Poland Naming Customs

Poland Wiki Topics

Poland Beginning Research

Finding Town of Origin Getting Started Online Learning Record Finder Research Strategies

Record Types

Cemeteries Census Church Directories Church Records Civil Registration Compiled Genealogies Court Records Directories Emigration & Immigration Heraldry Jewish Records Land & Property Military Records Nobility Online Genealogy Records Orphans & Orphanages Population Records Probate Records Religious Records Town Records Websites

Poland Background

Biographies Church History Encyclopedias & Dictionaries For Further Reading Gazetteers Historical Geography History Languages Maps Naming Customs Periodicals Social Life & Customs

Poland Genealogical Word Lists

Latin Polish

Cultural Groups

Cultural Groups

Local Research Resources

Archives & Libraries Societies Local FamilySearch Center

Poland

Naming Customs

Understanding customs used in surnames and given names can help you identify your ancestors in records. Learn to recognize name variations and see clues in names.

For Prussian Poland, see also Germany Naming Customs. For Russian Poland, see also Russia Naming Customs.

Online Tools

• Poland Surname Distribution Map
• Given Name Equivalents This table, based on the resource Słownik imion, alphabetizes names in Latin, with equivalents in other languages, including Polish.
• Słownik Nazwisk (Surname Distribution Statistics) To learn how to use this website, see the English Instructions.
• Surnames Polskie
• Jewish Records Indexing - Poland Surname Distribution Mapper
• Polish Given Names with Dimunitives and English Equivalents
• Male Polish Names Wiktionary 1
• Male Polish Names Wiktionary 2
• Female Polish Names Wiktionary 1
• Female Polish Names Wiktionary 2
• Behind the Name: Polish Surnames
• Behind the Name: Polish Given Names
• Polish Roots Surname List
• FamilySearch's surname experience - enter your last name to find its meaning and origin

Surnames

Before record keeping began, most people had only one name, such as John. As the population increased, it became necessary to distinguish between individuals with the same name. The problem was usually solved by adding descriptive information.

John became John the smith, John the son of Matthew, John the short, or John from Breslau. At first “surnames” applied only to one person and not to the whole family. After a few generations, these names became hereditary and were used from father to son.

Polish surnames developed from four major sources:

• Occupational, based on the person’s trade, such as Kowalski (Smith)
• Descriptive or Nickname, based on a unique quality of the person, such as Młody (Young)
• Geographical, based on a person’s residence, such as Podleski (Underwood)
• Patronymic, based on a person’s father’s given name, such as Janowicz (son of Jan)

Surnames were first used by the nobility and wealthy landowners. Later the custom was followed by merchants and townspeople and eventually by the rural population. This process took two or three centuries. In Poland the practice was well established by the 1500s. It is not possible to determine the exact year or even the century when a particular family name was taken.

Alias Surnames

In some areas of Poland people may have taken a second surname. In the records this may be preceded by the word alias, vulgo, vel, or genannt. This practice is rare and was done mainly because of property ownership. It can be found in certain parts of Silesia.

Jewish Naming Customs

Before 1808, the use of a family name by Jews was left to the discretion of the individual. Jews in Poland usually used only a given name and the name of their father, such as Isaac, son of Abraham. Most Jews did not adopt hereditary family names until required to do so by law. Jews in the Austrian territory of Galicia were required to adopt surnames in 1785. In 1808, Napoleon made a similar decree for all the Jews of his empire, including the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1844, Jews were again required to adopt surnames because of noncompliance.

Language Effects on Polish Names

Polish genealogical records may be in Polish, Latin, Russian, or German. Your ancestor’s name could be in Latin on his birth record, Polish on his marriage record, and German on his death record.

Surnames or given names are often very different when translated into different languages.

Polish	Latin	German
Katarzyna	Catharina	Katharine
Jan	Joannes	Johann
Wojciech	Adalbertus	Albrecht
Wawrzyniec	Laurentius	Lorentz
Franciszek	Franciscus	Franz

• Janowowa, Wanda, et al. Słownik imion (Dictionary of names); index found here. Wrocław, Germany: Zakład Narodowy im Ossolińskich, 1975. (FS Library book Ref 940 D4si; film 1181578 item 2; fiche 6,000,839.) Names are listed alphabetically by the Polish name, as the author is Polish. An index at the back gives the Polish form of each name. Use that name to find the 23 translations in the main list.

Grammatical Effects on Polish Names

Polish grammar affects given names, surnames, and place-names. Surnames are affected by gender endings, such as the following example:

• family name (masculine) = Grala
• unmarried woman = Gralówna
• a married woman = Gralowa

See the [Surnames in Poland website for information on feminine surname endings.

In the case of the family name of Kowalski, the male name would be written as Kowalski and the female as Kowalska. Although these endings can be confusing, it is important to note that these changes do not indicate different families.

The Polish language uses grammatical endings to indicate such things as possession, objects of a verb, or objects of a preposition. To one unfamiliar with Polish this could cause confusion. Always record names and places in their nominative case.

The following is an example of how case endings change surnames in a typical birth entry:

• Jósef, syn Antona Grabowskiego i Anny z Nowaków Grabowskich w Warszawie
• Jósef, son of Anton Grabowski and Anna (maiden name Nowak) Grabowska in Warszawa (Warsaw).

Given Names

Most Polish given names are derived from biblical names, such as Józef (Joseph); from the names of saints, such as Jan (John); or from Old Slavic names, such as Władisław.

When baptized, children were usually given only one, or possibly two, given names. Some of these may be the names of parents or other relatives or possibly the names of the godparents.

In Poland the child was usually called by the name given at baptism. However, if the baptism record shows a Latin given name of Adalbertus, this is not what that child would be called. Rather, he would be called by the Polish version of his name, which would be Wojciech.

No particular naming pattern for given names was used in Poland as was common in other European countries. In Poland each day of the year is assigned a saint’s name and it is often noted in the church records that on that given day every girl and boy was named for that particular saint, making it appear that each parent had chosen the same name as everyone else for their child.

Słownik imion (Dictionary of names)

In many Polish records, given names are translated into Latin. One of the best resources to identify the Polish (or other language) version of a Latin name is the Słownik imion, or dictionary of names. This information has been indexed into a searchable online table. A digital copy of the book is available online. An index to all variant names is located at the back of the book.

For Further Reading

• A GUIDE TO NAMES AND NAMING PRACTICES, UK Names Guide
• Polish name, in wikipedia.
• Bubak, Józef, Księga naszych imion (Book of Given Names). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im, Ossoliński, 1993. (FS Library book 943.8 D4b.) At various libraries (WorldCat)
• Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings. Chicago, Illinois: Polish Genealogical Society of America, 1997. (FS Library book 943.8 D46h.) At various libraries (WorldCat)
• Additional sources are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog:
  • Poland - Names, Personal
  • Poland - Names, Personal - Dictionaries
  • Poland - Names, Personal - Directories