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| Most materials used in Polish research are written in Polish. You do not need to speak or read Polish to do research in Polish records, but you should know some key words and phrases to understand the records. Because the Roman Catholic Church was the predominant religion in Poland, many records are in Latin. Other languages in Polish records include German and Russian.
| | {{CountrySidebar |
| | |Country=Poland |
| | |Name=Poland |
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| | |Topic Type=Background |
| | |Background=Languages |
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| | | link1=[[Poland Genealogy|Poland]] |
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| | | link5=[[Poland Languages|Languages]] |
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| Polish grammar may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, names of your ancestors will vary from record to record in Polish. | | ==Description== |
| | The languages spoken in Poland are <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland#:~:text=Polish%20is%20the%20official%20and%20predominant, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Polish language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language '''Polish'''] - the official and predominant spoken language. 97% of the population declare Polish as their mother language. 37 million (2011). |
| | ** one of the official languages of the European Union, also a second language in parts of neighboring Lithuania. |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_language '''Silesian'''] - spoken by 529,377 (2011). |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language '''Kashubian'''] - a recognized regional language spoken by 100,000 people in the northern regions of Kashubia and Pomerania on a daily basis. 108,140 (2011). |
| | * '''English''' - about 32% of Polish citizens are knowledgeable with English. Spoken by 103,541 (2011). |
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| For help in understanding name variations, see the “[[Poland Names, Personal|Names, Personal]]” section in this outline.
| | The Minority Languages spoken in Poland are <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland#National_minority's_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Poland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Poland#Household_languages, accessed 24 May 2023.</ref> |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language '''Armenian'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language '''Belarusian'''] - spoken by 26,448 (2011). |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language '''Czech'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language '''German'''] - spoken by 96,461 (2011). |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish '''Yiddish'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language '''Hebrew'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language '''Lithuanian'''] - spoken by 5,303 (2011). |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language '''Russian'''] - spoken by 19,805 (2011). |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language '''Slovak'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language '''Ukrainian'''] - spoken by 24,539 (2011). |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaim_language '''Karaim'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language '''Rusyn'''] - also referred to as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemkos#Language/dialect '''Lemko''']. Spoken by 6,279 (2011). |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Roma '''Polska Roma'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergitka_Roma '''Bergitka Roma'''] |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language '''Tatar'''] - also known as '''Tartar'''. |
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| === Alphabet === | | ==Word List(s)== |
| | * Allen, Will and Piotr Czajkowski. ''Polish : phrasebook & dictionary.'' n.p.: Lonely Planet, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1083165884 WorldCat]. |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/polish.php#:~:text=Useful%20Polish%20phrases Useful Polish phrases] - Omniglot |
| | * [https://www.polishpod101.com/blog/2022/01/28/polish-beginner-phrases/ Most Useful Polish Phrases] - PolishPod101 |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/kashubian.htm#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Kashubian Useful phrases in Kashubian] - Omniglot |
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| Aa Ąą Bb Cc Ćć Dd Ee Ęę Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ńń Oo Óó Pp Rr Ss Śś Tt Uu Ww Yy Zz Źź Żż
| | Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish. |
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| The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.
| | * In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language. |
| | * In German Poland, most records were kept in German or [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]], though some were kept in Polish. |
| | * In Austrian Poland, most records were kept in [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin]]. Some records were kept in German and some in Polish. |
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| === Pronunciation Guide ===
| | Most materials used in Polish research are written in Polish. You do not need to speak or read Polish to do research in Polish records, but you should know some key words and phrases to understand the records. Because the Roman Catholic Church was the predominant religion in Poland, many records are in Latin. Other languages in Polish records include German, Russian, Hebrew, Ukrainian, and Old Church Slavonic.<br> |
| | For word lists and help researching in Polish records, see: |
| | * [[Polish Genealogical Word List|Polish Genealogical Word List]] |
| | * [[German Genealogical Word List|German Genealogical Word List]] |
| | * [[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]] |
| | * [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]] |
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| c = ts<br>ch,h = kh<br>ć,cz,ci = ch<br>ś,sz,si = sh<br>ż,zi,rz = zh<br>ą = om, on<br>ę = em, en<br>j = y<br>dz = j<br>ł = w<br>w = v<br>
| | ==Alphabet and Pronunciation== |
| | '''Alphabet''' |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm#:~:text=Polish%20alphabet Polish alphabet] - Omniglot |
| | ** [https://omniglot.com/conscripts/polishcyrillic2.htm#:~:text=Polish%20Cyrillic Polish Cyrillic] - Omniglot |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/silesian.php#:~:text=Silesian%20alphabet Silesian alphabet] - Omniglot |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm#:~:text=Kashubian%20alphabet Kashubian alphabet] - Omniglot |
| | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet Kashubian alphabet] - Wikipedia |
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| === Language Aids === | | '''Pronunciation''' |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm#:~:text=Polish%20alphabet%20and%20pronunciation Polish pronunciation] - Omniglot |
| | ** [https://forvo.com/languages/pl/ Polish pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/silesian.php#:~:text=Silesian%20alphabet%20and%20pronunciation Silesian pronunciation]-Omniglot |
| | ** [https://forvo.com/languages/szl/ Silesian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo |
| | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm#:~:text=Kashubian%20alphabet%20(kasz%C3%ABbscz%C3%A9%20abecad%C5%82o)%20and%20pronunciation Kashubian pronunciation] - Omniglot |
| | ** [https://forvo.com/languages/csb/ Kashubian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo |
| | ** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet#Pronunciation Kashubian Pronunciation] - Wikipedia |
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| The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:
| | '''''Pronunciation Guide'''''<br> |
| | :c = ts |
| | :ch,h = kh |
| | :ć,cz,ci = ch |
| | :ś,sz,si = sh |
| | :ż,zi,rz = zh |
| | :ą = om, on |
| | :ę = em, en |
| | :j = y |
| | :dz = j |
| | :ł = w |
| | :w = v |
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| Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FHL book 491.85321 K847e.) | | ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== |
| | '''Dictionaries''' |
| | * Phillips, Janet. ''Oxford essential Polish dictionary : Polish-English, English-Polish.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/647230988 WorldCat]. |
| | * Gavira, Angeles and Angela Wilkes. ''Polish English visual bilingual dictionary.'' New York: DK Publishing, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1021246265 WorldCat]. |
| | * Grzebieniowski, Tadeusz. ''Langenscheidt's pocket Polish dictionary : English-Polish, Polish-English.'' New York: Langenscheidt, 1985. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/13186430 WorldCat]. |
| | * Roczniok, Andrzej. ''A Polish-Silesian dictionary.'' Zabrze: Narodowa Oficyna Śląska, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/214282915 WorldCat]. |
| | * Frymark, Stanisław. ''English-Polish- Kashub dictionary.'' Wilno, Ontario: Wilno Heritage Society, 2008. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/865875369 WorldCat]. |
| | * Jeliński, Marian and David Shulist. ''Kashubian-English-Polish dictionary.'' Żukowo: Fundacja Skansenu Pszczelarskiego, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/870335567 WorldCat]. |
| | * Kierst, Wadysaw. ''Concise dictionary, English Polish and Polish-English.'' Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1957. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/32044384 WorldCat]. |
| | * Kierst, W. ''English-Polish and Polish-English dictionary.'' New York, N.Y.: Saphrograph, 1956. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1663913 WorldCat]. |
| | * Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish dictionary.'' New York: Hippcrene Books, 1985. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/866012067 WorldCat]. |
| | * Stanisławski, Jan. ''McKay's English-Polish/Polish-English dictionary.'' New York: Random House, 1988. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/17353421 WorldCat]. |
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| Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FHL book 491.85321P751p.)
| | '''Online Dictionaries''' |
| | * [https://glosbe.com/pl/en Dictionary Polish - English] - Glosbe |
| | * [https://glosbe.com/en/szl Dictionary English - Silesian] - Glosbe |
| | ** [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Silesian/Dictionary Silesian Dictionary] - WikiBooks |
| | * [https://glosbe.com/en/csb Dictionary English - Kashubian] - Glosbe |
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| Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:
| | '''Language Aids''' |
| | * Fokker, A. A. and Emilia Smolikowska. ''Anatomy of a word-class : A chapter of Polish grammar.'' Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1076466607 WorldCat]. |
| | * Bartonlini-Salimbeni, Beth. ''Italian grammar for dummies.'' Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/853548813 WorldCat]. |
| | * Makurat H. ''The Grammar of the Kashubian Language.'' n.p.: n.p., 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/7991879682 WorldCat]. |
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| Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 V27.)
| | ==Additional Resources== |
| | * ''Polish for beginners : a comprehensive guide for learning the Polish language fast.'' n.p.: n.p., 2020. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1251927460 WorldCat]. |
| | * Miłkowski, Marcin, Georg Rehm, and Hans Uszkoreit. ''The Polish language in the digital age.'' Berlin: Springer, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/808123448 WorldCat]. |
| | * Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian language documents from Russian Poland : a translation manual for genealogists.'' Unlimited, Buffalo Grove, Ill.: Genun Publishers, 1989. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/21158243 WorldCat]. |
| | * [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]] |
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| To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use:
| | '''''Lessons on Handwriting''''' |
| | | '''Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:'''<br> |
| Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 D27.)
| | *'''[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar - 10 classes]''' |
| | | *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar] - Lessons on German Handwriting |
| The Polish genealogical Word List published by the Family History Library is available at this link: [http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp]
| | *Old German Script |
| | | **[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-1 Part 1] |
| === Word List ===
| | **[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-2 Part 2] |
| | | **[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-german-church-and-civil-records-part-3 Part 3 (German Church and Civil Records)] |
| This list contains Polish words with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. <br>
| | *'''Reading Russian Handwriting''' |
| | | **[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/reading-russian-documents-the-russian-alphabet Reading Russian Documents: The Russian Alphabet] |
| Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czecslovakian. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.
| | *'''Additional Russian Paleography Classes''' |
| | | **[http://www.russianforeveryone.com/RufeA/Lessons/Introduction/Alphabet/Alphabet.htm Russian for Everyone: The Russian Alphabet] |
| *In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language. | | **[https://www.sggee.org/research/rus_translate/Cyrillic_Handouts.pdf SGGEE Cyrillic Handout.pdf] for months and numbers in Russian cursive. |
| *In German Poland, most records were kept in German or Latin, though some were kept in Polish. | | *'''Latin in German Church Records''' |
| *In Austrian Poland, most records were kept in Latin. Some records were kept in German and some in Polish. | | **[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists] |
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| Polish is also used in the records kept in some Polish communities in the United States.
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| Polish records often contain Latin and German words. See the German Genealogical Word List (34067) and the Latin Genealogical Word List (34077). Or at the following link:http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp
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| === Language Characteristics ===
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| Polish words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. Adjectives used to describe them must have the proper masculine, feminine, or neuter endings, for example:
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| stary maz-- old man
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| stara kobieta-- old woman
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| stare miasto-- old city
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| The endings of past tense verbs also change depending on the gender of the person or thing being described or performing the action. For example:
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| umarl-- he died
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| umarla-- she died
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| umarlo-- it [the child] died
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| === Variant Forms of Words ===
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| In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries- married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.
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| The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).
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| Certain endings, called genitive, give the meaning "of" to a word. The following endings are typical:
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| Nouns Endings Adjectives
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| -a (masculine) -ego | |
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| -y or -i (feminine) -ej | |
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| -ów (plural) -ich or -ych | |
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| Thus, ojciec zmarlego means "father of the deceased."
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| Plural forms of Polish words usually change the singular word as follows:
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| Words ending in -a change to -y
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| Words ending in -o change to -a
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| A -y or -i is added to form the plural
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| The plural form may change the basic word, for example:
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| {| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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| | Singular
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| | Plural
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| |-
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| | miasto =city
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| | miasta= cities
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| |-
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| | powiat =district
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| | powiaty =districts
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| |-
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| | brat= brother
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| | bracia =brothers
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| |-
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| | zona=wife
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| | zony=wives
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| |}
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| === Additional Resources ===
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| This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See the "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries" section in this outline.<br>
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| The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:
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| Stanislawski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.'' Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FHL film 1,045,473, item 1)
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| Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the Family History Library Catalog under:
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| POLISH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES
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| Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:
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| POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
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| === Key Words ===
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| To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.
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| For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriage. In the second column you will find Polish words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined, and other words used to indicate marriage.
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| {| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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| | English
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| | Polish
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| |-
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| | birth
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| | urodzin, urodzony, urodzil, sie zrodzony
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| |-
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| | burial
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| | pochowanie, pogrzeb
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| |-
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| | Catholic
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| | rzymsko-katolicki
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| |-
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| | child
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| | dziecie, dziecko
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| |-
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| | christening
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| | chrzest, chrzciny, ochrzczone
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| |-
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| | death(s)
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| | zgon(ów), zejsc, umarl, zmarl, smierci
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| |-
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| | father
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| | ojciec
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| |-
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| | husband
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| | maz, malzonek
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| |-
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| | index
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| | indeks, skorowidz, register, spis
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| |-
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| | Jewish
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| | zydowski, starozakonny, izraelici, mojzeszowy
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| |-
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| | marriage
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| | malzenstw(o), slub(ów), zaslubionych
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| |-
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| | marriage banns
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| | zapowiedzi
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| |-
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| | mother
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| | matka
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| |-
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| | name, given
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| | imie, imion
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| |-
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| | name, surname
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| | nazwisko
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| |-
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| | parents
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| | rodzice
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| |-
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| | parish
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| | parafia
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| |-
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| | Protestant
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| | ewangelicki, reformowany, protestancki, luteranski
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| |-
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| | wife
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| | zona, malzonka, zamezna, kobieta
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| |-
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| | year
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| |}
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| == General Word List ==
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| This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections that follow this list.
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| <br>
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| In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses. Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase. Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.
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| <br>
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| {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="491" border="1"
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| == A ==
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| |-
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| | Polish
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| | English
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| |-
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| | aby
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| | so that
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| |-
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| | adoptowany
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| | adopted
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| |-
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| | akatolicki
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| | non-Catholic
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| |-
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| | akt
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| | an entry in a register, record
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| |-
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| | akta małżenstw akta ślubów
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| | marriage records
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| |-
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| | akta urodzin
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| | birth records
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| |-
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| | akta zapowiedzi
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| | banns records
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| |-
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| | akta zejść
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| | death records
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| |-
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| | akta zgonów
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| | death records
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| |-
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| | akuszerka
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| | midwife
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| |-
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| | albo
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| | or
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| |-
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| | ale
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| | but
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| |-
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| | archiwum
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| | archive
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| |-
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| | asystencya
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| | assistance
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| |-
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| | austriacki
| |
| | Austrian
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| <br>
| |
| | |
| <br>
| |
| | |
| {| style="width: 496px; height: 714px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="491" border="1"
| |
| |+
| |
| == B ==
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | Polish
| |
| | English
| |
| |-
| |
| | babka
| |
| | grandmother
| |
| |-
| |
| | bakałarz
| |
| | teacher, bachelor
| |
| |-
| |
| | bałtycki
| |
| | Baltic
| |
| |-
| |
| | będą
| |
| | they will
| |
| |-
| |
| | będzie
| |
| | he/she/it will
| |
| |-
| |
| | bez
| |
| | without
| |
| |-
| |
| | bezdzietny
| |
| | childless
| |
| |-
| |
| | bezimienny
| |
| | unnamed, nameless
| |
| |-
| |
| | białoruski
| |
| | Belorussian
| |
| |-
| |
| | biały
| |
| | white
| |
| |-
| |
| | biegunka
| |
| | diarrhea, dysentery
| |
| |-
| |
| | bierzmowanie
| |
| | confirmation
| |
| |-
| |
| | bieżący
| |
| | current (of the current year)
| |
| |-
| |
| | biskup
| |
| | bishop
| |
| |-
| |
| | bliski
| |
| | near
| |
| |-
| |
| | bliżnięta
| |
| | twins
| |
| |-
| |
| | błogosławil
| |
| | blessed
| |
| |-
| |
| | błogosławiony
| |
| | blessed, the late
| |
| |-
| |
| | bo
| |
| | because
| |
| |-
| |
| | bóg
| |
| | the Lord
| |
| |-
| |
| | bólu
| |
| | of pain
| |
| |-
| |
| | bożnica
| |
| | synagogue
| |
| |-
| |
| | Boży
| |
| | the Lord's
| |
| |-
| |
| | bracia
| |
| | brothers
| |
| |-
| |
| | brak
| |
| | lack of, is missing
| |
| |-
| |
| | brat
| |
| | brother
| |
| |-
| |
| | bratanek
| |
| | nephew
| |
| |-
| |
| | bratanica
| |
| | niece
| |
| |-
| |
| | bratowa
| |
| | sister-in-law
| |
| |-
| |
| | brzemienna
| |
| | pregnant
| |
| |-
| |
| | burmistrz
| |
| | mayor
| |
| |-
| |
| | być
| |
| | to be
| |
| |-
| |
| | był
| |
| | was (were)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| <br>
| |
| | |
| <br>
| |
| | |
| {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="491" border="1"
| |
| |+
| |
| == C ==
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | Polish
| |
| | English
| |
| |-
| |
| | cały
| |
| | entire
| |
| |-
| |
| | ceglarz
| |
| | brick maker
| |
| |-
| |
| | cesarski
| |
| | imperial
| |
| |-
| |
| | cesarstwo
| |
| | empire
| |
| |-
| |
| | chałupnik
| |
| | cottager, poor peasant
| |
| |-
| |
| | chce
| |
| | he wants
| |
| |-
| |
| | chłop
| |
| | peasant, country fellow
| |
| |-
| |
| | chłopiec
| |
| | boy
| |
| |-
| |
| | choroba
| |
| | disease
| |
| |-
| |
| | chrzczony
| |
| | christened
| |
| |-
| |
| | chrzest
| |
| | christening
| |
| |-
| |
| | chrzestna, chrzestny
| |
| | godparents
| |
| |-
| |
| | chwilowo
| |
| | temporarily
| |
| |-
| |
| | ciocia (ciotka)
| |
| | aunt
| |
| |-
| |
| | cementarz
| |
| | cemetery, churchyard
| |
| |-
| |
| | co
| |
| | what
| |
| |-
| |
| | córka
| |
| | daughter
| |
| |-
| |
| | cudzoziemski
| |
| | foreign
| |
| |-
| |
| | cukrzyca
| |
| | diabetes
| |
| |-
| |
| | cyrkul
| |
| | district (of a city), ward
| |
| |-
| |
| | cyrulnik
| |
| | barber-surgeon
| |
| |-
| |
| | czarny
| |
| | black
| |
| |-
| |
| | czas
| |
| | time
| |
| |-
| |
| | czasopismo
| |
| | magazine, periodical
| |
| |-
| |
| | czasowo
| |
| | temporarily
| |
| |-
| |
| | czemu
| |
| | why
| |
| |-
| |
| | czerwca
| |
| | of June
| |
| |-
| |
| | czerwony
| |
| | red
| |
| |-
| |
| | część
| |
| | part, portion
| |
| |-
| |
| | czeski
| |
| | Czech
| |
| |-
| |
| | często
| |
| | often
| |
| |-
| |
| | członek
| |
| | member
| |
| |-
| |
| | czterdzieści
| |
| | forty
| |
| |-
| |
| | czterdziesty
| |
| | fortieth
| |
| |-
| |
| | czterechsetny
| |
| | four hundredth
| |
| |-
| |
| | czternaście
| |
| | fourteen
| |
| |-
| |
| | czternasty
| |
| | fourteenth
| |
| |-
| |
| | cztery
| |
| | four
| |
| |-
| |
| | czterysetny
| |
| | four hundredth
| |
| |-
| |
| | czterysta
| |
| | four hundred
| |
| |-
| |
| | czwartek
| |
| | Thursday
| |
| |-
| |
| | czwarty
| |
| | fourth
| |
| |-
| |
| | czy
| |
| | whether (introduces a question)
| |
| |-
| |
| | czyli
| |
| | or
| |
| |-
| |
| | czynszownik
| |
| | renter
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="491" border="1"
| |
| |+
| |
| == D ==
| |
| | |
| |- | Polish | English |- | data | date |- | dawniej | formerly |- | dekanat | deanery, division of a diocese |- | diecezja | diocese |- | difteria | diphtheria |- | dla | for |- | długi | long |- | dnia | on the day |- | doba | time period of 24 hours |- | dobra | estate |- | dobry | good |- | dodatek | supplement, addition |- | dolina | valley |- | dom (z domu) | house (maiden name, from the house of) |- | datąd | until now, still |- | dowód | proof |- | drobny | minor, small |- | drugi | second |- | drugiego | on the second |- | drzewo genealogiczne | family tree |- | duży | great, big |- | dwa | two |- | dwadzieścia | twenty |- | dwadzieścia dziewięć | twenty-nine |- | dwadzieścia cztery | twenty-four |- | dwadzieścia dwa | twenty-two |- | dwadzieścia jeden | twenty-one |- | dwadzieścia osiem | twenty-eight |- | dwadzieścia pięć | twenty-five |- | dwadzieścia siedem | twenty-seven |- | dwadzieścia sześć | twenty-six |- | dwadzieścia trzy | twenty-three |- | dwanaście | twelve |- | dwieście | two hundred |- | dwóch imion | having two given names |- | dwódziesty | twentieth |- | dwór | estate |- | dwudziesty | twentieth |- | dwudziesty czwarty | twenty-fourth |- | dwudziesty drugi | twenty-second |- | dwudziesty ósmy | twenty-eighth |- | dwudziesty piąty | twenty-fifth |- | dwudziesty pierwszy | twenty-first |- | dwudziesty siódmy | twenty-seventh |- | dwudziesty szósty | twenty-sixth |- | dwudziesty trzeci | twenty-third |- | dwunasty | twelfth |- | dwusetny (dwóchsetny) | two hundredth |- | dyarya | diarrhea |- | dziad (dziadek) | grandfather, old man, beggar |- | dział | portion, share |- | dzieciątko | infant |- | dziecię (dziecko) | child |- | dziedzic | heir, country gentleman |- | dziedzictwo | heritage, inheritance |- | dziedzieczenie | inheritance |- | dzień | day |- | dziesiąty | tenth |- | dziesięć | ten |- | dziewczę (dziewczyna) | girl |- | dziewiąty | ninth |- | dziewię dziewiąty | twenty-ninth |- | dziewięć | nine |- | dziewięćdziesiąt(y) | ninety (ninetieth) |- | dziewięćset(ny) | nine hundred(th) |- | dziewiętnaście | nineteen |- | dziewiętnasty | nineteenth |- | dziś (dzisiaj) | today |- | dzisiejszy | today's |}
| |
| | |
| == E ==
| |
| | |
| emigracja emigration
| |
| ewangelicki Evangelical, Lutheran
| |
| | |
| == F ==
| |
| | |
| familia family
| |
| farbiarz dyer
| |
| febra fever
| |
| felczer medical assistant
| |
| folwark manor farm
| |
| fornal farm wagon driver
| |
| fryzjer barber
| |
| | |
| == G ==
| |
| | |
| garbarz tanner
| |
| gdy when
| |
| gdzie where
| |
| glisty intestinal worms
| |
| glówny main
| |
| gmina township, community
| |
| godny worthy
| |
| godzina hour
| |
| golarz barber
| |
| góra mountain, hill
| |
| goraczka fever
| |
| górny upper
| |
| gorzelnia distillery
| |
| gospodarz farmer (self-sustaining)
| |
| granica border
| |
| grecko-katolicki Greek-Catholic, Uniate (Greek rite, but under a Roman Pope)
| |
| gromada group, cluster, hamlet, community
| |
| grudnia of December
| |
| grunt land, property
| |
| gubernia Russian province
| |
| | |
| H
| |
| | |
| handlarz peddler, merchant
| |
| herb coat of arms
| |
| historia history
| |
| | |
| I
| |
| | |
| i and
| |
| ich their
| |
| imie (imiona) given name(s)
| |
| imigracja immigration
| |
| inaczej otherwise, alias
| |
| inny other
| |
| itd. and so forth
| |
| iz that (know that he died)
| |
| izraelici Jews
| |
| | |
| J
| |
| | |
| jak how, as
| |
| jak duzo as much
| |
| jaki what kind of
| |
| jeden one
| |
| jedenascie eleven
| |
| jedenasty eleventh
| |
| jedna one
| |
| jednak but
| |
| jego his
| |
| jej her
| |
| jest is
| |
| jestescie you are
| |
| jestesmy we are
| |
| jeszcze still, yet
| |
| jezioro lake
| |
| jezyk language
| |
| jutro morning, tomorrow
| |
| juz already
| |
| | |
| K
| |
| | |
| karta page
| |
| kaszel cough
| |
| katolicki Catholic
| |
| kawaler bachelor
| |
| kazdy each, every
| |
| kiedy when
| |
| kilometr kilometer
| |
| kobieta woman, wife
| |
| kogo whom
| |
| kolek of cramps
| |
| kolki colic
| |
| kolo around, near, by
| |
| kolonista colonist, settler
| |
| komornik tenant, poor peasant
| |
| koncowy final, last
| |
| konfirmacja confirmation
| |
| koniec end
| |
| konsumpcja ciala consumption, tuberculosis
| |
| konto account
| |
| konwulsje convulsions
| |
| korcarz grain merchant
| |
| kosciól church
| |
| kowal smith
| |
| kraj region, area, country
| |
| krajowy local
| |
| kramarz stall keeper, merchant
| |
| krawiec tailor
| |
| krewny blood-relative
| |
| król king
| |
| królestwo kingdom
| |
| królewski royal
| |
| krolowa queen
| |
| krwotek bleeding, hemorrhage
| |
| ksiadz priest
| |
| ksiega book
| |
| ksiestwo principality, duchy
| |
| kto who
| |
| który which, who
| |
| kum godfather
| |
| kuma godmother
| |
| kunszt trade, occupation
| |
| kupiec shopkeeper, merchant
| |
| kupil he bought
| |
| kuzyn cousin (male)
| |
| kuzynka cousin (female)
| |
| kwartal quarter (of a year or city)
| |
| kwietnia of April
| |
| | |
| L
| |
| | |
| lacinski Latin
| |
| las forest, woods
| |
| lata years
| |
| lecz but
| |
| lesnik forester
| |
| lewy left
| |
| liczacy counting
| |
| [lat ... liczacy] [... years old] | |
| linia line, lineage
| |
| lipca of July
| |
| listopada of November
| |
| litewski Lithuanian
| |
| lotewski Latvian
| |
| loze status of legitimacy, bed
| |
| [nieprawego loza] [illegitimate] | |
| lub or
| |
| lud people
| |
| ludnosc population
| |
| lutego of February
| |
|
| |
| M
| |
| | |
| ma has
| |
| macocha stepmother
| |
| maczarz miller
| |
| madziarski Hungarian
| |
| maja of May
| |
| maja they have
| |
| majacy having
| |
| [lat ... majacy] [... years old]
| |
| majatek property
| |
| majetny wealthy, property-owning
| |
| majster master craftsman
| |
| malarz painter
| |
| maloletni not of legal age
| |
| maly small, little
| |
| malzenstwo marriage
| |
| malzonek husband
| |
| malzonka wife
| |
| malzonków of the married couple
| |
| [malzonków Kowalskich] [the Kowalski married couple]
| |
| mapa map
| |
| marca of March
| |
| martwo urodzony stillborn
| |
| matka mother
| |
| maz husband, man
| |
| menonici Mennonites
| |
| meski male
| |
| metryka certificate, record
| |
| meza of the husband
| |
| mial he had
| |
| miano name
| |
| mianowicie that means, namely
| |
| miasteczko small town
| |
| miasto city
| |
| miec to have
| |
| miedzy between
| |
| miejsce place, locality
| |
| miejscowosc locality
| |
| miescie town
| |
| miesiac month
| |
| mieszkajacy residing
| |
| mieszkanie residence
| |
| mieszkaniec inhabitant, resident, citizen
| |
| mleczarz dairyman
| |
| mlodszy younger
| |
| mlody young
| |
| [pan mlody] [bridegroom]
| |
| [panna mloda] [bride]
| |
| mlodzian (mlodziniec) young man
| |
| mlyn mill
| |
| mlynarz miller
| |
| mniejszy lesser, smaller, shorter
| |
| modlitwa prayer
| |
| [dom modlitwy] [house of prayer, synagogue]
| |
| mojzeszowy Jewish
| |
| mórg morg (1.2 acres)
| |
| most bridge
| |
| maybe
| |
| mumoze to him
| |
| mularz, murarz mason (bricklayer)
| |
| mylnie mistakenly, erroneously
| |
| mysliwy hunter
| |
| | |
| N
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| na on, at, around
| |
| nad above, upon
| |
| nadac to give
| |
| nadane was given
| |
| najemnik day laborer
| |
| najmlodszy youngest
| |
| najstarszy oldest, eldest
| |
| nalezal belonged to
| |
| nalezy belongs
| |
| nam to us
| |
| naocznie by eyewitness
| |
| naoczny swiadek eyewitness
| |
| naprzód in front of
| |
| narodzony born
| |
| narzeczona betrothed, bride
| |
| narzeczony betrothed, groom
| |
| nas us
| |
| nastepny next
| |
| nasz our
| |
| na teraz temporarily
| |
| naturalny illegitimate
| |
| natychmiast immediately
| |
| nauczyciel schoolteacher, teacher
| |
| nawiazanie reference
| |
| nazwana named
| |
| nazwisko surname
| |
| nerwowa goraczka typhoid fever
| |
| nic nothing
| |
| nich them
| |
| nie not, no
| |
| niedaleko not far from
| |
| niedziela Sunday, week
| |
| niegdy (niegdys) deceased, former, the late
| |
| niemiecki German
| |
| niemowle infant
| |
| niepielnoletni not of legal age, minor
| |
| nieprawy illegitimate
| |
| nieslubny unmarried, illegitimate
| |
| nie teraz not yet
| |
| niewiadomy unknown
| |
| niezamezna unmarried woman
| |
| nieznajomy unknown
| |
| niezonaty unmarried man
| |
| niezyjacy deceased, not living
| |
| nigdy never
| |
| nim him
| |
| niniejszy this, the present
| |
| niski low, short
| |
| nizszy lower
| |
| noc night
| |
| nowozaslubiona newlywed bride
| |
| nowozaslubiony newlywed groom
| |
| nowozency newlyweds
| |
| nowy new
| |
| numer number
| |
| | |
| O
| |
| | |
| o about, concerning
| |
| ob. see
| |
| obecnosc presence
| |
| oberzysta tavern keeper
| |
| obrzed rite, ceremony
| |
| obrzezanie circumcision
| |
| obszar area
| |
| obydwaj both
| |
| obywatel inhabitant, citizen
| |
| ochrzczony christened, baptized
| |
| od from, since
| |
| odbyty performed
| |
| odmienny various
| |
| odpowiadac to reply
| |
| odra measles
| |
| odwrócenie conversion
| |
| oglasal announced, published
| |
| ogrodnik poor peasant, crofter, gardener
| |
| ojciec father
| |
| ojczym stepfather
| |
| okazal showed
| |
| okolo about, around
| |
| okreg precinct, district
| |
| okupnik local resident
| |
| olejów of oil
| |
| on he
| |
| ona she
| |
| onegdajszy day before yesterday
| |
| oni they
| |
| opatrzony provided
| |
| opiekun guardian
| |
| opis description
| |
| oplata fee, cost
| |
| opuchlizna dropsy, edema, swelling
| |
| oraz and, also
| |
| osada large settlement
| |
| osiadly settled (at), residing (at)
| |
| osiem eight
| |
| osiemdziesiat(y) eighty (eightieth)
| |
| osiemnascie eighteen
| |
| osiemnasty eighteenth
| |
| osiemset(ny) eight hundred(th)
| |
| oslabienie weakness
| |
| ósmy eighth
| |
| osoba person
| |
| ospa of smallpox
| |
| ostatni last, recent
| |
| oswiadczenie statement
| |
| oswiadczyl declared, testified
| |
| otrzymal received
| |
| owdowiala widowed
| |
| owdowialy widowered
| |
| ozenil sie married a wife
| |
| ozeniony married
| |
|
| |
| P
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| pan sir, Mr., Lord
| |
| pani lady, Mrs.
| |
| panna maiden, Miss
| |
| panski Lord's
| |
| [roku panskiego] [in the year of our Lord] | |
| panstwowy state, of the state
| |
| parafia parish
| |
| parobek farmworker
| |
| pasierb stepchild
| |
| pasterz herdsman
| |
| pazdziernika of October
| |
| pelnoletnosc age of consent, legal age
| |
| piatek Friday
| |
| piaty fifth
| |
| piec five
| |
| piecdziesiat(y) fifty (fiftieth)
| |
| piecset(ny) five hundred(th)
| |
| piekarz baker
| |
| pierwszego on the first
| |
| pierwszy first
| |
| pietnascie fifteen
| |
| pietnasty fifteenth
| |
| pisac to write
| |
| pismo letter, correspondence
| |
| plci meskiej male
| |
| plci zenskiej female
| |
| plec gender, sex
| |
| po after
| |
| pochowanie burial
| |
| pod under
| |
| podatek tax
| |
| podlug according to
| |
| podobny similar
| |
| podpis signature
| |
| podpisany signed
| |
| podrzutek foundling
| |
| podwójny duplicate
| |
| pogrzeb burial
| |
| pogrzebany buried
| |
| pól half
| |
| pólnoc midnight, north
| |
| pológ childbirth, labor
| |
| polski Polish
| |
| poludnie noon, south
| |
| pomorski Pomeranian
| |
| poniedzialek Monday
| |
| poniewaz because
| |
| poprzedni previous
| |
| poprzedzil preceded
| |
| posiada has, is in possession of
| |
| poslubil married
| |
| poszukiwanie research, search of
| |
| potem after
| |
| potok stream
| |
| pow. (powiat) district
| |
| powinowaty relative
| |
| powyzsze previously mentioned
| |
| pozostaly left behind, surviving
| |
| pozostawil left behind, was survived by
| |
| pozwolenie permission
| |
| prababa (prababka) great-grandmother
| |
| pracowity diligent, hard-working
| |
| pradziadek great-grandfather
| |
| prawdopodobnie in all likelihood, probably
| |
| prawego loza legitimate
| |
| prawny legal
| |
| prawo law, right
| |
| prawoslawny orthodox
| |
| prawowity legitimate
| |
| prawy right, true
| |
| proboszcz parish priest
| |
| prosba request
| |
| prosimy we request
| |
| protestancki Protestant
| |
| pruski Prussian
| |
| przed in front of, before
| |
| przedtem before
| |
| przekonal convinced
| |
| przeslany sent
| |
| przeszly preceding
| |
| [roku przeszlego] [of the preceding year]
| |
| przez by
| |
| przodem before
| |
| przodków of ancestors
| |
| przy by, with, during
| |
| przyczyna cause, reason
| |
| przyjaciel friend
| |
| przypadek circumstance, occurrence, case
| |
| [z bojazni przypadku] [for fear of the circumstance (i.e., baptized on an emergency basis because the child was in danger of dying)]
| |
| przyrodni step-, half-, (as in stepbrother, half brother)
| |
| przytomnosc presence
| |
| przyzwolenie consent
| |
| puchlina dropsy, edema, swellling
| |
| | |
| R
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| r. (roku) in the year
| |
| rabin rabbi
| |
| rak cancer
| |
| rano in the morning
| |
| raz once, time
| |
| [drugi raz] [second time]
| |
| razem together
| |
| reformowany Reformed Protestant, Calvinist
| |
| religia religion
| |
| religijny religious, of the church
| |
| robotnik worker
| |
| rocznik yearbook
| |
| roczny annual
| |
| ród family, clan, descent
| |
| rodowód genealogy, pedigree
| |
| rodzenstwo sibling
| |
| rodzice parents
| |
| rodzice chrzestni godparents
| |
| rodzina family
| |
| rok year
| |
| rolnik tenant farmer, husbandman, farmer
| |
| rosyjski Russian
| |
| równiez also, too
| |
| rozwiedziony divorced
| |
| rozwód divorce
| |
| ruski Russian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian
| |
| rybak fisherman
| |
| rynek marketplace
| |
| rzadowy governmental
| |
| rzeka river
| |
| rzezak, rzeznik butcher, circumciser (mohel)
| |
| rzymsko-katolicki Roman Catholic
| |
| | |
| S
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| sa they are
| |
| sad court
| |
| samy same
| |
| sasiad neighbor
| |
| setny one hundredth
| |
| sie self
| |
| siedem seven
| |
| siedemdziesiat seventy
| |
| siedemnascie seventeen
| |
| siedemnasty seventeenth
| |
| siedemset(ny) seven hundred(th)
| |
| sierota orphan
| |
| sierpnia of August
| |
| siódmy seventh
| |
| siolo village
| |
| siostra sister
| |
| siostrzenica niece
| |
| siostrzeniec nephew
| |
| skladal submitted, presented
| |
| skonczyl completed
| |
| skorowidz index
| |
| skurcze cramps
| |
| skutek cause
| |
| slabosc weakness, sickness
| |
| slaby weak
| |
| slaski Silesian
| |
| slawetny renowned
| |
| slawny famous
| |
| slowacki Slovak
| |
| slownik dictionary
| |
| slub marriage, wedding
| |
| slubny married, wedded, legitimate
| |
| sluga servant
| |
| sluzaca servant girl
| |
| sluzacy serving
| |
| smierc death
| |
| snac perhaps
| |
| sobie self
| |
| sobota Saturday
| |
| spazenie burn
| |
| spis list, census, index
| |
| splodzone begotten, born
| |
| spoleczenstwo society
| |
| sprzedarz merchant, dealer
| |
| sredni cental, middle, average
| |
| sroda Wednesday
| |
| srodek middle
| |
| stan status, condition
| |
| starosc old age
| |
| starosta perfect
| |
| starozakonny Jew (Orthodox)
| |
| starszy older, elder
| |
| stary old
| |
| stawiajacy sie the one presenting himself
| |
| stawil sie presented himself, appeared
| |
| stelmach cart maker, wheel maker
| |
| sto hundred
| |
| stolarz cabinetmaker
| |
| stolica capital city
| |
| strona page
| |
| stryj uncle (paternal)
| |
| stulecie century
| |
| stycznia of January
| |
| suchoty consumption, tuberculosis
| |
| sukiennik cloth-maker
| |
| swiadectwo certificate
| |
| swiadek witness
| |
| swiety holy
| |
| swój (swego) his, her own
| |
| swója (swojei) his, her own
| |
| syn son
| |
| synagoga synagogue
| |
| synowa daughter-in-law
| |
| synowie sons
| |
| szesc six
| |
| szescdziesiat(y) sixty (sixtieth)
| |
| szescset(ny) six hundred(th)
| |
| szesnascie sixteen
| |
| szesnasty sixteenth
| |
| szewc shoemaker
| |
| szkarlatyna scarlet fever
| |
| szkola school
| |
| szkolnik rabbi's assistant, teacher
| |
| szlachecki (szlachety) noble
| |
| szlachta nobility
| |
| szlub see slub
| |
| szósty sixth
| |
| szwagier brother-in-law
| |
| szwagierka sister-in-law
| |
| szynkarz tavern keeper
| |
| | |
| T
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| t. (tom) volume
| |
| taki such as
| |
| takze also
| |
| tam there
| |
| tamowanie opposition, objection
| |
| tamtejszy of that place
| |
| tamze in the same place
| |
| targownik peddler
| |
| tego (tegoz) this, the same
| |
| tej (tejze) this, the same
| |
| ten (ta, tez) this, the same
| |
| tesc father-in-law
| |
| tezec tetanus
| |
| tkacz weaver
| |
| to it, this
| |
| tom volume
| |
| towarzystwo society
| |
| trudniacy sie earning a living
| |
| trzeci third
| |
| trzy three
| |
| trzydziesci thirty
| |
| trzydziesty thirtieth
| |
| trzymal held, kept
| |
| [trzymal do chrztu] [stood as godparents]
| |
| trzynascie thirteen
| |
| trzynasty thirteenth
| |
| trzysetny (trzechsetny) three hundredth
| |
| trzysta three hundred
| |
| tu here
| |
| tudziez also, likewise
| |
| tutaj here
| |
| tutejszy of this place
| |
| twierdza fortress
| |
| tydzien week
| |
| tygodnie weeks
| |
| tylko only
| |
| tysiac thousand
| |
| tysieczny one thousandth
| |
| tytul title, name
| |
| | |
| U
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| ubogi poor
| |
| ukraijnski Ukrainian
| |
| ul. (ulica) street, road
| |
| umarl died
| |
| umieja they know how
| |
| umowa contract, agreement
| |
| umrzec to die
| |
| uprzejmie politely
| |
| urodzenie birth
| |
| urodzil sie was born
| |
| urodzin of births
| |
| urodzony born, wellborn (noble)
| |
| urzad office
| |
| urzad stanu cywilnego civil registration office
| |
| urzednik registrar, officer, clerk
| |
| ustny verbal, oral
| |
| utrzymajacy sie supporting self (by)
| |
| uwagi remarks
| |
| | |
| W
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| w in
| |
| w. (wieku) century
| |
| waleczny courageous, gallant
| |
| was you
| |
| wasz your
| |
| wczesnie early
| |
| wczoraj yesterday
| |
| wczorajszy yesterday's
| |
| wdowa widow
| |
| [wdowa po Józefie] [widow of Józef]
| |
| wdowiec widower
| |
| we in
| |
| wedlug according to
| |
| wegierski Hungarian
| |
| wiadomo it is known
| |
| wiadomosc knowledge
| |
| wiadomy known
| |
| wieczorem in the evening
| |
| wiek age, century
| |
| wielki great, large
| |
| wielmozny powerful noble, magnate
| |
| wielu many, much
| |
| wierzchni upper
| |
| wies village
| |
| wikarjusz (wikary) vicar, priest
| |
| wiorst (wierst) a measurement of distance (1067 meters)
| |
| wioska little village
| |
| wlasciciel proprietor, owner
| |
| wlóka 30 morgs (36 acres)
| |
| wloscianin peasant
| |
| wloski Italian
| |
| wnuczek grandson
| |
| wnuczka granddaughter
| |
| wnuk grandchild
| |
| woda water
| |
| wodna puchlina dropsy, edema
| |
| wojenny military
| |
| województwo province
| |
| wojskowy military
| |
| wolny free, not a serf, unmarried
| |
| wraz together with, with
| |
| wrzesnia of September
| |
| wschód east
| |
| wsi of the village
| |
| wsród in the midst of
| |
| wstepnie initially, temporarily
| |
| wszakze but
| |
| wszystko all
| |
| wtedy at that time
| |
| wtorek Tuesday
| |
| wuj (wujek) uncle (maternal)
| |
| wyciag extract
| |
| wydany published
| |
| wykonal performed, did, accomplished
| |
| wyrazenie statement
| |
| wyrobnik dayworker, laborer
| |
| wysoki high
| |
| wyznania religion
| |
| wyzszy upper
| |
| wzgórze hill
| |
| wzmianki remarks
| |
| | |
| X
| |
| | |
| | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | |
| | |
| xiadz priest
| |
| xiega book
| |
| | |
| | |
| Return to top of page
| |
|
| |
|
| | Polish grammar may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, names of your ancestors will vary from record to record in Polish. |
|
| |
|
| Z
| | For help in understanding name variations, see [[Poland Naming Customs|Naming Customs]]. |
|
| |
|
| | == References == |
| | {{reflist}} |
|
| |
|
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| z with, from
| | [[pt:Línguas e Linguagem da Polônia]][[fr:Pologne Langue et Langages]] |
| [z (Surname +ending)] [maiden name] | |
| za to
| |
| zachód west
| |
| zaden (zadna) none
| |
| zadna none
| |
| zagrodnik peasant, farmer who has his farmhouse
| |
| zamek palace, castle
| |
| zamezna wife, a married woman, married
| |
| zamieszkaly residing at
| |
| zamieszkanie residence
| |
| zapalenie pluc pneumonia
| |
| zapowiedz marriage proclamations, banns
| |
| zareczona engaged
| |
| zareczyny engagement, betrothal
| |
| zarwarli they agreed
| |
| zarzad administration
| |
| zaslubiac to marry
| |
| zaslubiony married
| |
| zasluzony in servitude, serf
| |
| zastepca assistance
| |
| zaszlo happened, occurred
| |
| zatem then, therefore
| |
| zatrudnienie occupation, profession
| |
| zawarli they agreed, contracted
| |
| zawarte agreed
| |
| zawartosc content
| |
| zawarty agreed, contracted
| |
| zawód occupation, profession
| |
| zawsze always
| |
| zdrój spring, spa
| |
| ze with, from
| |
| [ze (surname+ending] [maiden name] | |
| ze that (know that he died)
| |
| zebrak beggar
| |
| zejsc death
| |
| zenska female
| |
| zeszly preceding
| |
| zezwolenie (zgoda) permission
| |
| zgon death
| |
| zgromadzony gathered, collected
| |
| ziec son-in-law
| |
| zielony green
| |
| ziemia earth
| |
| zloty gold, unit of money
| |
| zmarl died, deceased
| |
| zniszczenie destruction
| |
| znowu again
| |
| zobacz see
| |
| zolnierz soldier
| |
| zona wife
| |
| zostajacy residing, staying
| |
| zostal was, accomplished, remained, left
| |
| zostawil left behind
| |
| zrobiony written (in a document)
| |
| zrodzony born
| |
| zwany called, known as
| |
| zwrot application, remark
| |
| zycie life, age
| |
| zyczenie desire, wish
| |
| zydowski Jewish
| |
| zyjacy living
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Word_List]] | | [[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] |
