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Emigration and immigration records are records of people leaving (emigrating) or coming into (immigrating) Scotland. Records include passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, records of passports issued, list of transported prisoners, or registers of assistance to emigrate. These records may contain the name, age, occupation, destination, place of origin or birthplace, and date and ship of arrival. Names of fellow passengers may help construct family groups or provide hints on place of origin or destination.
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==Online Databases==
*[http://immigrants.byu.edu/search/simple Immigrant Ancestors Project]
*[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emigration/ Scottish Immigration Database], index, incomplete.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150206043511/http://www.scotlandsfamily.com/ships-passengers.htm Passenger Lists of Ships leaving Scotland]
*[https://immigrantships.net/index.html Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild] Choose a volume and then choose Scotland under "Listed by Port of Departure" or "Listed by Port of Arrival".
*'''1576-1793''' [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/537709-redirection Papers relating to the Scots in Poland, 1576-1793], e-book
*'''1607-1830''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48519 Scots On the Chesapeake (Maryland, U.S.), 1607-1830] at Ancestry, ($), index.
*'''1610-1626''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/492674?availability=Family%20History%20Library Grants of denization to Irish settlers from Scotland: 1610-1616]
*'''1628-1828''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49363 Ships from Scotland to America, 1628 - 1828, Vol 2] at Ancestry, ($)
*'''1628-1828''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49365 Ships from Scotland to America, 1628 - 1828, Vol. 3] at Ancestry, ($)
*'''1650-1775''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48517&cj=1&netid=cj&o_xid=0001029688&o_lid=0001029688&o_sch=Affiliate+External Directory of Scots Banished to the American Plantations, 1650-1775] at Ancestry, index ($).
*'''1680-1830''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48518&cj=1&netid=cj&o_xid=0001029688&o_lid=0001029688&o_sch=Affiliate+External Directory of Scots in the Carolinas, 1680-1830] at Ancestry, index ($).
*'''1716''' [https://immigrantships.net/jacobite/indexjacobite.html Jacobite Rebellion Ships Passenger Lists]
*'''1774-1775''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=10517 Emigrants from Scotland to America, 1774 - 1775] at Ancestry ($)
*'''1774-1775''' [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/291087-redirection Records of emigrants from England and Scotland to North Carolina, 1774-1775], e-book
*'''1787-1933''' {{RecordSearch|1967749|United Kingdom, Maritime Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 1787-1933}} at FamilySearch - [[United Kingdom, Maritime Births, Marriages, and Deaths - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index
*'''1794, 1798-1825''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/62348/ Edinburgh, Scotland, Alien Registers, 1794, 1798-1825] at Ancestry - index and images ($)
*'''1794-1921''' [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/1609/ UK, Aliens Entry Books, 1794-1921] at Ancestry ($), images.
*'''1801''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/169252?availability=Family%20History%20Library Passenger lists of the ships Dove and Sarah coming to Nova Scotia from Scotland, 1801]
*'''1810-1811, 1826-1869''' [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/1587/ England, Alien Arrivals, 1810-1811, 1826-1869] at Ancestry ($), index and images.
*'''1818''' [http://www.islandregister.com/curlew_jane.html Ships "Curlew" and "Jane"; 1818 Voyages]
*'''1818''' [http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/passengerlists/sophia1818.htm Brig Sophia:from Greenock 26th July 1818, to Quebec and Montreal 8th September 1818]
*'''1850-1879''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/241133?availability=Family%20History%20Library Lyttelton shipping lists, 1850-1879] List of assisted emigrants who came to New Zealand in 1866 aboard the ship "Bombay", list of assisted and free passengers on the ship "Blue Jacke", lists of persons whom the Canterbury Association authorized to embark for Canterbury, New Zealand. Passengers came to New Zealand principally from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany.
*'''1852-1857''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/81751?availability=Family%20History%20Library List of emigrants, 1852-1857] Ships sailing from Liverpool, Glasgow, Cambletown and Plymouth, and calling at various Australian ports.
*'''1858-1870''' {{RecordSearch|3499249|Ireland and Britain, Transatlantic Migration from North America, 1858-1870}} - indexes of passenger lists from United States to England and Ireland
*'''1863-1901''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2895 Glasgow, Scotland, Crew Lists, 1863 - 1901] at Ancestry, ($)
*'''1878-1960''' [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/1518/ UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960] at Ancestry ($), index.
*'''1892-1924''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?q.anyPlace=scotland&q.anyPlace.exact=on&f.collectionId=1368704&count=20&offset=0&m.defaultFacets=on&m.queryRequireDefault=on&m.facetNestCollectionInCategory=on New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892-1924] Search results for Scotland
*'''1845-1916''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/62350/ Edinburgh, Scotland, Lord Provost Passports, 1845-1916] at Ancestry- Index and images ($)


The publication ''Tracing Immigrant Origins'' contains more information and strategies for finding immigrant ancestors.
===Scottish Emigration to Ireland===


=== General Background ===
==Offices and Archives to Contact==
'''Passenger Lists.''' Port records listing the names of departing or arriving passengers are called passenger lists. Pre-1890 passenger departure lists are rare. Post-1890 lists are arranged chronologically by port of departure. These lists—which usually give '''the emigrant’s name, age, occupation, address, and sometimes destination'''—are kept at the Public Record Office, Kew:
<br>


Beginning in the seventeenth century, Scottish people began emigrating to the United States, India, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and elsewhere in the British Isles. Emigration increased in the mid-eighteenth century as a result of political unrest and again after 1815 as a means of poor relief, particularly from the Highlands.
'''The National Archives'''<br>
Ruskin Avenue, Kew<br>
Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU<br>
England<br>
[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Website]<br>
[https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/immigration/ '''Guide: Immigration and Immigrants''']
<br>
This office collects records of the British government (such as parliamentary papers) and law courts from 1086 to the present. It is in England but has many Scottish records. You need a reader’s ticket to use its collection.


The British government did not bother to document emigrants leaving its shores until the Passenger Act of 1803. Even after that, the records were very incomplete.
==Finding the Town of Origin in Scotland==
If you are using emigration/immigration records to find the name of your ancestors' town in Scotland, see [[Scotland Finding Town of Origin|'''Scotland Finding Town of Origin''']] for additional research strategies.


The Colonial Land and Emigration Commission (1841 to 1872) and the Board of Trade (1873 on) kept records of departing emigrants, but the records have been destroyed up to the 1890s.
==Scotland Emigration and Immigration==
<span style="color:DarkViolet">'''"Emigration"''' means moving out of a country. '''"Immigration"''' means moving into a country. </span><br>
Emigration and immigration sources list the names of people leaving (emigrating) or arriving (immigrating) in the country. These sources may be passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, or records of passports issued. The information in these records may include the emigrants’ names, ages, occupations, destinations, and places of origin or birthplaces. Sometimes they also show family groups.
[[Category:Emigration and Immigration Records]]=== Immigration to Scotland  ===
Immigration into Scotland has included people from elsewhere in the British Isles and from Continental Europe. Specific immigrant groups include:
*refugees from wars (such as the French Revolution)
*refugees from religious persecution (such as Huguenots and Jews).  
*job seekers influenced of industrial development (particularly in the nineteenth century)
*refugees from  the Irish Potato Famine


=== Emigration from Scotland ===
=== Emigration from Scotland ===
*Beginning in the seventeenth century, Scottish people began emigrating to the '''United States, India, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and elsewhere in the British Isles'''.
*The following types of emigrants account for most persons who left Scotland.
:*'''Free emigrants'''. Beginning in 1630, emigrants left Scotland to '''promote trade or set up military outposts and way stations''' for merchant ships. Later, free emigrants sought opportunity in a new land or fled poverty or oppression in Scotland.
:*'''Assisted emigrants'''. From 1815 to 1900, qualified emigrants received '''passage money or land grants''' in the destination country as an alternative to receiving poor relief. Many Scots from the Highlands emigrated to Canada in this manner. After 1840, New Zealand and Australia offered money for land grants to skilled workers to encourage immigrants.
:*'''Latter-day Saints'''. Beginning in about 1840, many Scottish Latter-day Saints emigrated to the United States. Most settled in Utah. For more information, see [[Utah Emigration and Immigration]] and [[Latter-day Saint Online Genealogy Records|Latter-day Saint Online Genealogy Records:Emigration and Immigration]].
*Immigration since World War II has given Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Dundee small '''South Asian communities'''.
*In 2011, there were an estimated 49,000 ethnically '''Pakistani people''' living in Scotland, making them the largest non-White ethnic group.
*Since the enlargement of the European Union more people from ''Central and Eastern Europe''' have moved to Scotland, and the 2011 census indicated that 61,000 '''Poles''' live there.<ref>"Scotland", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland#Demographics, accessed 17 June 2021.</ref>
====Scottish Diaspora====
The Scottish diaspora includes:
*The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Alliance '''Auld Alliance'''] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence '''Scottish Wars of Independence'''] which led countless Scots to emigrate to '''mainland Europe''' to escape persecution and hardship.
*The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Clearances '''Highland clearances'''] which depopulated large parts of the Scottish Highlands and had lasting effects on Scottish Gaelic culture. Emigrants settled in close communities on '''Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia (Antigonish and Pictou counties and later in Cape Breton), the Glengarry and Kingston areas of Ontario and the Carolinas of the American colonies.'''
*The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Clearances '''Lowland Clearances'''] which resulted in significant migration of Lowland Scots to '''Canada (highest concentration in the province Nova Scotia) and the United States''' after 1776. Thousands of cottars and tenant farmers from the southern counties (Lowlands) of Scotland migrated from farms and small holdings they had occupied to the new '''industrial centres of Glasgow, Edinburgh and northern England.'''
*The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people '''Ulster-Scots'''], descended primarily from Lowland Scots who settled Ulster, Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century. The largest numbers came from '''Galloway, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire and the Scottish Borders including nearby parts of Northern England''', with others coming from further north in the Scottish Lowlands and, to a much lesser extent, from the Highlands. Ulster Scots emigrated '''onwards from Ireland in significant numbers to what is now the United States and to all corners of the then-worldwide British Empire—what are now Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the West Indies, to British India and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile'''.Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who emigrated to America.<ref>"List of diasporas", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas#S, accessed 17 June 2021.</ref>


There was no systematic, official method of emigrating from Scotland. The following types of emigrants account for most persons who left Scotland.
==Records of Scottish Emigrants in Their Destination Nations==
{|
|-
|[[File:Dark thin font green pin Version 4.png|150px]]
|<span style="color:DarkViolet">One option is to look for records about the ancestor in the '''country of destination, the country they immigrated into'''. See links to Wiki articles about immigration records for '''major''' destination countries below. Additional Wiki articles for other destinations can be found at [https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Category:Emigration_and_Immigration_Records '''Category:Emigration and Immigration Records'''.]  </span>
|}


* '''Free emigrants.''' Beginning in 1630, emigrants left Scotland to promote trade or set up military outposts and way stations for merchant ships. Later, free emigrants sought opportunity in a new land or fled poverty or oppression in Scotland.
*[[United States Emigration and Immigration]]
* '''Assisted emigrants.''' From 1815 to 1900, qualified emigrants received passage money or land grants in the destination country as an alternative to receiving poor relief. Many Scots from the Highlands emigrated to Canada in this manner. After 1840, New Zealand and Australia offered money for land grants to skilled workers to encourage immigrants.
*[[India Emigration and Immigration]]
* '''Latter-day Saints.''' Beginning in about 1840, many Scottish Latter-day Saints emigrated to the United States. Most settled in Utah. For more information, see the Utah Research Outline.
*[[Canada Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[Australia Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[South Africa Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[New Zealand Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[England Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[Ireland Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[Wales Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[Argentina Emigration and Immigration]]
*[[Chile Emigration and Immigration]]


=== Emigration from Scotland to Other Areas in the British Isles ===
==For Further Reading==
There are additional sources listed in the FamilySearch Catalog:
*{{FSC|343423|subject_id|disp=Scotland - Emigration and immigration}}
*{{FSC|407136|subject_id|disp=Scotland - Migration, Internal}} Discusses Scottish migration within Great Britain
==References==
<references/>
{{Template:Pros-Scot}}


Emigration from southern Scotland to England has always occurred, though in small numbers. Emigration from Scotland into Ireland occurred beginning in the early seventeenth century. No government records, such as lists of emigrants, were kept of these movements within the British Isles.
{{Place|Scotland}}


=== British Records of Emigration ===
[[Category:Scotland Emigration and Immigration]] [[Category:Scots-Irish]]
 
To search emigration records effectively, you should know the approximate date of emigration, the name of the ship, the type of or reason for emigration, or the emigrant’s previous residence in Scotland. If you know the ship’s name, you might find additional details on the ship, including ports of embarkation and arrival in:
 
''Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping.'' Fiche ed. LaCrosse, Wisconsin: Brookhaven Press, 1981. (FHL fiche 6024581-6025295; does not circulate to Family History Centers.)
 
'''Passenger Lists.''' Port records listing the names of departing or arriving passengers are called passenger lists. Pre-1890 passenger departure lists are rare. Post-1890 lists are arranged chronologically by port of departure. These lists—which usually give the emigrant’s name, age, occupation, address, and sometimes destination—are kept at the Public Record Office, Kew (see the "[[Scotland Archives and Libraries|Archives and Libraries’ ]]section of this outline).
 
'''Assisted Emigrants Registers.''' Persons who applied for assistance to emigrate were recorded in assisted emigrants registers, which often contain name, age, occupation, residence, destination, name of sponsor, address of relative, and size of family. Those available at the Family History Library appear in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
 
[DESTINATION COUNTRY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
ENGLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
GREAT BRITAIN - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
SCOTLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
'''Probate Records.''' Probate records may mention relatives who emigrated. Probates of persons who died overseas who owned property in Scotland should have been proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (until 1858).
 
For lists of Scottish-American wills proved in England, see:
 
Coldham, Peter W. ''American Wills and Administrations in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1610-1857''. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1989. (FHL book 942 P27c.)
 
Testaments of some Scots dying in America were proven in Scotland. Probate would have taken place in the Commissary Court of Edinburgh (until 1830) or the Sheriff Court of Edinburgh (after 1830). For a listing of these probates, see:
 
Dobson, David. ''Scottish-American Wills, 1650-1900''. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1991. (FHL book 973 P22d.)
 
=== Records of Scottish Emigrants in Their Destination Countries ===
 
Usually, it is easier to find information about your immigrant ancestor in the country he or she immigrated to. You may find the emigrant’s name, place of origin, occupation, and age. Knowing an approximate date and port of arrival or ship name will probably help you search immigration records.
 
Naturalization records in the destination country may be an excellent source for determining your ancestor’s place of origin. See the "Naturalization and Citizenship" section of the research outline of the destination country.
 
The Family History Library Catalog lists most of its immigration records in the Locality Search under:
 
[COUNTRY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
=== United States ===
 
Immigrant lists are the main source of information about an immigrant’s arrival in the United States. More than 1,000 published lists are indexed in an ongoing series:
 
Filby, P. William. ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index.'' Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research, 1981. (FHL book Ref 973 W32p.)
 
The Family History Library has post-1820 government compiled passenger lists for most U.S. ports. Many are indexed. See the United States Research Outline (30972) for more information.
 
=== Canada ===
 
Scottish people settled in Canada during the early 1800s, but few pre-1865 passenger lists exist. Before 1900, most immigrants arrived at Quebec City and Halifax. The Family History Library has copies of passenger lists from 1865 to 1900. See the Canada Research Outine (34545) for more information.
 
Many books have been published about Scottish emigrants to North America. Some of these are:
 
Dobson, David. ''Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America 1625-1825.'' Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1984. (FHL book 970 W2d.) This author has published several other books on Scottish emigrants to America.
 
Tepper, Michael. ''New World Immigrants: A Consolidation of Ship Passenger Lists and Associated Data from Periodical Literature''. 2 vols. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979. (FHL book 973 W3tn.)
 
Whyte, Donald. ''Dictionary of Scottish Emigrants to the U.S.A''. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1981. (FHL book 973 W2w.)
 
Whyte, Donald. ''Dictionary of Scottish Emigrants to Canada Before Confederation.'' Toronto: Ontario Genealogical Society, 1986. (FHL book 971 F2wd.)
 
You can find bibliographies of published passenger lists in:
 
Whyte, Donald. "Scottish Emigration: A Select Bibliography," ''Scottish Genealogist'' 21, no. 3 (1974): 65-86. (FHL book 941 B2g vol. 21 no. 3.)
 
Filby, P. William. ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Bibliography 1538-1900''. 2nd ed. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Co, 1988. (FHL book 973 W33p.)
 
=== Australia ===
 
Australia was founded as an English penal colony in 1788, but many free people also emigrated to Australia.
 
Immigration records vary by state in content and coverage. Some list the immigrant’s birthplace, residence in Scotland, and education; his or her mother’s maiden name; and his or her father’s name, occupation, and residence. Some records are indexed. You might find the ship and arrival date in death certificates or published sources.
 
The Family History Library has many pre-1900 records. To find them, use the Locality Search of the catalog under:
 
AUSTRALIA - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
AUSTRALIA, [STATE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
=== New Zealand ===
 
The British began colonizing New Zealand in 1840. Immigration records usually give settlement details and the wife’s and children’s names and ages. Most immigrants received assistance from either the New Zealand Company or from a government or church association formed to encourage immigration.
 
The Family History Library has many of these records. You can find them by looking in the Locality Search of the catalog under:
 
NEW ZEALAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
NEW ZEALAND, [PROVINCE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
=== Immigration into Scotland ===
 
Immigration into Scotland has included people from elsewhere in the British Isles and from Continental Europe. Specific immigrant groups include refugees from wars (such as the French Revolution) or from religious persecution (such as Huguenots and Jews). Throughout the nineteenth century in particular, immigration into Scotland was influenced by industrial development and by the Irish Potato Famine, bringing many Irish into Scotland.
 
No regular series of arrival records survives prior to 1836. The few surviving pre-1836 immigration records are not indexed.
 
The following types of records may help you find information about an ancestor who immigrated into Scotland:
 
British denization and naturalization records. If your ancestor immigrated to Scotland before 1836, check British denization and naturalization. Denization granted limited subject’s rights, and naturalization granted full subject’s rights. However, most foreign settlers did not bother to go through the legal formality and do not appear in these records.
 
Denizations are indexed for the years 1509 to 1873 and naturalizations for 1509 to 1935. The indexes are included in the "Kew Lists," class HO1 (FHL book Ref. 942 A3gp; fiche 6092334-5).
 
'''Certificates of aliens.''' The British government began registering foreign-born aliens living in the British Isles in 1793, but the records to 1836 do not survive. Beginning in 1836, certificates of aliens are arranged by port and list the name, nationality, profession, date arrived, country last visited, and signature of each passenger.
 
'''Passenger lists.''' Starting in 1878, lists of incoming passengers give name, birthplace, last residence, and sometimes address of relative in country of origin. However, passengers from Europe or the Mediterranean did not have to be listed.
 
You can find the above records at the Public Record Office, Kew. The Family History Library has very few records of immigration into Scotland. To find microfilm numbers for the records that are available, look in the Locality Search of the catalog under:
 
GREAT BRITAIN - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
SCOTLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 
Since so few British immigration sources exist, you may need to search the emigration records of the country your ancestor moved from to Scotland.

Latest revision as of 20:31, 20 March 2024


Scotland Wiki Topics
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Record Types
Scotland Background
Scotland Genealogical Word Lists
Cultural Groups
Local Research Resources

Online Databases[edit | edit source]

Scottish Emigration to Ireland[edit | edit source]

Offices and Archives to Contact[edit | edit source]

Passenger Lists. Port records listing the names of departing or arriving passengers are called passenger lists. Pre-1890 passenger departure lists are rare. Post-1890 lists are arranged chronologically by port of departure. These lists—which usually give the emigrant’s name, age, occupation, address, and sometimes destination—are kept at the Public Record Office, Kew:

The National Archives
Ruskin Avenue, Kew
Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU
England
Website
Guide: Immigration and Immigrants
This office collects records of the British government (such as parliamentary papers) and law courts from 1086 to the present. It is in England but has many Scottish records. You need a reader’s ticket to use its collection.

Finding the Town of Origin in Scotland[edit | edit source]

If you are using emigration/immigration records to find the name of your ancestors' town in Scotland, see Scotland Finding Town of Origin for additional research strategies.

Scotland Emigration and Immigration[edit | edit source]

"Emigration" means moving out of a country. "Immigration" means moving into a country.
Emigration and immigration sources list the names of people leaving (emigrating) or arriving (immigrating) in the country. These sources may be passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, or records of passports issued. The information in these records may include the emigrants’ names, ages, occupations, destinations, and places of origin or birthplaces. Sometimes they also show family groups.=== Immigration to Scotland === Immigration into Scotland has included people from elsewhere in the British Isles and from Continental Europe. Specific immigrant groups include:

  • refugees from wars (such as the French Revolution)
  • refugees from religious persecution (such as Huguenots and Jews).
  • job seekers influenced of industrial development (particularly in the nineteenth century)
  • refugees from the Irish Potato Famine

Emigration from Scotland[edit | edit source]

  • Beginning in the seventeenth century, Scottish people began emigrating to the United States, India, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and elsewhere in the British Isles.
  • The following types of emigrants account for most persons who left Scotland.
  • Free emigrants. Beginning in 1630, emigrants left Scotland to promote trade or set up military outposts and way stations for merchant ships. Later, free emigrants sought opportunity in a new land or fled poverty or oppression in Scotland.
  • Assisted emigrants. From 1815 to 1900, qualified emigrants received passage money or land grants in the destination country as an alternative to receiving poor relief. Many Scots from the Highlands emigrated to Canada in this manner. After 1840, New Zealand and Australia offered money for land grants to skilled workers to encourage immigrants.
  • Latter-day Saints. Beginning in about 1840, many Scottish Latter-day Saints emigrated to the United States. Most settled in Utah. For more information, see Utah Emigration and Immigration and Latter-day Saint Online Genealogy Records:Emigration and Immigration.
  • Immigration since World War II has given Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Dundee small South Asian communities.
  • In 2011, there were an estimated 49,000 ethnically Pakistani people living in Scotland, making them the largest non-White ethnic group.
  • Since the enlargement of the European Union more people from Central and Eastern Europe' have moved to Scotland, and the 2011 census indicated that 61,000 Poles live there.[1]

Scottish Diaspora[edit | edit source]

The Scottish diaspora includes:

  • The Auld Alliance and the Scottish Wars of Independence which led countless Scots to emigrate to mainland Europe to escape persecution and hardship.
  • The Highland clearances which depopulated large parts of the Scottish Highlands and had lasting effects on Scottish Gaelic culture. Emigrants settled in close communities on Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia (Antigonish and Pictou counties and later in Cape Breton), the Glengarry and Kingston areas of Ontario and the Carolinas of the American colonies.
  • The Lowland Clearances which resulted in significant migration of Lowland Scots to Canada (highest concentration in the province Nova Scotia) and the United States after 1776. Thousands of cottars and tenant farmers from the southern counties (Lowlands) of Scotland migrated from farms and small holdings they had occupied to the new industrial centres of Glasgow, Edinburgh and northern England.
  • The Ulster-Scots, descended primarily from Lowland Scots who settled Ulster, Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century. The largest numbers came from Galloway, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire and the Scottish Borders including nearby parts of Northern England, with others coming from further north in the Scottish Lowlands and, to a much lesser extent, from the Highlands. Ulster Scots emigrated onwards from Ireland in significant numbers to what is now the United States and to all corners of the then-worldwide British Empire—what are now Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the West Indies, to British India and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile.Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who emigrated to America.[2]

Records of Scottish Emigrants in Their Destination Nations[edit | edit source]

Dark thin font green pin Version 4.png One option is to look for records about the ancestor in the country of destination, the country they immigrated into. See links to Wiki articles about immigration records for major destination countries below. Additional Wiki articles for other destinations can be found at Category:Emigration and Immigration Records.

For Further Reading[edit | edit source]

There are additional sources listed in the FamilySearch Catalog:

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Scotland", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland#Demographics, accessed 17 June 2021.
  2. ↑ "List of diasporas", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas#S, accessed 17 June 2021.


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