large
|-
| wielmożny
| powerful noble, magnate
|-
| wielu
| many, much
|-
| wierzchni
| upper
|-
| wieś
| village
|-
| wikarjusz (wikary)
| vicar, priest
|-
| wiorst (wierst)
| a measurement of distance (1067 meters)
|-
| wioska
| little village
|-
| właściciel
| proprietor, owner
|-
| włóka
| 30 morgs (36 acres)
|-
| włościanin
| peasant
|-
| włoski
| Italian
|-
|-
| w <br>w. (wieku) <br>waleczny <br>was <br>wasz <br>wcześnie <br>wczoraj <br>wczorajszy <br>wdowa <br>[wdowa po Józefie] <br>wdowiec <br>we <br>według <br>węgierski <br>wiadomo <br>wiadomość <br>wiadomy <br>wieczorem <br>wiek <br>wielki <br>wielmożny <br>wielu <br>wierzchni <br>wieś<br>wikarjusz (wikary) <br>wiorst (wierst) <br>wioska <br>właściciel <br>włóka <br>włościanin <br>włoski <br>wnuczek <br>wnuczka <br>wnuk <br>woda <br>wodna puchlina <br>wojenny <br>województwo <br>wojskowy <br>wolny <br>wraz <br>września <br>wschód <br>wsi <br>wśród <br>wśtępnie <br>wszakże <br>wszystko <br>wtedy <br>wtorek <br>wuj (wujek) <br>wyciąg <br>wydany <br>wykonał<br>wyrażenie <br>wyrobnik <br>wysoki <br>wyznania <br>wyższy <br>wzgórze <br>wzmianki
| wnuczek  
| in <br>century <br>courageous, gallant <br>you <br>your <br>early <br>yesterday <br>yesterday's <br>widow <br>[widow of Józef] <br>widower <br>in <br>according to <br>Hungarian <br>it is known <br>knowledge <br>known <br>in the evening <br>age, century <br>great, large <br>powerful noble, magnate <br>many, much <br>upper <br>village <br>vicar, priest <br>a measurement of distance (1067 meters) <br>little village <br>proprietor, owner <br>30 morgs (36 acres) <br>peasant <br>Italian <br>grandson <br>granddaughter <br>grandchild <br>water <br>dropsy, edema <br>military <br>province <br>military <br>free, not a serf, unmarried <br>together with, with <br>of September <br>east <br>of the village <br>in the midst of <br>initially, temporarily <br>but <br>all <br>at that time <br>Tuesday <br>uncle (maternal) <br>extract <br>published <br>performed, did, accomplished <br>statement <br>dayworker, laborer <br>high <br>religion <br>upper <br>hill <br>remarks
| grandson
|-
| wnuczka  
| granddaughter
|-
| wnuk  
| grandchild
|-
| woda  
| water
|-
| wodna puchlina  
| dropsy, edema  
|-
| wojenny
| military  
|-
| województwo
| province  
|-
| wojskowy
| military  
|-
| wolny
| free, not a serf, unmarried  
|-
| wraz
| together with, with  
|-
| września
| of September  
|-
| wschód
| east  
|-
| wsi
| of the village  
|-
| wśród
| in the midst of  
|-
| wśtępnie
| initially, temporarily  
|-
| wszakże
| but  
|-
| wszystko
| all  
|-
| wtedy
| at that time  
|-
| wtorek
| Tuesday  
|-
| wuj (wujek)
| uncle (maternal)  
|-
| wyciąg
| extract  
|-
| wydany
| published  
|-
| wykonał
| performed, did, accomplished  
|-
| wyrażenie
| statement  
|-
| wyrobnik
| dayworker, laborer  
|-
| wysoki
| high  
|-
| wyznania
| religion  
|-
| wyższy
| upper  
|-
| wzgórze
| hill  
|-
| wzmianki
| remarks
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== X  ===
=== X  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| xiądz
| priest
|-
|-
| xiądz <br>xięga  
| xięga  
| priest <br>book
| book
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== Z  ===
=== Z  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| z
| with, from
|-
| [z (Surname +ending)]
| [maiden name]
|-
| za
| to
|-
| zachód
| west
|-
| żaden (żadna)
| none
|-
| żadna
| none
|-
|-
| z <br>[z (Surname +ending)] <br>za <br>zachód <br>żaden (żadna) <br>żadna <br>zagrodnik <br>zamek <br>zamężna <br>zamieszkały <br>zamieszkanie <br>zapalenie płuc <br>zapowiedź <br>zaręczona <br>zaręczyny <br>zarwarli <br>zarząd <br>zaślubiać<br>zaślubiony <br>zaślużony <br>zastępca <br>zaszło <br>zatem <br>zatrudnienie <br>zawarli <br>zawarte <br>zawartość <br>zawarty <br>zawód <br>zawsze <br>zdrój <br>że <br>[ze (surname+ending] <br>ze <br>żebrak <br>zejść <br>żeńska <br>zeszły <br>zezwolenie (zgoda) <br>zgon <br>zgromadzony <br>zięć<br>zielony <br>ziemia <br>złoty <br>zmarł<br>zniszczenie <br>znowu <br>zobacz <br>żołnierz <br>żona <br>zostający <br>został <br>zostawił<br>zrobiony <br>zrodzony <br>zwany <br>zwrot <br>życie <br>życzenie <br>żydowski <br>żyjący
| zagrodnik  
| with, from <br>[maiden name] <br>to <br>west <br>none <br>none <br>peasant, farmer who has his farmhouse <br>palace, castle <br>wife, a married woman, married <br>residing at <br>residence <br>pneumonia <br>marriage proclamations, banns <br>engaged <br>engagement, betrothal <br>they agreed <br>administration <br>to marry <br>married <br>in servitude, serf <br>assistance <br>happened, occurred <br>then, therefore <br>occupation, profession <br>they agreed, contracted <br>agreed <br>content <br>agreed, contracted <br>occupation, profession <br>always <br>spring, spa <br>with, from <br>[maiden name] <br>that (know that he died) <br>beggar <br>death <br>female <br>preceding <br>permission <br>death <br>gathered, collected <br>son-in-law <br>green <br>earth <br>gold, unit of money <br>died, deceased <br>destruction <br>again <br>see <br>soldier <br>wife <br>residing, staying <br>was, accomplished, remained, left <br>left behind <br>written (in a document) <br>born <br>called, known as <br>application, remark <br>life, age <br>desire, wish <br>Jewish <br>living
| peasant, farmer who has his farmhouse  
|-
| zamek
| palace, castle  
|-
| zamężna
| wife, a married woman, married  
|-
| zamieszkały
| residing at  
|-
| zamieszkanie
| residence  
|-
| zapalenie płuc
| pneumonia  
|-
| zapowiedź
| marriage proclamations, banns  
|-
| zaręczona
| engaged  
|-
| zaręczyny
| engagement, betrothal  
|-
| zarwarli
| they agreed  
|-
| zarząd
| administration  
|-
| zaślubiać
| to marry  
|-
| zaślubiony
| married  
|-
| zaślużony
| in servitude, serf  
|-
| zastępca
| assistance  
|-
| zaszło
| happened, occurred  
|-
| zatem
| then, therefore  
|-
| zatrudnienie
| occupation, profession  
|-
| zawarli
| they agreed, contracted  
|-
| zawarte
| agreed  
|-
| zawartość
| content  
|-
| zawarty
| agreed, contracted  
|-
| zawód
| occupation, profession  
|-
| zawsze
| always  
|-
| zdrój
| spring, spa  
|-
| że
| with, from  
|-
| [ze (surname+ending)]
| [maiden name]  
|-
| ze
| that (know that he died)  
|-
| żebrak
| beggar  
|-
| zejść
| death  
|-
| żeńska
| female  
|-
| zeszły
| preceding  
|-
| zezwolenie (zgoda)
| permission  
|-
| zgon
| death  
|-
| zgromadzony
| gathered, collected
|-
| zięć
| son-in-law  
|-
| zielony
| green  
|-
| ziemia
| earth  
|-
| złoty
| gold, unit of money  
|-
| zmarł
| died, deceased  
|-
| zniszczenie
| destruction  
|-
| znowu
| again  
|-
| zobacz
| see  
|-
| żołnierz
| soldier  
|-
| żona
| wife  
|-
| zostający
| residing, staying  
|-
| został
| was, accomplished, remained, left  
|-
| zostawił
| left behind  
|-
| zrobiony
| written (in a document)  
|-
| zrodzony
| born  
|-
| zwany
| called, known as  
|-
| zwrot
| application, remark  
|-
| życie
| life, age  
|-
| życzenie
| desire, wish  
|-
| żydowski
| Jewish  
|-
| żyjący
| living
|}
|}


[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Word_List|Polish Language]] ] [[Category:Russia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Belarus|Polish Language]]  [[Category:Czech_Republic Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Slovakia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Ukraine Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Lithuania|Polish Language]]
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}
 
[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Word_List|Polish Language]] [[Category:Russia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Belarus|Polish Language]]  [[Category:Czechia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Slovakia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Ukraine Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Lithuania|Polish Language]]

Latest revision as of 13:58, 10 January 2024

Polish Genealogical
Word List
Polish language map.png
Downloadable Word List
Handwriting Help
Associated Countries
Poland Ancestral farm

Introduction[edit | edit source]

The Polish Genealogical Word List contains Polish words and their English translations for many words that are found in documents used to research Polish ancestors. If the word (or some form of it) you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. See the Additional Resources section below.

Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.

  • In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.
  • In German Poland, most records were kept in German or Latin, though some were kept in Polish.
  • In Austrian Poland, most records were kept in Latin. Some records were kept in German and some in Polish.

Polish is also used in the records kept in some Polish communities in the United States.

Polish records often contain Latin and German words. See the German Genealogical Word List, and the Latin Genealogical Word List.

Alphabetical Order[edit | edit source]

Aa Ąą Bb Cc Ćć Dd Ee Ęę Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ńń Oo Óó Pp Rr Ss Śś Tt Uu Ww Yy Zz Źź Żż

The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.

Language Aids[edit | edit source]

The FamilySearch Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:

Kierst, W. English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary. New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FS Library book 491.85321 K847e.)

Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary. New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FS Library book 491.85321P751p.)

SŁOWNIK JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO -- Polish language dictionary (online)

Wielki słownik języka polskiego - polish dictionary (online) **must use diacritics!**

Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:

Frazin, Judith R. A Translation Guide to the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed. Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at Google Books: A Translation Guide to 19th-century Polish-language Civil Registration.

To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use: books.google.de/books

Shea, Jonathan D. Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed. Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 D27.)

Learning: Polish Language, Common Word Translations is available online.

Language Characteristics[edit | edit source]

Polish words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. Adjectives used to describe them must have the proper masculine, feminine, or neuter endings, for example:

stary mąż-- old man

stara kobieta-- old woman

stare miasto-- old city

The endings of past tense verbs also change depending on the gender of the person or thing being described or performing the action. For example:

umarł -- he died

umarła-- she died

Flag of Poland

umarło-- it [the child] died

Variant Forms of Words[edit | edit source]

In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries-married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.

The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).

Certain endings, called genitive, give the meaning "of" to a word. The following endings are typical:

Nouns Endings Adjectives

-a (masculine) -ego

-y or -i (feminine) -ej

Poland

-ów (plural) -ich or -ych

Thus, ojciec zmarłego means "father of the deceased."

Plural forms of Polish words usually change the singular word as follows:

Words ending in -a change to -y

Words ending in -o change to -a

A -y or -i is added to form the plural

The plural form may change the basic word, for example:

Singular Plural
miasto =city miasta= cities
powiat =district powiaty =districts
brat= brother bracia =brothers
żona=wife żony=wives

Polish Grammar[edit | edit source]

The Polish language is highly inflective. This means that words may have different grammatical endings, depending on their usage. Personal names and name of places, like other words, are inflected. Polish has six grammatical inflections, called cases, only four of which are commonly encountered in Napoleonic records.

  1. Nominative case: This is the standard, non-inflected form as would be used on genealogical forms or as would be found on a map.
  2. Genitive case: This is the possessive case, meaning “of.” Example: John’s child, the child of John. Generally, it is an –a ending on male names and a –y ending on female names.
  3. Instrumental case: this case is most often used with the preposition między, meaning “with.” It is commonly seen in marriage records. Generally, it is an –m ending on male names and an –a ending on female names.
  4. Prepositional case: This case is most often used with place names, especially in connection with the preposition w, meaning “in.” There are many different prepositional endings, depending on the nature of the standard nominative ending of the place name. It is best to check a gazetteer or map to determine the nominative form.


For more detailed information about Polish grammar and additional examples of Polish grammar in genealogical documents, see the Polish Paleography Seminar Handout - Grammar overview.

Additional Resources[edit | edit source]

This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the FamilySearch Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries.

The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in FamilySearch Centers:

Stanisławski, Jan. English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FS Library film 1,045,473, item 1)

Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under:

POLISH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES

Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:

POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES

Key Words[edit | edit source]

To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.

For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriage. In the second column you will find Polish words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined, and other words used to indicate marriage.

English Polish
birth urodzin, urodzony, urodził się, zrodzony
burial pochówek, pochowanie, pogrzeb
Catholic rzymsko-katolicki
child dziecię, dziecko
christening chrzest, chrzciny, ochrzczone
death(s) zgon(ów), zejść, umarł, zmarł, śmierci
father ojciec
husband mąż, małżonek
index indeks, skorowidz, rejestr, spis
Jewish żydowski, starozakonny, izraelici, mojżeszowy
marriage małżeństw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
marriage banns zapowiedzi
mother matka
name, given imię, imion
name, surname nazwisko
parents rodzice
parish parafia
Protestant ewangelicki, reformowany, protestancki, luterański
wife żona, małżonka, zamężna, kobieta
year rok, lat


Numbers[edit | edit source]

In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. Because dates are formed using the genitive case, ordinal numbers usually end with -ego, for example:

pierwszy the first
pierwszego on the first (of the month)

Cardinal
Ordinal Ordinal in genitive case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000 		jeden, jedna
dwa
trzy
cztery
pięć
sześć
siedem
osiem
dziewięć
dziesięć
jedenaście
dwanaście
trzynaście
czternaście
piętnaście
szesnaście
siedemnaście
osiemnaście
dziewiętnaście
dwadzieścia
dwadzieścia jeden
dwadzieścia dwa
dwadzieścia trzy
dwadzieścia cztery
dwadzieścia pięć
dwadzieścia sześć
dwadzieścia siedem
dwadzieścia osiem
dwadzieścia dziewięć
trzydzieści
czterdzieści
pięćdziesiąt
sześć dziesiąt
siedemdziesiąt
osiemdziesiąt
dziewiecdziesiąt
sto
dwieście
trzysta
czterysta
pięćset
sześćset
siedemset
osiemset
dziewięćset
tysiąc 		1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
200th
300th
400th
500th
600th
700th
800th
900th
1000th 		pierwszy
drugi
trzeci
czwarty
piąty
szósty
siódmy
ósmy
dziewiąty
dziesiąty
jedenasty
dwunasty
trzynasty
czternasty
piętnasty
szesnasty
siedemnasty
osiemnasty
dziewiętnasty
dwudziesty, dwódziesty
dwudziesty pierwszy
dwudziesty drugi
dwudziesty trzeci
dwudziesty czwarty
dwudziesty piąty
dwudziesty szósty
dwudziesty siódmy
dwudziesty ósmy
dwudziesty dziewiąty
trzydziesty
czterdziesty
pięćdziesiąty
sześćdziesiąty
siedemdziesiąty
osiemdziesiąty
dziewięćdziesiąty
setny
dwóchsetny
trzysetny, trzechsetny
czterysetny, czterechsetny
pięćsetny
sześćsetny
siedemsetny
osiemsetny
dziewięćsetny
tysięczny 		pierwszego
drugiego
trzeciego
czwartego
piątego
szóstego
siódmego
ósmego
dziewiątego
dziesiątego
jedenastego
dwunastego
trzynastego
czternastego
piętnastego
szesnastego
siedemnastego
osiemnastego
dziewiętnastego
dwudziestego, dwódziestego
dwudziestego pierwszego
dwudziestego drugiego
dwudziestego trzeciego
dwudziestego czwartego
dwudziestego piątego
dwudziestego szóstego
dwudziestego siódmego
dwudziestego ósmego
dwudziestego dziewiątego
trzydziestego
czterdziestego
pięćdziesiątego
sześćdziesiątego
siedemdziesiątego
osiemdziesiątego
dziewięćdziesiątego
setnego
dwóchsetnego
trzysetnego, trzechsetnego
czterysetnego, czterechsetnego
pięćsetnego
sześćsetnego
siedemsetnego
osiemsetnego
dziewięćsetnego
tysięcznego

Dates and Time[edit | edit source]

In Polish records, dates are usually written out, for example:

roku tysiąc osemset trzydziestego szóstego dnia dwódziestego trzeciego marca [in the year one thousand eight hundredth thirtieth and sixth on the day twentieth third of March (23 March 1836] In some records, two dates are recorded:
dnia piątego/siedemnastego Maja [on the day 5th/17th of May] The two dates are usually 12 days apart. The first date is based on the Julian calendar (used by the Russian Empire). The second date is based on the present-day Gregorian calendar.

To understand Polish dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.

Months[edit | edit source]

Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as 13.VI.1864 instead of 13.czerwca.1864. When dates are written out, months are in the genitive case.

English Polish Polish (genitive case)
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII
VIII.
IX
X.
XI.
XII. 		January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December 		styczeń
luty
marzec
kwiecień
maj
czerwiec
lipiec
sierpień
wrzesień
październik
listopad
grudzień 		stycznia
lutego
marca
kwietnia
maja
czerwca
lipca
sierpnia
września
października
listopada
grudnia

Days of the Week[edit | edit source]

English
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday 		Polish
niedziela
poniedzialek
wtorek
środa
czwartek
piątek
sobota

Times of the Day[edit | edit source]

Polish birth and death records often indicate the exact time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.

Polish
rano/z rana
przed południem
południe/w południe
popołudniu/z południa
o godzinie drugiej
o godzinie siódmej
wieczorem/w wieczór
w nocy
północna godzina
English
in the morning
forenoon
noon
afternoon
at the 2nd hour
at the 7th hour
in the evening
at night
midnight


General Word List[edit | edit source]

This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections prior to this list.

In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses. Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase. Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.

Click the letter below to get to the words starting with that letter.
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U W X Z

A[edit | edit source]

Polish English
aby so that
adoptowany adopted
akatolicki non-Catholic
akta małżenstw, akta ślubów marriage records
akta urodzin birth records
akta zapowiedzi banns records
akta zejść death records
akta zgonów death records
akuszerka midwife
albo or
ale but
aptekarz dispensing chemist, pharmacist
archiwum archive
arendarz lease-holder, innkeeper
artysta artist
asystencya assistance
austriacki Austrian
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

B[edit | edit source]

Polish English
babka grandmother
bakalarz teacher, bachelor
bałtycki Baltic
bankier banker
będą they will
będzie he/she/it will
belfer assistant melamed (teacher) in a Cheder (Hebrew elementary school)
bez without
bezdzietny childless
bezimienny unnamed, nameless
bezżenny unmarried
białoruski Belorussian
biały white
biegunka diarrhea, dysentery
bierzmowanie confirmation
bieżący
roku bieżącego 		current
of the current year
biskup bishop
blacharz plumber, tinker, or tinsmith
bliski near
bliżnięta twins
błogosławil blessed
błogosławiony blessed, the late
bo because
Bóg the Lord
bólu of pain
bożnica synagogue
Boży the Lord's
bracia brothers
brak lack of, is missing
brat brother
bratanek nephew
bratanica niece
bratowa sister-in-law
browarnik brewer
brukarz paver
brzemienna pregnant
bufetowy bartender
burmistrz mayor
być to be
był (byłi) was (were)
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

C[edit | edit source]

Polish English
cały entire
ceglarz brick maker
cesarski imperial
cesarstwo empire
chałupnik,
chałupnikow 		cottager, poor peasant, serf,
of serfs
chce he wants
chłop peasant, country fellow
chłopiec boy
choroba disease
chrzczony christened
chrzest christening
chrzestna, chrzestny godparent(s)
chwilowo temporarily
ciocia (ciotka) aunt
cmentarz cemetery, churchyard
co what
córka daughter
cudzoziemski foreign
cukrzyca diabetes
cyrkul district (of a city), ward
cyrulnik barber-surgeon
czarny black
czas time
czasopismo magazine, periodical
czasowo temporarily
czemu why
czerwca of June
czerwony red
część part, portion
czeski Czech
często often
członek member
czterdzieści forty
czterdziesty fortieth
czterechsetny four hundredth
czternaście fourteen
czternasty fourteenth
cztery four
czterysetny four hundredth
czterysta four hundred
czwartek Thursday
czwarty fourth
czy whether (introduces a question)
czyli or
czynszownik renter
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

D[edit | edit source]

Polish English
data date
dawniej formerly
dekanat deanery, division of a diocese
diecezja diocese
difteria diphtheria
dla for
długi long
dnia on the day
doba time period of 24 hours
dobra estate
dobry good
dodatek supplement, addition
dolina valley
dom
[z domu] 		house
[maiden name, from the house of]
datąd until now, still
dowód proof
drobny minor, small
drugi second
drugiego on the second
drzewo genealogiczne family tree
duży great, big
dwa two
dwadzieścia twenty
dwadzieścia dziewięć twenty-nine
dwadzieścia cztery twenty-four
dwadzieścia dwa twenty-two
dwadzieścia jeden twenty-one
dwadzieścia osiem twenty-eight
dwadzieścia pięć twenty-five
dwadzieścia siedem twenty-seven
dwadzieścia sześć twenty-six
dwadzieścia trzy twenty-three
dwanaście twelve
dwieście two hundred
dwóch imion having two given names
dwódziesty twentieth
dwór estate
dwudziesty twentieth
dwudziesty czwarty twenty-fourth
dwudziesty drugi twenty-second
dwudziesty ósmy twenty-eighth
dwudziesty piąty twenty-fifth
dwudziesty pierwszy twenty-first
dwudziesty siódmy twenty-seventh
dwudziesty szósty twenty-sixth
dwudziesty trzeci twenty-third
dwunasty twelfth
dwusetny (dwóchsetny) two hundredth
dyarya diarrhea
dziad (dziadek) grandfather, old man, beggar
Dziad kościelny Church grandfather, church servant, watchman, minister
dział portion, share
dzieciątko infant
dzieci
dziecię (dziecko) 		children
child
dziedzic heir, country gentleman
dziedzictwo heritage, inheritance
dziedzieczenie inheritance
dzień day
dziesiąty tenth
dziesięć ten
dziewczę (dziewczyna) girl
dziewiąty ninth
dziewię dziewiąty twenty-ninth
dziewięć nine
dziewięćdziesiąt(y) ninety (ninetieth)
dziewięćset(ny) nine hundred(th)
dziewiętnaście nineteen
dziewiętnasty nineteenth
dziś (dzisiaj) today
dzisiejszy today's
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

E[edit | edit source]

Polish English
emigracja emigration
ewangelicki Evangelical, Lutheran
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

F[edit | edit source]

Polish English
familia family
farbiarz dyer
febra fever
felczer medical assistant
folwark manor farm
fornal farm wagon driver
fryzjer barber
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

G[edit | edit source]

Polish English
gajowy gamekeeper, forester
garbarz tanner
gdy when
gdzie where
glisty intestinal worms
glówny main
gmina township, community
godny worthy
godzina hour
golarz barber
góra mountain, hill
gorączka fever
górny upper
gorzelnia distillery
gospodarz farmer (self-sustaining)
granica border
grecko-katolicki Greek-Catholic, Uniate (Greek rite, but under a Roman Pope)
gromada group, cluster, hamlet, community
grudnia of December
grunt land, property
gubernia Russian province
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

H[edit | edit source]

Polish English
handlarz peddler, merchant
herb coat of arms
historia history
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

I[edit | edit source]

Polish English
i and
ich their
imię (imiona) given name(s)
imigracja immigration
inaczej otherwise, alias
inny other
itd. and so forth
iż that (know that he died)
izraelici Jews
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

J[edit | edit source]

Polish English
jak how, as
jak duzo as much
jaki what kind of
jeden one
jedenaście eleven
jedenasty eleventh
jedna one
jednak but
jego his
jej her
jest is
jesteście you are
jesteśmy we are
jeszcze still, yet
jezioro lake
język language
jutro morning, tomorrow
już already
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

K[edit | edit source]

Polish English
karczmarz innkeeper
karta page
kaszel cough
katolicki Catholic
kawaler bachelor
każdy each, every
kiedy when
kilometr kilometer
kobieta woman, wife
kogo whom
kolek convulsions
kolki colic
kolonista colonist, settler
koło near, close to, next to, by
kominiarz chimney sweep
komornik tenant, poor peasant
końcowy final, last
konfirmacja confirmation
koniec end
konsumpcja ciała consumption, tuberculosis
konto account
konwulsje convulsions
korcarz grain merchant
kościół church
kowal smith
kraj region, area, country
krajowy local
kramarz stall keeper, merchant
krawiec tailor
krewny blood-relative
król king
królestwo kingdom
królewski royal
krolowa queen
krwotek bleeding, hemorrhage
ksiądz priest
księga book
księstwo principality, duchy
kto who
który which, who
kum godfather
kuma godmother
kunszt trade, occupation
kupiec shopkeeper, merchant
kupił he bought
kuzyn cousin (male)
kuzynka cousin (female)
kwartał quarter (of a year or city)
kwietnia of April
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

L[edit | edit source]

Polish English
łacisński Latin
las forest, woods
lata years
lecz but
lesnik forester
lewy left
liczący counting
[lat ... liczący] [... years old]
linia line, lineage
lipca of July
listopada of November
litewski Lithuanian
łotewski Latvian
łoże status of legitimacy, bed
[nieprawego loza] [illegitimate]
lub or
lud people
ludność population
lutego of February
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

M[edit | edit source]

Polish English
ma has
macocha stepmother
mączarz miller
madziarski Hungarian
maja of May
mają they have
mający having
[lat ... mający] [... years old]
majątek property
majętny wealthy, property-owning
majster master craftsman
malarz painter
małoletni not of legal age
mały small, little
małżenstwo marriage
małżonek husband
małżonka wife
małżonków of the married couple
[małżonków Kowalskich] [ the Kowalski married couple]
mapa map
marca of March
martwo urodzony stillborn
matka mother
mąż husband, man
menonici Mennonites
męski male
metryka certificate, record
męża of the husband
miał he had
miano name
mianowicie that means, namely
miasteczko small town
miasto city
mieć to have
między between
miejsce place, locality
miejscowość locality
mieście town
miesiąc month
mieszkający residing
mieszkanie residence
mieszkaniec inhabitant, resident, citizen
mleczarz dairyman
młodszy younger
młody young
[pan młody] [bridegroom]
[panna młoda] [bride]
mlodzian (młodziniec) young man
młyn mill
młynarz miller
mniejszy lesser, smaller, shorter
modlitwa prayer
[dom modlitwy] [house of prayer, synagogue]
mojzeszowy; mojżeszowe Jewish
mórg morg (1.2 acres)
most bridge
może maybe
mumoze to him
mularz, murarz mason (bricklayer)
mylnie mistakenly, erroneously
myś liwy hunter
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

N[edit | edit source]

Polish English
na on, at, around
nad above, upon
nadać to give
nadane was given
najemnik day laborer
najmlodszy youngest
najstarszy oldest, eldest
należał belonged to
należy belongs
nam to us
naocznie by eyewitness
naoczny świadek eyewitness
naprzód in front of
narodzony born
narzeczona betrothed, bride
narzeczony betrothed, groom
nas us
następny next
nasz our
na teraz temporarily
naturalny illegitimate
natychmiast immediately
nauczyciel schoolteacher, teacher
nawiązanie reference
nazwana named
nazwisko surname
nerwowa gorączka typhoid fever
nic nothing
nich them
nie not, no
niedaleko not far from
niedziela Sunday, week
niegdy (niegdyś) deceased, former, the late
niemiecki German
niemowlę infant
niepiełnoletni not of legal age, minor
nieprawy illegitimate
nieślubny unmarried, illegitimate
nie teraz not yet
niewiadomy unknown
niezamężna unmarried woman
nieznajomy unknown
nieżonaty unmarried man
nieżyący deceased, not living
nigdy never
nim him
niniejszy this, the present
niski low, short
niższy lower
noc night
nowozaśubiona newlywed bride
nowozaślubiony newlywed groom
nowożeńcy newlyweds
nowy new
numer number
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

O[edit | edit source]

Polish English
o about, concerning
ob. see
obecność presence
oberżysta tavern keeper
obrzęd rite, ceremony
obrzezanie circumcision
obszar area
obydwaj both
obywatel inhabitant, citizen
ochrzczony christened, baptized
od from, since
odbyty performed
odmienny various
odpowiadać to reply
odra measles
odwrócenie conversion
oglasał announced, published
ogrodnik poor peasant, crofter, gardener
ojciec father
ojczym stepfather
okazał showed
około about, around
okręg precinct, district
okupnik local resident
olejów of oil
on he
ona she
onegdajszy day before yesterday
oni they
opatrzony provided
opiekun guardian
opis description
opłata fee, cost
opuchlizna dropsy, edema, swelling
oraz and, also
osada large settlement
osiadły settled (at), residing (at)
osiem eight
osiemdziesiąt(y) eighty (eightieth)
osiemnaście eighteen
osiemnasty eighteenth
osiemset(ny) eight hundred(th)
osłabienie weakness
ósmy eighth
osoba person
ospa of smallpox
ostatni last, recent
oświadczenie statement
oświadczył declared, testified
otrzymał received
owczarz shepherd
owdowiałla widowed
owdowiały widower
ozenił sie married a wife
ożeniony married
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

P[edit | edit source]

Polish English
pan sir, Mr., Lord
pani lady, Mrs.
panna maiden, Miss
pański Lord's
[roku pańskiego] [in the year of our Lord]
państwowy state, of the state
parafia parish
parobek farmworker
pasierb stepchild
pasterz herdsman
października of October
pełnoletność age of consent, legal age
pełnomocnictwo power of attorney, proxy
piątek Friday
piąty fifth
pięć five
pięćdziesiąt(y) fifty (fiftieth)
pięćset(ny) five hundred(th)
piekarz baker
pierwszego on the first
pierwszy first
piętnaście fifteen
piętnasty fifteenth
pisać to write
pismo letter, correspondence
płci męskiej male
płci żeńskiej female
płeć gender, sex
po after
pochowanie burial
pod under
podatek tax
podług according to
podobny similar
podpis signature
podpisany signed
podrzutek foundling
podwójny duplicate
pogrzeb burial
pogrzebany buried
pól half
pólnoc midnight, north
połóg childbirth, labor
polski Polish
południe noon, south
pomorski Pomeranian
poniedziałek Monday
ponieważ because
poprzedni previous
poprzedzil preceded
posiada has, is in possession of
posiadłość property, estate, place
poślubił married
poszukiwanie research, search of
potem after
potok stream
pow. (powiat) district
powinowaty relative
powyższe previously mentioned
pozostały left behind, surviving
pozostawi left behind, was survived by
pozwolenieł permission
prababa (prababka) great-grandmother
pracowity diligent, hard-working
pradziadek great-grandfather
prawdopodobnie in all likelihood, probably
prawego łoża legitimate
prawny legal
prawo law, right
prawosławny orthodox
prawowity legitimate
prawy right, true
proboszcz parish priest
prośba request
prosimy we request
protestancki Protestant
pruski Prussian
przed in front of, before
przedtem before
przekonal convinced
przesłany sent
przeszły preceding
[roku przeszlłego] [of the preceding year]
przez by
przodem before
przodków of ancestors
przy by, with, during
przyczyna cause, reason
przyjaciel friend
przypadek circumstance, occurrence, case
[z bojazni przypadku] [for fear of the circumstance (i.e., emergency baptism)]
przyrodni step-, half-, (as in stepbrother, half brother)
przytomność presence
przyzwolenie consent
puchlina dropsy, edema, swelling
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

R[edit | edit source]

Polish English
r. (roku) in the year
rabin rabbi
rak cancer
rano in the morning
raz once, time
[drugi raz] [second time]
razem together
reformowany Reformed Protestant, Calvinist
religia religion
religijny religious, of the church
robotnik worker
rocznik yearbook
roczny annual
ród family, clan, descent
rodowód genealogy, pedigree
rodzeństwo sibling
rodzice parents
rodzice chrzestni godparents
rodzina family
rok year
rolnik tenant farmer, husbandman, farmer
rosyjski Russian
również also, too
rozwiedziony divorced
rozwód divorce
ruski Russian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian
rybak fisherman
rynek marketplace
rządowy governmental
rzeka river
rzezak, rzeźnik butcher, circumciser (mohel)
rzymsko-katolicki Roman Catholic
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

S[edit | edit source]

Polish English
są they are
sąd court
samy same
sąsiad neighbor
setny one hundredth
się self
siedem seven
siedemdziesiat seventy
siedemnaście seventeen
siedemnasty seventeenth
siedemset(ny) seven hundred(th)
sierota orphan
sierpnia of August
siódmy seventh
sioło village
siostra sister
siostrzenica niece
siostrzeniec nephew
składał submitted, presented
skończył completed
skorowidz index
skurcze cramps
skutek cause
słabość weakness, sickness
słaby weak
śląski Silesian
sławetny renowned
slawny famous
słowacki Slovak
słownik dictionary
ślub marriage, wedding
ślubny married, wedded, legitimate
sługa servant
służąca servant girl
służący serving
śmierć death
snać perhaps
sobie self
sobota Saturday
spażenie burn
spis list, census, index
spłodzone begotten, born
społeczeństwo society
sprzedarz merchant, dealer
średni central, middle, average
środa Wednesday
środek middle
stan status, condition
starość old age
starosta perfect
starozakonny Jew (Orthodox)
starszy older, elder
stary old
stawiający się the one presenting himself
stawił się presented himself, appeared
stelmach cart maker, wheel maker
sto hundred
stolarz cabinetmaker
stolica capital city
strona page
stryj uncle (paternal)
stulecie century
stycznia of January
suchoty consumption, tuberculosis
sukiennik cloth-maker
swiadectwo certificate
świadek witness
święty holy
swój (swego) his, her own
swója (swojei) his, her own
syn son
synagoga synagogue
synowa daughter-in-law
synowie sons
sześć six
sześćdziesąit(y) sixty (sixtieth)
sześćset(ny) six hundred(th)
szesnaście sixteen
szesnasty sixteenth
szewc shoemaker
szkarlatyna scarlet fever
szkoła school
szkolnik rabbi's assistant, teacher
szlachecki (szlachety) noble
szlachta nobility
szlub see slub
szósty sixth
szwagier brother-in-law
szwagierka sister-in-law
szynkarz tavern keeper
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

T[edit | edit source]

Polish English
t. (tom) volume
taki such as
także also
tam there
tamowanie opposition, objection
tamtejszy of that place
tamże in the same place
targownik peddler
tego (tegoż) this, the same
tej (tejże) this, the same
ten (ta, też) this, the same
teść father-in-law
tężec tetanus
tkacz weaver
to it, this
tom volume
towarzystwo society
trudniący się earning a living
trzeci third
trzy three
trzydzieści thirty
trzydziesty thirtieth
trzymał held, kept
[trzymał do chrztu] [stood as godparents]
trzynaście thirteen
trzynasty thirteenth
trzysetny (trzechsetny) three hundredth
trzysta three hundred
tu here
tudzież also, likewise
tutaj here
tutejszy of this place
twierdza fortress
tydzień week
tygodnie weeks
tylko only
tysiąc thousand
tysięczny one thousandth
tytuł title, name
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

U[edit | edit source]

Polish English
ubogi poor
ukraijnski Ukrainian
ul. (ulica) street, road
umarł died
umieją they know how
umowa contract, agreement
umrzeć to die
uprzejmie politely
urodzenie birth
urodził się was born
urodzin of births
urodzony born, wellborn (noble)
urząd office
urząd stanu cywilnego civil registration office
urzędnik registrar, officer, clerk
ustny verbal, oral
utrzymajacy się supporting self (by)
uwagi remarks
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

W[edit | edit source]

Polish English
w in
w. (wieku) century
waleczny courageous, gallant
was you
wasz your
wcześnie early
wczoraj yesterday
wczorajszy yesterday's
wdowa widow
[wdowa po Józefie] [widow of Józef]
wdowiec widower
we in
według according to
węgierski Hungarian
wiadomo it is known
wiadomość knowledge
wiadomy known
wieczorem in the evening
wiek age, century
wielki great, large
wielmożny powerful noble, magnate
wielu many, much
wierzchni upper
wieś village
wikarjusz (wikary) vicar, priest
wiorst (wierst) a measurement of distance (1067 meters)
wioska little village
właściciel proprietor, owner
włóka 30 morgs (36 acres)
włościanin peasant
włoski Italian
wnuczek grandson
wnuczka granddaughter
wnuk grandchild
woda water
wodna puchlina dropsy, edema
wojenny military
województwo province
wojskowy military
wolny free, not a serf, unmarried
wraz together with, with
września of September
wschód east
wsi of the village
wśród in the midst of
wśtępnie initially, temporarily
wszakże but
wszystko all
wtedy at that time
wtorek Tuesday
wuj (wujek) uncle (maternal)
wyciąg extract
wydany published
wykonał performed, did, accomplished
wyrażenie statement
wyrobnik dayworker, laborer
wysoki high
wyznania religion
wyższy upper
wzgórze hill
wzmianki remarks
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

X[edit | edit source]

Polish English
xiądz priest
xięga book
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

Z[edit | edit source]

Polish English
z with, from
[z (Surname +ending)] [maiden name]
za to
zachód west
żaden (żadna) none
żadna none
zagrodnik peasant, farmer who has his farmhouse
zamek palace, castle
zamężna wife, a married woman, married
zamieszkały residing at
zamieszkanie residence
zapalenie płuc pneumonia
zapowiedź marriage proclamations, banns
zaręczona engaged
zaręczyny engagement, betrothal
zarwarli they agreed
zarząd administration
zaślubiać to marry
zaślubiony married
zaślużony in servitude, serf
zastępca assistance
zaszło happened, occurred
zatem then, therefore
zatrudnienie occupation, profession
zawarli they agreed, contracted
zawarte agreed
zawartość content
zawarty agreed, contracted
zawód occupation, profession
zawsze always
zdrój spring, spa
że with, from
[ze (surname+ending)] [maiden name]
ze that (know that he died)
żebrak beggar
zejść death
żeńska female
zeszły preceding
zezwolenie (zgoda) permission
zgon death
zgromadzony gathered, collected
zięć son-in-law
zielony green
ziemia earth
złoty gold, unit of money
zmarł died, deceased
zniszczenie destruction
znowu again
zobacz see
żołnierz soldier
żona wife
zostający residing, staying
został was, accomplished, remained, left
zostawił left behind
zrobiony written (in a document)
zrodzony born
zwany called, known as
zwrot application, remark
życie life, age
życzenie desire, wish
żydowski Jewish
żyjący living
Words starting with:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z
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