African American Military Records: Difference between revisions

*'' African Americans at War. An Encyclopedia.'' 2 volumes. Santa Barbara: California: ABC-CLIO, 2004. By Jonathan D. Sutherland. {{FSC|3416546|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M26sj volume 2}}

*''Camp Fires of the Afro-American; or, The Colored Man as a Patriot.'' By James M. Guthrie. Philadelphia: Afro-American Pub Co., 1899 reprint New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1970. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|122904}}

*''Services of colored Americans in the wars of 1776 and 1812. ''By William C. Nell,. Boston, Massachusetts, 1851. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|345605}}

*''Black regulars and militiamen in the War of 1812'' by Eric Eugene Johnson. Berwyn Heights, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., ©2017. {{FSC|2999877|item|disp= FS Catalog book 973 M2jeb}}; {{WorldCat|1010747227|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}

*''Black Regulars in the War of 1812.'' By Eric E. Johnson. Berwyn Heights, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2015. {{FSC|2487432|item|disp=FS Library book 973 M2jee}}; {{WorldCat|908179074|item|disp= At various libraries}}

*''The African American in the Union Navy 1861-1865.'' By David L. Valuska. New York, New York : Garland Pub. Co., 1993.  {{FSC|641460|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 F2va}}; {{WorldCat|27011904|item|disp= At various libraries (WorldCat)}} - Includes a roster of sailors.

*''Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era.'' By John David Smith. North Carolina, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.  {{WorldCat|49529915|item|disp= At various libraries - (WorldCat)}}   

*''Voices of Emancipation : Understanding Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction Through the U.S. Pension Bureau files.'' Elizabeth A. Regosin and Donald R. Shaffer, ed. New York, New York : New York University Press, 2008. {{FSC|3501914|item|disp=FS Catalog 973 H6re}}; {{WorldCat|182552853|item|disp= At various libraries (WorldCat)}}

*''The Black Military Experience.'' Ira Berlin, editor; Joseph P. Reidy, associate editor; Leslie S. Rowland, associate editor. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press, c1982. {{FSC|519024|item|disp= FS Catalog book 973 M2bL}}; {{WorldCat|8410377|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat}}

*''Forgotten Warriors : New Jersey's African American Soldiers in the Civil War.'' Joseph G. Bilby. Hightstown, New Jersey: Longstreet House, c1993. {{FSC|610356|item|disp=FS Library catalog 974.9 M2bil}}; {{WorldCat|30376353|item|disp= At various libraries - (WorldCat)}}

:*''Cheerful Yesterdays '' Thomas Wentworth Higginson. New York, Arno Press, 1968, 374 pages. Series: The American Negro; his history and literature. {{WorldCat|274064|item|disp= and at various libraries (WorldCat)}}; '''''Online at:''''' [http://books.google.com/books?id=_9M3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cheerful+yesterdays&hl=en&ei=kFOaTczdAcbfiAKeorSdCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false GoogleBooks], [https://www.archive.org/details/cheerfulyesterd00higggoog Internet Archive.]

:*38th and 41st became the 24th Infantry Regiment

:*39th and 40th became the 25th Infantry Regiment

Officers of the 366th Infantry Regiment returning home from WWI service. The U.S. armed forces remained segregated through World War I. Still, many African Americans eagerly volunteered to join the Allied cause following America's entry into the war. By the time of the armistice with Germany on November 1918, over 350,000 African Americans had served with the American Expeditionary Force in on the Western Front.  

 

Most African American units were largely relegated to support roles and saw little combat. Still, African Americans played a major role in America's war effort. One of the most distinguished units was the 369th Infantry Regiment, known as the "Harlem Hellfighters," which was on the front lines for six months, longer then any other African American regiment in the war. One hundred seventy-one members of the 396th were awarded the Legion of Merit.  

 

Corporal Freddie Stowers of the 371st Infantry Regiment was posthumously awarded a Medal of Honor—the only African American to be so honored for actions in World War I. During action in France, Stowers had led an assault on German trenches, continuing to lead and encourage his men even after being twice wounded. Stowers died from his wounds, but his men continued the fight and eventually defeated the German troops. Stowers was recommended for the Medal of Honor shortly after his death, but the nomination was, according to the Army, misplaced.  

 

Many, believing that the recommendation was intentionally ignored due to institutional racism in the Armed Forces. In 1990, under direction from Congress, the Department of the Army launched an investigation. Based on findings from this investigation, the Army Decorations Board approved the award of the Medal of Honor to Stowers. On April 24, 1991—73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President George H.W. Bush at the White House. The success of the investigation leading to Stowers' Medal of Honor later sparked a similar review that resulted in seven African Americans being awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II.  

 

*''African American Doctors of World War I : the lives of 104 volunteers'' W. Douglas Fisher and Joann H. Buckley. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, 2016. {{FSC|3754091|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M26fw}};  {{WorldCat|917343489|item|disp= At various libraries (WorldCat)}}

 

 

On October 4, 1935, Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia. African Americans organized to raise money for medical supplies, and many volunteered to fight for the African kingdom.[1] Within eight months however, it would be overpowered by the advanced weaponry and mustard gas of the Italian forces.  

 

Many years later Haile Selassie I would comment on the efforts: "We can never forget the help Ethiopia received from Negro Americans during the crisis... It moved me to know that Americans of African descent did not abandon their embattled brothers, but stood by us."  

 

 

African American activist and World War I veteran Oliver Law, fighting in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War, is believed to have been the first African American officer to command white American troops.

 

*[http://gsr.park.edu/ George S. Robb Centre for the Study of the Great War] at Park University

*[https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/our-goals.html Valor Medals Review]

 

*''African Americans in the United States Army in World War II.'' By Bryan D. Booker. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland, 2012, ©2008 {{FSC|3754078|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2bbd}}; {{WorldCat|789164582|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}   

*''African American World War II Casualties and Decorations in the Navy, Coast Guard and Merchant Marine'' By Knoblock, Glenn A.: Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, ©2009. {{FSC|3754096|item|disp=FS Catalog book 943 M2kg}}; {{WorldCat|318192048|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}

*National Archives. United States, military records : African-Americans in the military, 1945. Salt Lake City, Digitized by FamilySearch International, 2017. {{FSC|2821263|item|disp=FS Library image nos. 101674491 - 101674511}}

 

Jesse L. Brown became the U.S. Navy's first Black aviator in October 1948. He was killed when his plane was shot down during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in North Korea. He was unable to eject from his crippled F4U Corsair and crash-landed successfully. His injuries and damage to his aircraft prevented him from leaving the plane. A white squadron mate crash-landed his F4U Corsair near Brown and attempted to extricate Brown but could not and Brown died of his injuries. The U.S. Navy honored Jesse Brown by naming an escort ship after him — the U.S.S. Jesse L. Brown.  

 

*{{FSC|1347181|item|disp=''Records of military agencies relating to African Americans from the post-World War I period to the Korean War.''}} Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration, 2000. Digital; {{WorldCat|44403058|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat).}}

 

*[http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/blacks-in-military.html Military Resources: Blacks in the Military] (National Archives)

*[http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/index.html African American Heritage] (National Archives)

*''Records of Military Agencies Relating to African Americans From the Post-World War I period to the Korean War.'' Compiled by Lisha B. Penn.  Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration, 2006 {{FSC|1375519|item|disp= FS Catalog book 973 J53r v. 105}}; {{WorldCat|489082688|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}

*''Black Americans in Defense of their Nation.'' By Mark R. Salser. Portland, Oregon: National Book, 1992. {{FSC|1009067|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 M2smr}}; {{WorldCat|25614996|item|disp= At various libraries (WorldCat)}}